Prevalence Of Various Diseases Research Articles

ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ АУТОФЛУОРЕСЦЕНТНОЙ СТОМАТОСКОПИИ КАК ОСНОВНОГО МЕТОДА РАННЕЙ ДИАГНОСТИКИ ПРЕДРАКОВЫХ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЙ СЛИЗИСТОЙ ОБОЛОЧКИ РТА (ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ)

Importance Currently, the prevalence of various diseases of the oral mucosa in the world has increased significantly (from 15.2% to 49.1%). Oncological pathology should be attributed to a separate group of diseases. In order to actively identify precancerous processes of the oral cavity, along with traditional methods of examination of the maxillofacial region, oncoscreening of the mucous membrane and organs of the oral cavity is mandatory. One of the possible methods of oncoscreening is autofluorescence stomatoscopy. Objectives To clarify the effectiveness of autofluorescence stomatoscopy as the main method of early diagnosis of precancerous diseases of the oral mucosa, its advantages and disadvantages. Methods In the process of investigating the effectiveness of autofluorescence stomatoscopy, methods of qualitative analysis and synthesis of available scientific literature on autofluorescence stomatoscopy were used. Conclusions It is concluded that the use of autofluorescence stomatoscopy for the early diagnosis of precancerous diseases of the oral mucosa remains controversial. Some clinicians believe that the introduction of autofluorescence stomatoscopy into the practice of a dentist as an additional method of oncoscreening of the oral mucosa is not only relevant, but also necessary; and the analysis of the light glow corresponds to the results of a biopsy. However, other researchers have concluded that the AFS-method will not replace the gold standard of histological examination, due to the low specificity of the method, the study can lead to overdiagnosis, and it can only be used by experienced clinicians to find the boundaries of precancerous lesions of the oral cavity for taking a biopsy in an altered mucous membrane.

Identification of Disease Case on Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan (KUB) Chicken on Farmers’ Henhouse in Central Java

The Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development developed the Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan (KUB) Chicken, a superior breed of native chicken. The KUB chicken exhibited resistance to diseases, boasted lower mortality rates, and yielded more eggs compared to conventional free-range chickens. However, the KUB chickens were not immune to certain prevalent avian diseases, leading to substantial mortality and subsequent economic losses in Indonesia. This study, conducted from October to December 2021 in Central Java, aimed to determine the prevalence of various diseases in KUB chickens housed in farmer’s henhouse. Data were collected from 30 KUB chicken farmers. The results indicated the following prevalence rates for various infections: Snot at 44%, Coccidiosis at 9%, Salmonellosis at 9%, Infectious Bursal Disease at 9%, Newcastle Disease at 4%, and Helminthiosis at 4% across all sampled coops. Snot infection was notably higher in KUB Chickens, largely attributed to inadequate management, followed by Coccidiosis, Salmonellosis, and Infectious Bursal Disease. Clearly, disease prevalence in KUB chickens within a farmer’s coop can be mitigated by improved management practices and appropriate vaccination.

Prevalence and diagnostic methods of surgical pathology in the digestive system of animals

The relevance of the study is driven by the rapid increase in the number of small domestic animals with surgical pathology of the digestive system, requiring effective diagnosis and surgical intervention. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of various diseases of the digestive organs in small domestic animals and to determine the most informative methods of their diagnosis. The primary approach in the study is to compare the informativeness of results obtained from examining sick animals, including general (history collection, examination, palpation) and special (ultrasound diagnostics of abdominal organs, endoscopy of the digestive tract, radiography) diagnostic methods. The advantages and disadvantages of different special diagnostic methods were identified and analysed, providing a comprehensive assessment of indications and contraindications for their application in clinical veterinary practice. Out of 1863 animals that presented to the veterinary clinic, pathologies of the digestive tract of various origins were diagnosed in 957 animals. Conservative care was provided to 79.7% of the affected animals (763 individuals). Complicated pathologies requiring surgical treatment were diagnosed in 194 (20.3%) animals. Among these, 170 (17.7%) had foreign bodies in the stomach, 14 (1.5%) had gastric erosions, 4 (0.4%) had neoplasms, 3 (0.3%) had perforations, and 3 (0.3%) had inflammatory diseases. The use of ultrasound diagnostics allowed for the detection of linear foreign bodies in the stomach and the identification of associated complications such as stomach or intestinal perforations caused by foreign bodies. Radiographic examination proved effective when radiopaque structures (metals, stones, bones) were present as foreign bodies. The materials of the study provide practical value for both researchers and practising veterinarians, offering the opportunity to utilise new instrumental diagnostic methods to assess the feasibility of surgical manipulations on the stomach and intestines in dogs and cats

Study of the Relative Frequency of Different Disease in Fever with Thrombocytopenia

Background: Thrombocytopenia is a common biological sign, and in severe situations, bleeding can ensue. Thrombocytopenia caused mostly by platelet immunological destruction, decreased platelet synthesis in bone marrow, and a delay in megakaryocyte maturation. Dengue fever haemostasis disruption is exacerbated by thrombocytopenia and platelet dysfunction. Objective: To determine the relative prevalence of various diseases in fever with thrombocytopenia. Materials and Methods: This observational, cross-sectional study was carried out by the Department of Medicine at the 100-bed district hospital in Narsingdi between July 2021 and June 2022. Total 100 adult patients (over the age of 18) who had thrombocytopenia and presented with fever were included in this study. We excluded patients who had a fever but no thrombocytopenia. Additionally, patients with thrombocytopenia but no fever were excluded from the research. Results: Malaria was the most prevalent cause of fever (44.0%), followed by dengue (27.0%), viral fever (18.0%), enteric fever (5.0%), dengue + malaria (3.0%), septicemia (2.0%), and hematologic malignancy (1.0%). Conclusion: Dengue fever and malaria are common causes of fever with thrombocytopenia because of seasonal and regional variations.

Sterile soil mitigates the intergenerational loss of gut microbial diversity and anxiety-like behavior induced by antibiotics in mice

The decline in gut microbial diversity in modern humans is closely associated with the rising prevalence of various diseases. It is imperative to investigate the underlying causes of gut microbial loss and restoring methods. Although the impact of non-perinatal antibiotic use on gut microbiota has been recognized, its intergenerational effects remain unexplored. Our previous research has highlighted soil in the farm environment as a key factor for gut microbiome health by restoring gut microbial diversity and balance. In this study, we investigated the intergenerational consequences of antibiotic exposure and the therapeutic potential of sterile soil. We treated C57BL/6 mice with vancomycin and streptomycin for 2 weeks continuously, followed by a 4–8 week withdrawal period before breeding. The process was repeated across 3 generations. Half of the mice in each generation received an oral sterile soil intervention. We assessed gut microbial diversity, anxiety behavior, microglial reactivity, and gut barrier integrity across generations. Antibiotic exposure led to a decrease in gut microbial diversity over generations, along with aggravated anxiety behavior, microgliosis, and altered intestinal tight junction protein expression. Oral sterile soil intervention restored gut microbial diversity in adult mice across generations, concomitantly rescuing abnormalities in behavior, microgliosis, and intestinal barrier integrity. In conclusion, this study simulated an important process of the progressive loss of gut microbiota diversity in modern humans and demonstrated the potential of sterile soil to reverse this process. This study provides a theoretical and experimental basis for research and interventions targeting multiple modern chronic diseases related to intestinal microorganisms.

Ayurvedic Dermatology: Therapeutic Strategies for Skin Disease Management

Human skin, the outer layer of the body, is the largest organ in the body. It is also the first line of defense. According to Ayurveda, the skin is one of the most important sensory organs. Ayurveda has its own unique principles for diagnosing and treating various skin diseases under the name Kuṣṭha. Taking into account the prevalence of various diseases, about 20% of the total number of patients visiting a doctor worldwide suffer from skin diseases, including cosmetic problems, every year. Skin diseases are a common condition that affects people of all ages, from newborns to the elderly, and causes numerous damages. In addition, people with skin diseases suffer from social stigma.

Association of sodium intake with diabetes in adults without hypertension: evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2018.

Sodium is essential for human health, however the prevalence of various diseases is associated with excessive sodium intake, particularly cardiovascular disorders. However, in most countries, salt intake is much higher than the World Health Organization recommends. Several studies in recent years have revealed that high salt intake is associated with diabetes in the general population, but the association is uncertain in people who do not have hypertension. In this study, we aimed to find out whether high sodium intake increases the risk of diabetes in this particular population. Data were extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES; 2009-2018). Participants included adults aged over 20 years old who have undergone the diabetes questionnaire, and the hypertension population was excluded. In order to adjust the confounders, multivariate analysis models were built. Finally, subgroup analysis were conducted to investigate the association between sodium intake and diabetes separately. In the present study, 7,907 participants are included (3,920 female and 3,987 male), and 512 (6.48%) individuals reported diabetes. The median sodium intake of the participants was 3,341 mg/d (IQR: 2498, 4,364 mg/d). A linear association between sodium intake and the prevalence of diabetes was found (p = 0.003). According to the multivariate analysis models, the odds ratio of diabetes for every 1,000 mg sodium intake increment is 1.20 (OR: 1.20, 95% CI 1.07-1.35). The highest sodium intake quartile was 1.80-fold more likely to have diabetes than the lowest quartile (OR: 1.80, 95% CI 1.17-2.76). Our results suggest that higher sodium intake is associated with an increased risk of diabetes in the population without hypertension, and for every 1,000 mg sodium intake increment, the risk of diabetes increased by 1.20-fold. To sum up, we have provided the clue to the etiology of diabetes and further prospective research is needed to contribute recommendations for the primary prevention of diabetes in the US.

Menopause Induces Physical Inactivity through Brain Estrogen Receptor and Dopamine Signaling

PURPOSE: Genes had selectively evolved to enhance the motivation for physical movement in human during the Paleolithic era. To prepare for a potential forthcoming food deficiency, high physical activity was essential for survival in the environment where hunting wild animals and gathering plants. In modern society, however, developing technology and engineering has made human life easier to accomplish tasks with not much movement and effort, resulting in a profound deficiency in physical activity (i.e., physical inactivity).METHODS: In this review, the authors summarized previous studies searched by the PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct databases.RESULTS: Reduced physical activity is significantly associated with the high prevalence of various diseases including metabolic syndrome, obesity, sarcopenia, and cancer. Unfortunately, in women, menopause negatively impacts their body and physiology mainly due to the loss of estrogens, which also contributes to behavioral changes such as a significant reduction of physical activity levels during menopausal transition. In this review, the author focused to describe the underlying brain mechanism by which menopause results in reduced levels of physical activity through estrogens, estrogen receptors, and dopamine signaling in the nucleus accumbens, the main controller for exercise motivation.CONCLUSIONS: Estrogen receptor, specifically ERα, and dopamine receptors are the main controllers for voluntary physical activity. Furthermore, high running motivation is associated with enhanced dopamine activity. More studies are needed to verify whether enhanced dopamine activity can protect against menopause-associated reduction in physical activity.

Методологические основы прогнозирования распространения заболеваний в мире (обзор)

In modern conditions, the prediction of the morbidity of the population is becoming one of the most urgent tasks of public health worldwide. For state and international health services, with the help of forecasting the possible incidence and prevalence of various diseases in the general population, it becomes necessary to improve the system of providing specialized care due to the possibility of an updated calculation of the necessary resources. Purpose of the study is to analyze the methodological basis for predicting the morbidity of the population based on the study and generalization of literary sources. Materials and methods. The materials for the analysis were scientific publications on the issues of forecasting and modeling of morbidity in various subgroups of the population and territories of the Russian Federation and other countries. In the course of the research, such methods as comparative analysis, study and generalization of experience, bibliographic were used. Results. Currently, there are a number of studies devoted to disease prediction, and the number of methodological approaches to predicting possible changes in the epidemiological situation in various territories is growing. The study provides an overview of existing methodological approaches to predicting the morbidity of the population in Russia and in the world community. Findings. Thus, the analysis of the experience of predicting morbidity made it possible to determine the features of the use of certain mixed methods of forecasting different classes, groups and types of diseases, especially when identifying new viruses and infectious diseases.

The Spectrum of Co-Diagnoses in Patients with Colorectal Cancer: A Retrospective Cohort Study of 17,824 Outpatients in Germany.

Simple SummaryWe identified a panel of co-diagnosis occurring at higher or lower frequencies in CRC patients compared to matched controls without CRC. Such data might help optimizing CRC screening and improving the clinical management of CRC patients.Background: The prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients is determined to a decisive extent by comorbidities. On the other hand, anti-cancer treatments for CRC are associated with relevant toxicities and may therefore cause additional comorbidities. Methods: This retrospective cohort study assessed the prevalence of various diseases in patients 12 months before and 12 months after an initial diagnosis of colorectal cancer (ICD-10: C18, C20) in 1274 general practices in Germany between January 2000 and December 2018. The study is based on the Disease Analyzer database (IQVIA), which contains drug prescriptions, diagnoses, and basic medical and demographic data. Patients with and without CRC were matched by sex, age, and index year. Results: We identified several diagnoses with a significantly higher prevalence among CRC patients 12 months prior to the index date compared to controls. These diagnoses included gastrointestinal hemorrhage, hemorrhoids, perianal venous thrombosis, and abdominal and pelvic pain, as well as functional intestinal disorders. In contrast, the prevalence of lipid metabolism disorder, depression, hypertension, coronary heart disease, or acute bronchitis was significantly lower in CRC cases. After diagnosis of CRC, we found a significantly higher prevalence of anemia, polyneuropathies, functional intestinal disorders, and chronic kidney disease among CRC patients compared to the control group, while the prevalence of acute upper respiratory infections of multiple and unspecified sites and acute bronchitis was significantly lower in CRC patients compared to non-CRC patients. Conclusions: In the present study, we identified a variety of diseases occurring at higher or lower frequencies in CRC patients compared to matched controls without CRC. This might help to select patients for early CRC screening and improve the clinical management of CRC patients.

TO STUDY THE ROLE OF MEDHYA RASAYANA (ASHWAGANDHA, BRAMHI, GUDUCHI ETC.) WHICH ARE ADMINISTERED TO CHRONIC SKIN DISEASE.

Human skin, the outer covering of the body, is the largest organ in the body. it also constitutes the first line of defense. according to ayurveda, the skin is one of the essential sense organs. ayurveda has its own unique principles of diagnosis and treatment of various skin diseases under the heading of kuṣṭha. when we consider the prevalence of various diseases, every year, worldwide near about 20% of the total number of patients seeking medical advice suffer from skin diseases including cosmetic problems. in present article we are discussing regarding the the role of medhya rasayana (ashwagandha, bramhi, guduchi etc.) which are administered to chronic skin disease.

Influence of residential performance on residents' health status (part II): Nationwide survey of environmental performance of apartment buildings and residents' health status

AbstractThe residential environment clearly affects health. For example, a previous study has established relationships between specific environmental factors and the health status of residents in detached houses. However, studies focused on apartment buildings are still insufficient. Therefore, in this study, a large nationwide questionnaire survey of residents of apartments was conducted. The residential environment was subjectively evaluated using a Japanese Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environment Efficiency (CASBEE) tool: the CASBEE Health Checklist. The results showed that residents living in apartments who score higher on the checklist tend to have a lower prevalence of various diseases, indicating that residential environment may be an important determinant of health. Furthermore, the odds ratios for residents living in apartment buildings were lower for diabetes mellitus, hypertensive diseases, heart diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, chronic lower respiratory diseases, and inflammatory polyarthropathies compared with residents living in detached houses. These findings support the general link between the residential environment and residents' health and suggest that housing typology is an important factor.

The Monitoring and Early Warning System of Water Biological Environment Based on Machine Vision

Water contaminated by microorganisms can lead to the outbreak and prevalence of various diseases, which seriously threaten the health of people. In the monitoring of the water biological environment, the traditional methods have low detection sensitivity and low efficiency, so it is urgent to design a water biological monitoring system with low cost and high monitoring efficiency. Machine vision has the advantages of fast speed, appropriate precision, and strong anti-interference ability, which has been greatly developed in recent years. In this paper, the monitoring and early warning system of the water biological environment is built, in which the SVM algorithm is applied to image processing and feature extraction, and each module of the system is designed. Finally, the computational complexity of the system algorithm and the detection accuracy of the system are tested, and the results show that the system has the advantages of low cost, low computational complexity, and high monitoring efficiency, which can provide a reference for water resources protection.

Prediction of metabolic and pre-metabolic syndromes using machine learning models with anthropometric, lifestyle, and biochemical factors from a middle-aged population in Korea

BackgroundMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex condition that appears as a cluster of metabolic abnormalities, and is closely associated with the prevalence of various diseases. Early prediction of the risk of MetS in the middle-aged population provides greater benefits for cardiovascular disease-related health outcomes. This study aimed to apply the latest machine learning techniques to find the optimal MetS prediction model for the middle-aged Korean population.MethodsWe retrieved 20 data types from the Korean Medicine Daejeon Citizen Cohort, a cohort study on a community-based population of adults aged 30–55 years. The data included sex, age, anthropometric data, lifestyle-related data, and blood indicators of 1991 individuals. Participants satisfying two (pre-MetS) or ≥ 3 (MetS) of the five NECP-ATP III criteria were included in the MetS group. MetS prediction used nine machine learning models based on the following algorithms: Decision tree, Gaussian Naïve Bayes, K-nearest neighbor, eXtreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), random forest, logistic regression, support vector machine, multi-layer perceptron, and 1D convolutional neural network. All analyses were performed by sequentially inputting the features in three steps according to their characteristics. The models’ performances were compared after applying the synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) to resolve data imbalance.ResultsMetS was detected in 33.85% of the subjects. Among the MetS prediction models, the tree-based random forest and XGBoost models showed the best performance, which improved with the number of features used. As a measure of the models’ performance, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) increased by up to 0.091 when the SMOTE was applied, with XGBoost showing the highest AUC of 0.851. Body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio were identified as the most important features in the MetS prediction models for this population.ConclusionsTree-based machine learning models were useful in identifying MetS with high accuracy in middle-aged Koreans. Early diagnosis of MetS is important and requires a multidimensional approach that includes self-administered questionnaire, anthropometric, and biochemical measurements.

American Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy at Midlife: An Analysis Based on the Health and Retirement Study

The role of education and race in explaining disparities in health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) for Americans aged 45–64 is examined. We compute severity-weighted prevalence of diseases with comorbidity adjustments and map the information onto 21 disabling conditions from the Health and Retirement Study over 2000–2016. The approach allows us to evaluate the importance of major disease and risk factors that explain the dynamics of life expectancy and HALE in recent years, finding that Americans have been experiencing a higher prevalence of various diseases and risk factors long before the recent decline in life expectancy in 2014.

Diseases prevalent before major depressive disorder diagnosis: an exploratory nested case–control study using health insurance-based claims data

ObjectivesMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is often comorbid with other chronic and/or serious diseases. However, little is known about the prevalence of various diseases that are present before MDD onset. We...

Pathology of the Bearded Dragon (Pogona vitticeps): a Retrospective Analysis of 36 Cases

The bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) is a common species in the pet reptile trade and in zoological collections. Despite this, only a few reviews detailing common causes of mortality have been published. The goal of this retrospective study was to compile information related to the presence and prevalence of various diseases in bearded dragons in several private and one zoological collection. Findings from 36 animals, necropsied over a 20-year period were categorized on the basis of the cause of death or euthanasia and the organ system affected. Multiple contributors to death were identified in a subset of animals (n=12; 33.33%) and were counted in more than one category. The most common contributors to death by category were inflammatory (infectious or non-infectious) diseases (n=25; 69.44%), followed by chronic/degenerative diseases (n=17; 47.22%). Diseases or conditions that were systemic, or affected the hepatobiliary system, were the most commonly implicated in death. The most frequent histological findings included hepatic fatty change, renal tubular epithelial pigmentation and the presence of faveolar hyaline-like material. Although Chi square testing did not reveal an association between these common findings and comorbidities, a statistically significant association was found between chronic/degenerative causes of death and renal tubular epithelial pigment. Chi square testing of categorical variables, including contributors to death, primary organ(s) affected, sex, age class and institution, identified statistically significant associations between males and chronic/degenerative disease (P=0.043) and inflammatory contributors to death and private collection animals (P=0.039). Death due to inflammatory contributors was significantly higher in the 1-5-year-old and >5-year-old age classes (P=0.02).

The Effect of Different Light Conditions on Antimicrobial Activity of the Microalgae Chlorella sp. Ethanolic Extract Against Streptococcus mutans

Finding new antimicrobial agents from natural compounds with less side effects has been considered by number of researchers in the world. It is important to achieve efficient and up-to-date results in order to identify a substance with antimicrobial properties and achieve operational methods to increase these traits in a society where the prevalence of various diseases has been increased. In fact, the purpose of this study was to achieve compounds from microalgae with antimicrobial properties to be used in food and pharmaceutical industries that can have good consequences for human health. Therefore, in the current study antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of microalgae Chlorella sp., that was cultivated under different light conditions, was investigated. For this purpose, microalgae Chlorella sp. was separately cultivated under red, blue, green and white lights with intensity of 109 (μmol-photon m-2 s-1) and antimicrobial potential of the microalgae extracts investigated against the activity of Streptococcus mutans. In addition, Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the extracts determined. Based on the results, the wet extracts indicated more average antimicrobial activity than dried ones. Furthermore, the wet extract of microalgae cultivated under the red light showed a stronger antimicrobial activity compared to extract obtained under the other light spectrum with the minimum inhibitory of that was 10 mg/ml. Also, extract obtained under white light had no significant antibacterial activity against the bacterial strain.

A Survey on the Prevalence of Anaemia in Pregnant and Lactating Women Eating Processed Food

Anaemia is a medical condition in which there is less number of red blood cells in the blood. Lack of sufficient healthy red blood cells in blood is observed in anaemia patients. In human beings, blood carries oxygen to other body tissues, transport of oxygen is done by red blood cells. An anaemic person always feels tired and weak. Weakness is because of less oxygen in body tissues. The body requirement of iron in pregnant and lactating women is generally high, insufficient intake of iron results in anaemia. Survey on the prevalence of anaemia in the different age group is done but the current survey also puts light on a factor which is not covered before. Because of good taste and availability, processed food intake is increasing in every household. A close link of high intake of processed food and nutrient deficiency in pregnant and lactating women, especially iron deficiency is observed. The current survey opens the future perspective to conduct more research on the connection between packaged food eating habits and prevalence of various diseases.

ZnO Nanomaterials: Current Advancements in Antibacterial Mechanisms and Applications.

The prevalence of various diseases caused by bacteria has been increasing, and some traditional antibiotics have been reported to have varying degrees of resistance. ZnO nanomaterials (ZnO-NMs), due to their excellent broad-spectrum antibacterial properties, lasting antibacterial effects, and excellent biocompatibility, have quickly become the research focus of new antibacterial agents. While the narrow light response range of ZnO-NMs has limited the antibacterial performance to some extent and modifying it by various means to improve its response under visible light, such as doping metal/non-metal atoms, depositing noble metals and coupling carbon materials, which is a new research hotspot. Herein, the current mainstream claims about the antibacterial mechanisms and applications of ZnO-NMs are reviewed.