Prevalence Of UTI Research Articles

Sociodemographic Profiles of Pregnant Woman with Urinary Tract Infection: A Systematic Review of Current Research

Introduction: Untreated UTIs during pregnancy can lead to complications for both the mother and the fetus, highlighting the importance of appropriate management. Understanding the sociodemographic profiles of pregnant women with UTIs can aid in tailored interventions and care. Methods: This systematic review followed a protocol registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO ID: CRD42024507145). Cohort cross-sectional studies focusing on the sociodemographic profiles of pregnant women with UTI were systematically searched and selected from databases such as ScienceDirect, Cochrane, Scopus, and PubMed. Eligibility criteria included relevance to sociodemographic profiles, clear extraction and statistical analysis methods, and publication in English. Data extraction and study selection were conducted independently by six researchers, with any discrepancies resolved through discussion. Results: Three studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review. The studies conducted in the United States, Cameroon, and Bangladesh, which included 46,398 pregnant women, revealed diverse sociodemographic factors associated with UTI risk among pregnant women. Factors such as low educational attainment, low household income, and racial/ethnic disparities were identified as significant contributors to UTI prevalence in the United States. In Cameroon, although a high UTI prevalence was observed, no significant risk factors were identified. In Bangladesh, maternal undernutrition, primiparity, and low paternal education were significant risk factors for UTIs among pregnant women. Antibiotic sensitivity was varied, indicating the complexity of UTI management. Conclusion: The systematic review emphasizes the importance of considering sociodemographic factors in understanding and addressing UTI risk among pregnant women. Socioeconomic status, cultural disparities, and health-related factors play significant roles in UTI prevalence and management. An intervention to target specific sociodemographic characteristics may be necessary to effectively prevent and manage UTIs in pregnant women across different geographical and socioeconomic contexts.

The Incidence of Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections and Associated Risk FactorsamongPatientsofControlledandUncontrolledDiabetesMellitusin Sana'a City- Yemen

Thehighprevalenceof UTIs amongDM patients, whichattributetovarious impairmentsintheimmunesystem (lowurinaryconcentrationof interleukin -8andinterleukin -6,lowerurinaryleucocytecellcount). Inaddition, poormetaboliccontrolandincompletebladderemptyingdueto autonomicneuropathymayall contributetotheenhancedriskof UTIsinthesepatientsDM isassociatedwithUTIs throughitseffectonthehostimmunesystem .Therefore detect the incidence of bacterial UTIs in controlled and uncontrolled DM patients in Sana'a City- Yemen, Determine the suitable antibioticssusceptibilityagainstbacterial UTIsin controlledanduncontrolledDMpatients, ExploretherelationshipbetweenbacterialUTIs and the main risk factorsin controlledanduncontrolledDMpatients. In this cross- sectional study , urine sample were collected from 225 participants fromProf. Mohammed Bamashmous Internal Medicine,Republication Authorized Teaching, Al-Olaqi Specialized Laboratories and Baghdad Laboratories The sample was processed by physical, chemical and microscopic examination andcultured in CLED agar, Maconky agar and blood agar, afterincubation the sample in 370C aerobicallywas proceed by Gram stain and biochemical test . Amongthe225 analyzed samples, 49 (21.8%) were showing sterile urine samples, while 9 (4.0%) showed mixed growth of bacteria possibly due to improper collection of the sample.The remaining 122 (54.2%) samples were positive(significant)with colony count 105CFU|ml, 34 (15.1%)ware positive(suspected) with colony count 103-104 CFU\ml , 11(4.9%)ware non-significant withcolonycount-less than102for The number of subjects withUTI was clearlyhigher intheuncontrolled glycemic group (𝑛 =158, 89.8%) incomparisontothecontrolledglycemic group (𝑛 =18, 10.2%).Ourresults showedthatT2DM was moreprevalent (145,78.7%)thanT1DM (39,17.3%)and GDM (9,4%) in uncontrolled DM than controlled DM .The women’s show high spread of UTIs than men especially in uncontrolled DM than controlled DMthis was significant < 0.05 .The prevalence and the distribution of Gram- negative more than Gram-positive bacteria isolated from the clinical samples for both controlled and uncontrolled glycemia groups. E.coli (77,49.4%) was the dominant and significant in UTIs <0.01 The high prevalence of UTI confirms that uncontrolled DM is significantly associated with more UTIand regulation of glucose helped to reducing the complications and urinary tract infection. Diabetic patients especially uncontrolled women, are recommended to subuit mid-streamurinespecimens at regular intervals for cultureand routine investigations even the absence of any urinary tract symptoms

Bacterial Isolates and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns Among Pediatric Patients with Urinary Tract Infections: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study at Tertiary Level in Afghanistan.

The widespread use of antibiotics is a serious and alarming situation in terms of the development of antimicrobial resistance. The current study was conducted to demonstrate the types of organism isolated from the urine of patients presenting with UTI symptoms as well as their antimicrobial sensitivity spectrum. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted, and 272 positive urine cultures from children under 5 years of age with signs and symptoms of a UTI were included in the study. The types of organisms isolated from the urine cultures and their susceptibility to antibiotics were identified. The data collection form was designed as an Excel spreadsheet that included both dependent and independent variables, such as patient age, gender, WBC, red blood cell (RBC) count, nitrite, organism isolated, and antiprogram results. Of the patients included, 64% were female. The majority were under one year of age, followed by children aged one to three. Among these children, 63% had pyuria and hematuria, and 64% had nitrite-positive urine samples. The most commonly isolated organisms included Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Candida species, Candida albicans, and Enterococcus species. In this study, 62% of gram-negative organisms were ESBL positive, among which the Proteus species demonstrated the highest ESBL positivity, followed by the Klebsiella species and E. coli. The majority of Enterobacteriaceae isolates in this study showed resistance to Augmentin and Ampicillin. Similarly, E. coli was highly resistant to third-generation cephalosporins, ceftazidime, and ceftriaxone. Due to the high prevalence of UTIs in pediatric patients and their nonspecific signs and symptoms, particularly in infants or young children, diagnosing and treating them, whilst difficult, is crucial. Urine samples should be analyzed for all pediatric patients with fever and, if pyuria is present, a urine culture is necessary.

Prevalence of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC β-lactamase producing bacteria in urinary tract infection patients visiting tertiary care hospital in Central India

Antimicrobial resistance showed by different uropathogens is one of the barricades that might hinder the successful treatment (Bajpai et al., 2019). Detection of extended beta–lactamase (ESBL) production among uropathogens is an important marker of endemicity. Aim: This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of pathogens in urinary tract and their antimicrobial susceptibilities, based on extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC beta-lactamase production in Central India. Methodology and results: The prevalence of pathogenic microorganisms in urinary tract and their antimicrobial resistance patterns were identified in 400 isolates from patients with urinary tract infections. Combined disc diffusion was performed to identify the presence of ESBL-producing strains. Moreover, disc approximation assay, disc potentiating test and double disc synergy test were performed to determine the presence of AmpC beta-lactamase producing bacterial strains. This study demonstrated a higher prevalence of UTIs in females (81.25%) than in males (18.75%). The most common pathogen was found Escherichia coli (44.5%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (20%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.5%) Enterobacter species (5%) and Proteus species (2.5%). ESBL and AmpC beta-lactamase production occurred more frequently in E. coli (17.5%) and Klebsiella pneumonia (5.5%) respectively. Significance and impact of study: The result of this study would provide physicians with important information which help them to make a judicious choice of antibiotics for therapeutic purposes. However, it is emphasized that continuous surveillance of antibiogram of medically important organisms causing UTI is necessary for adopting a rational antibiotic policy in the country.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Community Isolates of Urinary Tract Infection in Bangladesh

Background: Overuses and injudicious uses of maximum antibiotics that have been prescribed empirically in community acquired UTI are being the prime cause of increasing resistance pattern among uropathogens in Bangladesh. There are minimum reports on antimicrobial resistance pattern among uropathogens in different regions of Bangladesh. No reports have been carried out to determine the response of uropathogens to fosfomycin yet in our country. So, the study aimed to determine the prevalence of uropathogens causing UTI in community and to determine the increasing resistance pattern among them with special emphasis on their ciprofloxacin and fosfomycin resistance status. Methodology: Identification of isolated bacteria was performed from collected 187 culture positive cases. Their antimicrobial resistance pattern was determined by Kriby- Bauer modified disc diffusion test. Minimum inhibitory concentration test of ciprofloxacin was performed among the ciprofloxacin resistant bacteria by agar dilution method. Result: The study demonstrated a higher prevalence of UTI in female (70.1%) than in male (29.9%). The most common isolated bacteria was E. coli (80.2%) followed by Klebsiellaspp. Higher resistance rate of 171 Enterobacteriaceae to ampicillin and 3rd generation cephalosporins was observed 71.9% and 49.1%-59.7% respectively in all 6 districts of Bangladesh. Ciprofloxacin resistance has been found higher 43.9% and 50%among Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus spp. More than 50% of ciprofloxacin resistant bacteria had MIC 64ug/ml. All the strains of Enterobacteriaceae were sensitive to fosfomycin except 20% Klebsiella. Conclusion: Rising antimicrobial resistance pattern among uropathogens in different districts provide physicians an important information to make a discreet choice of antibiotics in empiric therapy of community acquired UTI in Bangladesh to reduce further evolution of multidrug resistant organisms. Central Medical College Journal Vol 8 No 1 January 2024 Page: 38-46

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI IN UTI PATIENTS OF DISTRICT D.I.KHAN AND TO PROBE THEIR ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

Background: Globally urinary tract infections are present predominantly and mostly UTIs are present or noticed in the developing countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh etc. There are multiple factors in spread of UTIs like microbes, taking certain medicines, sexual activities, poor hygiene, not taking enough water etc. Objectives: The prevalence of UTIs and development of resistance against the antibiotics is due to unjustified use of antibiotics. Methodology: We performed a study in a remount area of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa i,e Dera Ismail Khan. We conducted a research study consist of a three months duration. Hundred (100) urine samples were collected from the patients who visited District Head Quarter (DHQ) teaching hospital Dera Ismail Khan. Patients having different age groups were included in study, Results: After processing samples, the number of samples having E.coli i,e positive samples were 73 in number, which were confirmed on the basis of different tests. The prevalence of UTIs due to E. coli organism was noticed increased in female patients (69 %) as compared to male patients and its prevalence was 31%.When the isolated E. coli strain were tested against different antibiotics, showed that those strains which were isolated from urine samples of the male patients of age group 61 to 80 years showed higher sensitivity against PTZ, NF, FOS, AK, IMP, and SCF, while in female high rate of sensitivity against PTZ, NF, FOS, AK, IMP, and SCF antibiotics was observed against E. coli strains which were isolated from the patients having age from 21 to 40 years Likewise E.coli isolates were sensitive against Imipenem, Peracillin + Tazobactam, Cefoperazone + sulbactam, Fosfomycin, Amikacin, Nitrofurantoin, Peracillin and Tambactam irrespective of age of the patients from which bacteria were isolated. Conclusion: Furthermore, present study also revealed, that the E. coli has developed resistance against commonly used antibiotics which is a serious concern to worry about and serious steps should be taken by the authorities to stop frequent use of antibiotics without proper prescription to avoid this issue.

Urinary tract infection and associated risk factors among pregnant women at a tertiary care hospital.

Objective: To determine prevalence of UTI in pregnant women and its associated risk factors at a tertiary care hospital. Study Design: Cross Sectional study. Setting: Department of Gynae & Obstetrics Independent University Hospital, Faisalabad. Period: 1-10-2022 to 31-3-2023. Methods: All pregnant patients visiting gynae OPD (5280) were enrolled for study. Mid-stream urine sample was taken and analyzed. UTI was diagnosed if >10 pus cells / HPF were seen. Inclusion Criteria: All pregnant females attending antenatal clinic during study period. Exclusion Criteria: Women with chronic renal disease. History of antibiotic treatment in last one week, Congenital renal abnormality. Patients on immuno suppressive therapy. Results: The prevalence of UTI in our study was 28%. In this study 593 patients (40%) were <20 years of age, 258(17%) were in 21-30 years age group, 246 (16%) were 31-40 years and 381(26%) were >40 years of age. In our study 526 (35%) were primigravidas, 249(17%) were G2, 272(18%) were G3 and 431 (29%) were G4 or above. In this study 698 (47%) patients were in first trimester, 320(22%) were in second trimester, 460(31%) in third trimester. Among risk factors 245 patients (16%) were anemic and 421(28%) were diabetic. Conclusion: The Prevalence of UTI in pregnant female of independent university hospital Faisalabad is quite high. Anemia and diabetes are major associated risk factors. Owing to its association with a number of complications, UTI needs to be diagnosed and treated promptly to lessen perinatal and maternal morbidity and mortality.

Prevalence of Uropathogens and Its Antibiogram among Diabetic and Non Diabetic Patients

Objectives: The objectives of the research was to evaluate the prevalence of uropathogens, their resistance pattern, and association factors of UTI among diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted during the year Sep-2022 to Jan-2024, among 1048 adult patients from SMIMER (Smimer Hospital and Medical college, Surat) and other private laboratory from Surat area. Using recommended culture methods, Clean-catch midstream urine samples were collected and examined for the presence of uropathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Results: The highest prevalence of uropathogens were Escherichia coli (49%), Klebsiella spp (39.2%) and Candida (fungus) (13.2%). Most of the uropathogens were sensitive to nitrofurantoin, cefixime and amikacine in diabetic and most of the uropathogens were sensitive to meropenem, amikacine and levofloxacin in non-diabetic patients. Whereas resistant to Ampicillin/Sulbactam, Cefuroxime and Co-Trimoxazole (Sulpha/Trimethoprim) in diabetic patients, same as resistant to amikacin and netillin drug in non diabetic patients. Conclusion: The prevalence of UTI and most commonly used antibiotics among diabetic and non-diabetic patients is compared with published paper. Urine analysis and culture should be performed in all diabetic and non diabetic patients. Most common uropathogens is E.coli in both groups.

Role of homoeopathic medicines in acute cases of urinary tract infection in females

Urinary tract infection is the presence of microbial pathogen in normally sterile urinary tract. This study shows that cantharis (60%) act best in acute cases of UTI in female patient. 200 potencies use in 53.33% (16 cases) so, 200potency is mostly used for cure of the patient. : prospective observational method of study. To see the effect of homeopathic medicines in acute cases of UTI in female 30 patients will be included in the study. Sampling technique: random sampling.in this study the maximum prevalence of UTI was noted in the age group of (21-50years). this study shows that cantharis (60%) act best in acute cases of UTI in female patient. From this 30 cases study it was understood that the homoeopathic medicine give a complete cure in 33.33% female patient and relief 40% female of patient only 3.3% female patient having not relief.

Prevalence of urinary tract infections in pregnant women and antimicrobial resistance patterns in women in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a retrospective study

BackgroundUrinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common health problems worldwide and mainly affect women. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of UTIs in pregnant women and determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacterial pathogens isolated from pregnant and nonpregnant women in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study was conducted at an academic medical center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, from January to June 2022. The study included all urine cultures performed for adult women during the study period. We excluded urine culture performed for women on antibiotics prescribed for any infection, children, and men. Using the SPSS (version 27) package, descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used to analyze the data, and p < 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.ResultsA total of 2,418 urine cultures performed during the study period were included (985 and 1,433 for pregnant and nonpregnant women, respectively). The overall prevalence of UTIs in pregnant women was 5% (95% CI 3.6–6.4); 10 (1%) women were symptomatic, and 40 (4%) women were asymptomatic. Of the entire cohort, 244 (10.1%) women were diagnosed with UTIs based on bacterial cultures. The predominant bacteria in both pregnant and nonpregnant women were Escherichia coli (134, 54.9%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (48, 19.6%).The antibiotic susceptibility criteria for Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were as follows: nitrofurantoin (94% and 18.8%, respectively), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (82.8% and 70.8%, respectively), ciprofloxacin (65.7% and 83.3%, respectively), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (65.7% and 79.2%, respectively) and cephalothin (47% and 68.8%, respectively).ConclusionCompared to the findings of other similar studies, the prevalence of UTIs was lower in pregnant women. This may be because the patient population was composed of healthy and educated women who received prenatal education and underwent prenatal assessment as per institutional guidelines. Nitrofurantoin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid are recommended for use as an empirical therapy for UTIs in pregnant and nonpregnant women because bacteria have the least amount of resistance to these drugs.

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistant &lt;i&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Klebsiella&lt;/i&gt; sp among individuals with urinary tract infection from hospital and community settings in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria

The antibiotic resistance of urinary pathogens has been varying over the period of years, in community and healthcare-associated infections. The study provided the current prevalence and antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp among individuals with urinary tract infections from hospital and community settings in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Midstream urine samples were collected and studied using standard microbiological techniques. Information for the factors associated with UTIs was obtained using questionnaires. An agar disc diffusion technique was used to test for antibiotic susceptibility. The chi-square test and Poisson regression was used to express associations among descriptive variables of UTI. The study revealed females are more susceptible to UTIs than males. Bacterial isolates showed a low prevalence of UTI with 122(8.5%). The age-wise distribution shows that the Incidence is more common in age bracket 51-60 and 21to 30 years. Gender and risk factors among the individuals had a significant relationship with UTIs. Overall, the bacterial strains showed the highest resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanate 43(91.5%) and most susceptible to imipenem 40(85.1%). The bacteria isolates also showed high multiple resistance with 0.6 MAR index. Appropriate diagnosis and management of UTI are aimed at treating the acute occurrence as well as preventing recurrences of this infection.

Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of urinary tract infections causing bacterial isolates and associated risk factors among HIV patients in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia

BackgroundUrinary tract infections, a prevalent global infectious disease, are clinical issues not well studied in HIV-positive individuals. UTIs have become a global drug resistance issue, but the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of UTI-causing bacteria among HIV patients in Tigray, Ethiopia, are poorly understood. This study aims to identify the prevalence of UTI-causing bacteria, their antibiotic susceptibility patterns, and associated risk factors in HIV patients attending ART clinics at Mekelle General Hospital and Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia.MethodClean-catch midstream urine samples (10–15 mL) were collected from HIV patients who are attending ART clinics at Mekelle General Hospital and Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. Samples were analyzed based on standard microbiological protocols using cysteine-lactose electrolyte deficient (CLED) agar. Pure colonies of bacterial isolates were obtained by sub-culturing into Mac-Conkey, Manitol Salt agar and blood agar plates. The bacterial isolates were then identified using macroscopic, microscopic, biochemical, and Gram staining methods. Gram-negative bacteria were identified using biochemical tests like triple sugar iron agar, Simon’s citrate agar, lysine iron agar, urea, motility test, and indol test, whereas Gram-positive isolates were identified using catalase and coagulase tests. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique was used to analyze the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25.0.ResultsAmong the 224 patients, 28 (12.5%) of them had been infected by UTIs-causing bacteria. E. coli was the dominant bacterium (16 (57%)) followed by K. pneumoniae (4 (14%)), and S. aureus (3 (11%)). Of the total bacterial isolates, 22 (78.6%) of them developed multi-drug resistance. All Gram-positive (100%) and 75% of Gram-negative bacterial isolates were found to be resistant to two or more drugs. Patients with a history of UTIs, and with CD4 count < 200 cells/ mm3, were more likely to have significant bacteriuria. Compared to male patients, female patients were more affected by the UTIs-causing bacteria. More than 93% of the UTIs-causing bacterial isolates were susceptible to nitrofurantoin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and gentamycin; whereas they are highly resistant to ampicillin (96%), cotrimoxazole (82%) and tetracycline (71%).ConclusionsMost of the bacterial isolates were highly resistant to ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, and tetracycline. Female patients were more affected by the UTIs causing bacteria. The highest prevalence (12.5%) of UTIs in HIV patients needs special attention for better management and monitoring. Previous UTI history and immune suppression are predictors of UTIs, highlighting the need for intervention measures involving molecular studies to identify resistant bacteria genes and promote patient immune reconstitution.

E018 Prophylactic co-trimoxazole prescribing practice in patients who received rituximab therapy: comparison across indications and specialties

Abstract Background/Aims Rituximab is a chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody targeting B-cells used as part of treatment algorithms for malignancy and autoimmune diseases. As is the case of other immunosuppressive agents, rituximab increases the risk of infections. Primary prophylaxis with co-trimoxazole may be considered in high-risk cohort of patients to prevent opportunistic infection, particuarly Pneumocystis jerovecii pneumonia (PJP). To investigate the prescribing practice for prophylactic co-trimoxazole in patients who received rituximab infusion in a large tertiary referral centre. To compare practices between rheumatology and nephrology department. To compare the incidence of hospitalisation for infection (particularly PJP) between those prescribed prophylactic co-trimoxazole and those who did not. Methods This was a single centre retrospective observational study over a 3 year period assessing prophylactic co-trimoxazole prescribing practice in 185 patients attending rheumatology or renal services in Cork University Hospital (CUH) and receiving rituximab. Co-trimoxazole prophylactic treatment was defined as prophylaxis dose of co-trimoxazole (either 480mg daily or 960mg three times per week) received during rituximab treatment and at least 6 months post completion of treatment. Results 185 patients’ medical charts were reviewed. Only 28 patients received prophylaxis with co-trimoxazole. The majority of patients (n = 24, 85%) who received prophylaxis with co-trimoxazole had an underlying diagnosis of small vessel vasculitis (SVV). Co-trimoxazole was more commonly prescribed by nephrologists (n = 17, 71% primarily for SVV) as compared to rheumatologist (n = 7, 29% primarily for SVV). 156 patients were not prescribed prophylactic co-trimoxazole. The primary indication for rituximab in these patients was inflammatory arthropathy (IA) (n = 72,46%), SVV (n = 26, 16%), systemic lupus erythematosus (n = 19, 12%), with the remainder accounted for by scleroderma, undifferentiated connective tissue disease, membranous nephropathy (MN), myositis, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and amyloid renal disease. No patient was admitted over the course of the study period with PJP. 59 patients required hospital admissions due to other infections, most commonly patients with SVV. The most common infections were respiratory tract and urinary tract infections. Overall infections requiring hospitalization were more common in the group receiving prophylaxis, perhaps highlighting the vulnerable nature and greater prednisolone prescribing in the SVV cohort. No difference was seen between groups in the prevalence of UTIs. Conclusion In this cohort co-trimoxazole prophylaxis was more commonly prescribed for patient with small vessel vasculitis and differences in prescribing patterns were seen between nephrologists and rheumatologists. With greater awareness of the heightened risk of PJP in patents receiving rituximab consideration should be given to use of antibiotic prophylaxis for other indications. Disclosure S. Tio: None. J. Morrow: None. S. Cowley: None. M. Clarkson: None. G. Murphy: None.

Antimicrobial resistance pattern and uropathogens distribution in children visiting a referral hospital in Mogadishu.

Aim: Studies concerning epidemiology and drug susceptibility patterns of pediatric urinary tract infection in developing countries are scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance pattern and uropathogens distribution in children. Method: Four-year retrospective study included 840 participants in all pediatric age groups whose urine had been cultured. Results: The prevalence of culture-proven pediatric UTIs was 17.6% (148/840). Escherichia coli was the most common pathogen isolated from the cultures, accounting for (48%, 71/148), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (16.2%, 24/148). About 27% of the pathogens had a multidrug-resistant (MDR) pattern. A resistance rate against nitrofurantoin at 24.6%, fosfomycin at 15.2% and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SMX-TMP) at 79.7% was noted. Conclusion: E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the most common pathogens isolated.

Risk factors for urinary tract infection in infants with unexplained hyperbilirubinemia: a single center case-control study

BackgroundUrinary tract infection (UTI) is a potential cause of neonatal jaundice. Nevertheless, there remains a lack of consensus regarding appropriate screening practices for UTI in infants with hyperbilirubinemia. This study aimed to analyze a group of jaundiced infants to assess the prevalence of UTI, explore potential risk factors, and examine the impact of UTI on the course and severity of neonatal jaundice.MethodsThis retrospective case-control study was conducted on 150 jaundiced infants (aged &amp;lt; 8 weeks) without a known etiology in the hyperbilirubinemia work-up. All subjects underwent phototherapy treatment and UTI screening by catheterization. They were then classified into UTI and non-UTI groups based on urine culture results, with a positive urine culture indicating the growth of ≥10,000 colony-forming units. The clinical characteristics and jaundice-related parameters of both groups were analyzed.ResultsAmong the 150 jaundiced patients, the prevalence of UTI was 29%. There was a significantly higher male predominance in the UTI group, and patients with UTI also had a significantly longer duration of hospitalization compared to those without UTI. Significant risk factors associated with UTI in jaundiced infants included male gender and a peak total bilirubin level higher than 18 mg/dl during hospitalization. The most common pathogens identified in urine culture were Escherichia coli (41.9%) and Enterococcus faecalis (30.2%).ConclusionIn cases of neonatal jaundice where the underlying cause is not evident, screening for UTI should be performed, particularly when associated risk factors or inadequate response to phototherapy is present.

The Role of Emotional Eating as Relief Mechanism from Psychological Distress and its Impact on Overall Wellbeing

Antibiotic susceptibility profiles of bacterial isolates from immunocompromised patients attending selected health facilities in Benue State were investigated. Three hundred and three midstream urine samples were collected for both study and control patient and bacteria were isolated and identified following standard bacteriological methods. Prevalence of UTIs and antibiotic susceptibility profiles were done. Drug resistant bacterial isolates were identified as multidrug resistant (MDR), extensive drug resistant (XDR) and pan-drug resistant organisms (PDR). Data were analysed and statistical significance was considered at p&lt;0.05. From the results, fifty-seven and twenty-one bacterial isolates were identified given prevalence of 18.8% and 6.9% for the study and control subjects respectively. The male HIV patients had higher prevalence of UTI (20.6%) than the female (17.5%). The study bacterial isolates expressed high levels of resistance to ampicillin, aztreonam, nalidixic acid, tetracycline, cotrimoxazole and the quinolones. Cefotaxime, genticin, augmentin and imipenem which showed high susceptibility were the most effective antibiotics. None of the isolates showed complete susceptibility to all the tested antibiotics. Forty-one drug resistant bacterial isolates consisting of 30 MDR, 7 XDR and 4 PDR isolates were identified. High prevalence of UTI and drug resistant isolates in immunocompromised HIV infected patients was shown in this study. Therefore, regular test of urine cultures and sensitivity, antibiotic policy for rational use of antibiotics in our hospitals and close monitoring of MDR, XDR and PDR isolates in our communities will significantly reduce the problem of antibiotic resistance.

Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBLs) Producing Enterobacteriacaea Isolated from Urine in a North-Eastern Tertiary Care Hospital in Nigeria.

This study was done to evaluate the frequency of extended spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBLs) producing uropathogens and their susceptibility pattern isolated from urine in Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital (ATBUTH) Bauchi. A total of 373 urine samples from out-patients and hospitalized patients were studied. Samples were inoculated on Cystine Lactose Electolyte-deficient (CLED) agar, Blood agar and MacConckey agar. 165 isolates were obtained which were further identified by standard Microbiological methods. Antimicrobial Susceptibility pattern was studied by Kirby-Bauer’s disc diffusion method. Among the 165 uropathogens isolated from patients with UTI, the commonest isolate was E. coli (29.1%) followed by Klebsiella pneumonae (15.8%) with the least Citrobacter spp. 1(0.6%). The overall prevalence of UTI of this study is 44.0%. Extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) was noted in 100 (77.0%). Among the ESβLs producers detected, E. coli recorded the highest occurrence rate of 46 (46.0%) followed by K. pneumoniae with 22(22.0%). Others were, K.oxytoca 15(15.0%), P. aeruginosa 4(4.0%). However, there was no evidence of ESβL production observed in the clinical isolates of P. vulgaris and Citrobacter spp. Multidrug resistance was found to be significantly (P&lt;0.05) more in ESBL producing isolates (77.0%) than Non-ESBL producers (23.0%. Monitoring of ESBL production and antimicrobial susceptibility testing are necessary to avoid treatment failure in patients with UTI.

COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF ALOE VERA AND VITAMIN E ON IMMUNITY, GROWTH, INTESTINAL HISTOPATHOLOGY AND WOUND HEALING IN RABBITS

Background: Aloe vera, a succulent plant belonging to the Liliaceae family, has been used for centuries in traditional medicine. Objectives: The prevalence of UTIs and development of resistance against the antibiotics is due to unjustified use of antibiotics.Methodology: This study evaluates the impact of dietary supplementation with Aloe vera extract (PE) and Vitamin E (VE) ongrowth performance, meat quality, immune parameters, cytokine induction, and intestinal histopathology in growing rabbits, Results:Results showed significant improvements in live weight (LW) and average daily gain (ADG) in the PE and VE groups, with the S+PE+VE group exhibiting the highest gains. Meat quality analysis revealed increased muscle redness and reduced water loss in the PE and VE groups. Immunological assays indicated elevated IgM and IgG levels, particularly in the S+PE+VE group, suggesting a synergistic immune enhancement. Cytokine analysis showed decreased IL-6 and increased TNF-α levels in the supplemented groups, indicating modulated cytokine activity. Histopathological examination revealed significant enhancements in intestinal morphology in the S+PE+VE group, including hypertrophy of villi, increased goblet cell count, and enhanced secretory activity, suggesting improved nutrient absorption. Wound healing studies demonstrated accelerated recovery in the S+PE+VE group, with reduced inflammation and faster wound closure. Conclusion: It is concluded that the Aloe vera and Vitamin E supplementation in rabbit feed significantly improves growth performance, meat quality, immune response, intestinal health, and wound healing, highlighting their potential as beneficial dietary supplements in rabbit production and other animal species.

Antimicrobial resistance patterns of urinary tract infection organisms isolated from pregnant women’s urinary samples at lancet clinical laboratories in Zimbabwe, 2021

Worldwide, bacterial infections are a main cause of morbidity and mortality, mainly in low-income countries. The world emergence of antimicrobial resistance negatively impact the management of infectious diseases. Nationwide, there is an increasing concern over antimicrobial resistance (AMR) recently evaluated to contribute for more than 700,000 deaths per year across the globe. The key objective of this present study is to characterise the antimicrobial resistance patterns of urinary tract organisms isolated from pregnant women’s urinary samples analysed at Lancet Clinical Laboratories in Zimbabwe from January to December 2021. This was a laboratory based, cross sectional study conducted among pregnant women’s samples analysed at the laboratory. Microbiology results logbook and patients’ clinical data were used to evaluate basic descriptive statistics (proportions and mean) of participants engaged in this study. We describe the characteristics of variables of respondents where categorical variables were portrayed in the form of numbers and percentages in table, figures format. The prevalence of UTI was 60% with the main isolated bacteria being Escherichia coli (28.10%), Staphylococcus aureus (9.18%) and Kleibseilla pneumoniae (10.27%). There was association between gestational ages with UTI. The prevalence of AMR was 54%. The highest resistant drugs being Ampicillin (60%), Vancomycin (45%) and Penicillin (40%), the least resistant were chloramphenicol (15%), ciprofloxacin (23%) and nitrofurantoin (25%). The prevalence of AMR was high with regards to AMR prevalence rates in a study conducted in Zimbabwe Bulawayo. This is mainly due to the misuse of drugs therefore re-enforcement of prescription-only policies is crucial.

Prevalence of Multidrug Resistant &lt;i&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/i&gt; among Urinary Tract Infection Patients in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan

Background: A common infection known as a urinary tract infection arises when bacteria enter the urethra and infect the urinary system. These germs are usually from the skin or the rectum. Antibiotic resistance is one of the world's most concerning topics due to its severity. This study assessed the trends of antibiotic resistance in E.coli isolates from UTI Individuals. Examining the incidence of uropathogenic E.coli and their multidrug resistance pattern in Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Methods: A 6-month duration-based cross-sectional study was carried out at the microbiology department of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS) Hospital in Islamabad, Pakistan from July to November 2023. Non-probability sampling, specifically convenient sampling, was used in the study. Collected data was analyzed using SPSS software version 20. Result: The analysis of UTI prevalence by age and gender showed that women (68.3%) were more likely to become infected than males (31.6%), with the incidence of infection being highest in the 31–40 age range. Cefixime resistance was greatest at 95%, followed by ceftriaxone resistance at 88.33% and amoxicillin resistance at 78%. 46.6% of them have more than five medication resistance. Conclusion: The results of the study will help the health department create guidelines for antibiotic prescriptions that will aid medical officers in choosing the appropriate antimicrobial treatment. Education programs that focus on raising knowledge are crucial for preventing E. coli infections and lowering the need for Cefixime and other highly resistant medications. Regular monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility is necessary.