Prevalence Of Trypanosomiasis Research Articles

Prevalence of trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma brucei (Kinetoplastea, Trypanosomatidae) in domestic ruminants from Southern Punjab, Pakistan

Background and Aim: Trypanosomiasis, a parasitic infection caused by various Trypanosoma species, poses a significant threat to global livestock, affecting both human health and economic sectors. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of trypanosomiasis in Southern Punjab, Pakistan, focusing on key ruminant species, including camels, cattle, buffaloes, goats, and sheep. Materials and Methods: A total of 240 blood samples, comprising 48 samples from each animal species (camel, cattle, buffaloes, goat, and sheep) were collected from three districts in Southern Punjab. The collected samples were subjected to thin smear microscopy, DNA extraction, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. The molecular characterization was conducted using the TBR primer set, which targeted repeated satellite DNA regions and the cytochrome oxidase II gene of Trypanosoma brucei. Results: About 22.08% (53/240) of overall samples were positive for trypanosomiasis, with prevalence rates being 23.75% (19/80), 21.25% (17/80), and 21.75% (17/80) for districts Muzaffargarh, Lodhran, and Bahawalpur, respectively. 5.83% (14/240) of samples tested for T. brucei using PCR were positive in the districts of Muzaffargarh 7.50% (6/80), Lodhran 5.00% (4/80), and Bahawalpur 5.00% (4/80). Among the animals tested, camels had the highest positivity rate. The microscopic examination confirmed infection rates of 45.83% (22/48) for camels, 18.75% (9/48) for cattle, 8.33% (4/48) for buffaloes, 18.75% (9/48) for goats, and 18.75% (9/48) for sheep (p < 0.001). PCR results did not reveal substantial differences (p < 0.05) in prevalence: camels 12.50% (6/48), cattle 6.25% (3/48), buffaloes 0% (0/48), goats 8.33% (4/48), sheep 2.08% (1/48); while distinct disparities were detected district-wise: Muzaffargarh 23.75% (19/80), Lodhran 21.25% (17/80), and Bahawalpur 21.25% (17/80). The PCR results for these districts were insignificantly different: 7.50% (6/80), 5% (4/80), and 5% (4/80). The microscopic infection rate in camels from Bahawalpur was 56.30% (9/16). The microscopic analysis in Buffaloes reported a 6.30% (1/16) infection rate, but PCR results indicated no infections (0%) in any district. A significant difference (p < 0.001) in identifying Trypanosoma species was found between positively and negatively tested animals in both microscopic and PCR methods. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the necessity of regularly using PCR-based screening for its superior sensitivity and specificity over traditional microscopy. The varying occurrence of trypanosomiasis among districts reflects the intricate nature of this diseases epidemiology in the region. Reducing economic losses from trypanosomiasis in Southern Punjab, Pakistan, requires targeted interventions, such as vector control measures and farmer education. Keywords: domestic ruminants, microscopic examination, Pakistan, polymerase chain reaction detection, Trypanosoma brucei, trypanosomiasis.

Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomiasis and its risk factors in and around Zenzelima, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia

A cross sectional study was conducted from January 2018 to June 2018 with the aim of determining the prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis and identifying the circulating species of trypanosomes and possible risk factors in and around Zenzelima, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. Blood samples collected from a total of 74 cattle with different breed, age and sexes were subjected for trypanosomiasis screening using thick and thin smear methods. The overall prevalence of trypanosomiasis was found to be 4.1%. Trypanosoma vivax, was the only species found in the study area. Cattle with poor body condition were highly infected (4.1%) than medium body conditioned animals (0.0%) with (P=0.031) indicating a statistically significant association. High prevalence was observed in Gediro village (2.7%) followed by Sefatira. However; there are no positive cases detected in Sesaberet village. High prevalence of infection was observed in cross breeds (2.7%) than local breeds (1.4%), however; it was statistically insignificant. Prevalence was slightly higher in females (2.7%) than males (1.4%). Likewise, prevalence rate was higher in adult (2.7%) than in young (1.4%) cattle. Although the current prevalence of trypanosomiasis in the study area is low, treatment of sick animals and vector control strategies should be implemented, particularly in Gediro area.

Common Infectious and Parasitic Diseases in Goats of Tropical Africa and their Impacts on Production Performance: A Review

Available scientific studies on goat diseases in tropical Africa are limited to specific regions or specific diseases. This study aimed to review scientific research findings on goat diseases in tropical Africa, focusing on their prevalence and impacts on production performance. All main diseases, such as parasitic, viral, and bacterial diseases, are included in the present study. Studies conducted in different countries have revealed high prevalence rates of gastrointestinal parasites exceeding 95%. These parasites resulted in growth retardation and reduced carcass weight at slaughter. Management of mites could decrease production and reproductive function. Trypanosomiasis led to decreased hematocrit levels, abortions, low birth weight, and high kid mortality. The prevalence of trypanosomiasis has been different across regions, ranging from 2.95% to 57.1%. Peste des Petits Ruminants has been reported in many African countries, causing significant outbreaks with seroprevalence rates ranging from 30% to 55%. Rift Valley fever was characterized by high mortality in adult goats (20-30%) and numerous abortions 2 weeks after infection, with seroprevalence rates ranging up to 25.8%. Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia indicated high morbidity (approximately 100%) and high mortality (80% to 100%), with prevalence ranging from 22% to 39% in abattoirs and from 35% to 52% in farms. Brucellosis did not affect the weight of infected animals but reduced litter size in goats and disrupts vital organs. This review highlights the extent of goat diseases in tropical Africa to determine the most appropriate prevention and control strategies.

Trypanosome Infections and Anemia in Cattle Returning from Transhumance in Tsetse-Infested Areas of Cameroon.

The objective of this work was to assess the anemic status and the use of an immunological test and PCR-based methods to determine the infection rates of trypanosomes species. Transhumance aims to provide cattle with greener pastures and greater water resources than in the Djerem region during the dry season. Two criteria were used to assess the health status of the animals, the prevalence of trypanosomiasis and the level of anemia. In addition, we have evaluated the effectiveness, in trypanosomiasis detection, of the Very Diag Kit (CEVA Santé animale), a Rapid diagnosis test (RDT) based on immunological identification of T. congolense s.l. and T. vivax, responsible for AAT. Four trypanosome species (Trypanosoma congolense savannah type (Tcs), T. congolense forest type (Tcf), T. brucei s.l. (Tbr) and T. vivax (Tvx)) were identified in cattle sampled in four villages. The overall infection rate determined by PCR (68.6%) was much higher than those generally reported in cattle from the Adamawa region (35 to 50%). Infections (including mixed infections) by Tc s.l. (Tcs + Tcf) were predominant (45.7%). The infection rates were also determined using the Very Diag Kit allowing us to identify Tc s.l. and Tvx in the field in less than 20 min. This method provided, for the global infection, a higher rate (76.5%) than that determined by PCR (68.6%), although it is supposed to be less sensitive than PCR. Tc s.l. infection rate (37.8%) was similar to that (38.8%) determined by PCR (Tcs + Tcf single infections). In contrast, the prevalence of Tvx single infections measured by RDT (18%) was nearly two-fold higher than that (9.4%) measured by PCR. Thus, further comparative analyses seem to be needed in order to more accurately assess the sensitivity and specificity of the Very Diag test under our conditions of use on blood samples. The mean PCVs in trypanosome-infected as well as in uninfected cattle were below 25%, the threshold below which an animal is considered anemic. Our study shows that cattle return from transhumance in poor health. It raises questions about its real benefit, especially since the herds are themselves likely to become vectors of trypanosomiasis and possibly of other diseases. At least, effective measures have to be undertaken to treat all cattle coming back from transhumance.

Prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis in Côte d'Ivoire: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Bovine trypanosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by protozoans of the genusTrypanosoma. The disease cause economic losses in livestock production. In order to determine the status of research on this disease in Côte d'Ivoire, we used the systematic review method and meta-analysis. Three electronics databases, namely Google Scholar, PubMed and CrossRef were used to search for publications on trypanosomiasis prevalence that met our inclusion criteria. Twenty five articles were identified, 11 of which met the inclusion criteria. Bovine trypanosomiasis prevalence of 2.99% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.96% - 3.01%) to 25.28% (95% CI: 25.17% - 25.38%) were recorded between 1960 and 2021. The analyses showed that the most infected regions were the Bagoue 11.26% (95% CI: 11.25% - 11.27%), Bounkani 14.94% (95% CI: 14.93% - 14.95%), Gbeke 10.34% (95% CI: 10.33% - 10.35%), Marahoue 13.79% (95% CI: 13.78% - 13.80%), Poro 8.50% (95% CI: 8.49% - 8.51%), and Tchologo 11.83% (95% CI: 11.82% - 11.84%).The most sensitive diagnostic method used was the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The species of trypanosomes diagnosed wereTypanosoma vivax4.99% (95% CI: 4.97% - 5.01%),T. congolense1.51% (95% CI: 1.49% - 1.52%), andT. brucei0.61% (95% CI: 0.59% - 0.62%). Despite some variation, the prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis in Côte d'Ivoire caused mainly byT. vivaxhas increased in the years between 1977 and 2017. Efforts to control tsetse and other mechanical vectors should also be put in place to minimize its transmission.Contribution:The authors studied the prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis using the systematic review method and MA in order to determine the status of research on this disease in Côte d'Ivoire.

Review on trypanosomiasis and their prevalence in some country on the Red Sea.

Trypanosomiasis is a protozoan infection affecting both human and animals in almost all parts of the world. It can affect a very large range of domestic and wild hosts including camelids, equines, cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, pigs, dogs and other carnivores, deer, gazelles and elephants. This review paper was designed to address the effect of this economically important disease in countries on the Red Sea, especially in Egypt, Sudan, Somalia, and Saudi Arabia during the period 2010 to 2020. The prevalence of trypanosomiasis is different between these countries due to different types of diagnostic methods (Giemsa-stained blood smears, Hematocrit centrifugation, Serological test, and molecular analysis PCR) used and differential distribution of vector (Tse tse) flies. In current review, retrospective studies of published literature on distribution and prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi infection in the Red Sea Countries was conducted [Google Scholar and PubMed were used to retrieve the published literature from 2000-2020. A total of 77 published articles met the eligibility criteria and were reviewed. A total of 16 reports have been reported on the prevalence and distribution of Trypnosoma evansi infection in the Red Sea Countries have been from 2010-2020]. According to the published literature, we can say that trypanosomiasis in camels are more prevalent in Sudan than in other countries, followed by 17% and 51.78% in both clinical and non-clinical cases. Hence, the reliable diagnostic tests should be used for rapid treatment or control of the disease as if not treated appropriately in early-stage, can lead to death of the camels.

Evaluating the Effect of Delthamethrine on the Prevalence of Trypanosomiasis in Two Districts of Buno Bedelle Zone, Ethiopia

Introduction Trypanosomosis is a bottleneck on the livelihood of farmers in the study area and the Ethiopian government has been using 0.4% Delthamethrine impregnated targets and 1% pour-on to reduce the impact of this disease on food security. However, there was no information on the effect of this chemical on the prevalence of Trypanosomiasis. Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of Deltamethrine in controlling trypanosomiasis. Methods Cross-sectional study was conducted on cattle of two districts of Buno Bedele Zone in April 2020 and 2022. Paired samples “t” test statistic was used to summarize data by using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) statistics version 21. The approach followed to complete the study was implementing a pre-intervention phase to know the status of trypanosoma before using a chemical in April 2020 and an intervention phase using deltamethrine chemical on cattle at a rate of 1 mL/10 kg body weight and 0.4% Delthamethrine impregnated targets from October 2021 to March 2022. The post-intervention was done in April 2022 to evaluate the prevalence difference. Results Out of 576 cattle during pre-intervention 159 (27.60%) cattle were positive with a mean packed cell volume (PCV) of 20.68%. During post-intervention out of 576 cattle, 27 (4.70%) cattle were positive with a mean PCV of 26.10%. For the study, there was strong evidence at a 95% confidence interval (t=3.035, p<0.05). Delthamethrine chemical application reduces the prevalence of the trypanosoma parasite by ten estimated mean. Also, there was strong evidence at a 95% confidence interval (t=-84.66, p<0.05) that Delthamethrine chemical application increased the PCV of cattle by five estimated mean. Conclusion In both districts, there was strong evidence that deltamethrin chemical application reduces the prevalence of trypanosome parasites. Deltamethrin chemical application increased cattle’s PCV, which showed that an intervention was encouraging to suppress trypanosomosis and should be continually implemented to keep the intervention difference.

Investigation on Prevalence of Canine Trypanosomiasis in the Conservation Areas of Bwindi-Mgahinga and Queen Elizabeth in Western Uganda.

Nowadays, despite the instauration of several control strategies, animal trypanosomiasis continues to be reported all over Uganda. Few canine African trypanosomiasis (CAT) studies have been carried out, yet dogs are known Trypanosoma reservoirs that share identical home ranges with livestock and serve as parasite link between livestock and humans. This study evaluates the prevalence of CAT in dogs in the Bwindi-Mgahinga and Queen Elizabeth conservation areas. This information will be useful to evaluate the possible role of dogs in the transmission cycle of Trypanosoma species in livestock and wild animals. Trypanosome tests using microhematocrit centrifugation/dark ground microscopy technique (MHCT) followed by conventional polymerase chain reaction (cPCR) were performed in blood samples collected from identified indigenous dogs (n = 124). Four (3.23%) out of 124 dogs were positive for CAT. One dog was positive with Trypanosoma congolense and three with T. vivax. There was no significant statistical difference in CAT prevalence rate in relation to dog's age, sex, and site (P > 0.05). This study reports what we believe is the first time detection of T. congolense and T. vivax in the indigenous dogs found in the Bwindi-Mgahinga and Queen Elizabeth conservation areas in western Uganda. The noticed T. congolense and T. vivax could be responsible for both canine and animal trypanosomiasis and represent a serious threat to the livestock industry. Therefore, there is a need for continuous trypanosomiasis surveillance and integrated management in contiguity to wildlife reserves.

Prevalence of Trypanosomiasis of Wild Rats (Rattus sp.) in Banjarnegara District and Potential Impact for Public Health

Trypanosomiasis is a zoonotic disease caused by Trypanosoma sp., a protozoan parasite that has a flagellum. It has the potential to cause emerging diseases. Generally, Trypanosoma infection is caused by T. evansi which causes Surra disease, and T. cruzi which causes Chagas disease. Trypanosoma lewisi has been considered a natural protozoan in mice, not pathogenic to humans but in recent years it has been reported in humans. This study aims to detect Trypanosoma in rats in Banjarnegara District and analyze the potential impact on public health. The research was observational with a descriptive approach, conducted in Banjarnegara from July-December 2020. Samples were taken by purposive sampling. Samples are rat’s blood that caught on wild rats survey in the main market of Banjarnegara District. Blood samples were made with a thin smear then they were stained with Giemsa and examined by microscope. There were 157 rats caught, consisting of 131 Rattus norvegicus and 26 R. tanezumi. Totally, 28 rats were positive Trypanosoma lewisi, so Trypanosoma infection in rats in Banjarnegara District is 16,57%. Trypanosomiasis in R. norvegicus was 18.3% and R. tanezumi 15.38%. Therefore, there is a need to increase the awareness of these diseases’s transmission to humans.

Study on the prevalence and associated risk factors of bovine trypanosomiasis in Zaba Gazo Woreda, Southern Ethiopia

In tsetse-infested areas of Ethiopia, African Animal Trypanosomiasis is the most serious threat to livestock productivity. A cross-sectional study was conducted from May 2021 to September 2021 in the Zaba Gazo district to assess the prevalence and associated risk factors of bovine trypanosomiasis through parasitological and hematological techniques. In the current study, the overall prevalence of trypanosomiasis was found to be 21%. Among anticipated risk factors, the origin of animals has shown a statistically significant association (p < 0.05) with the occurrence of bovine trypanosomiasis. Other potential risk factors, such as sex, age, BCS, coat color, and agroecology, were not shown to have a statistically significant relationship (p > 0.05) with trypanosomiasis. The overall mean PCV values for parasitaemic and aparasitaemic cattle were 23.24 ± 3.04SD and 27.37 ± 4.18SD, respectively, thus it was lower in parasitaemic animals than the aparasitaemic animals. A high prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis in the study area necessitates an integrated parasite and vector control approach to curve the prevalence and effect of the disease.

Prevalence of Trypanosomiasis in Wild Rats in Banyuwangi District

The aim of this research was to investigate the number of prevalence of Trypanosomiasis of wild rats in Banyuwangi District. Sixty wild rats were trapped from 4 sub-districts, Banyuwangi, Srono, Songgon, and Tegaldlimo in human residence, markets and rice fields from March until June 2017. Blood were taken after anaesthetized using ether. The examination of parasite used blood smear in Giemsa staining. The result show that just 1 of 60 blood sample was appear Trypanosoma sp., it means the prevalence of Trypanosomiasis of wild rats in Banyuwangi was 1.67%.

A longitudinal two-year survey of the prevalence of trypanosomes in domestic cattle in Ghana by massively parallel sequencing of barcoded amplicons.

BackgroundAnimal African Trypanosomiasis (AAT) is one of the most economically important diseases affecting livestock productivity in sub-Saharan Africa. The disease is caused by a broad range of Trypanosoma spp., infecting both wild and domesticated animals through cyclical and mechanical transmission. This study aimed to characterize trypanosomes present in cattle at regular intervals over two years in an AAT endemic and a non-endemic region of Ghana.Methodology/Principal findingsGroups of cattle at Accra and Adidome were selected based on their geographical location, tsetse fly density, prevalence of trypanosomiasis and the breed of cattle available. Blood for DNA extraction was collected at approximately four to five-week intervals over a two-year period. Trypanosome DNA were detected by a sensitive nested PCR targeting the tubulin gene array and massively parallel sequencing of barcoded amplicons. Analysis of the data was a semi-quantitative estimation of infection levels using read counts obtained from the sequencing as a proxy for infection levels. Majority of the cattle were infected with multiple species most of the time [190/259 (73%) at Adidome and 191/324 (59%) at Accra], with T. vivax being the most abundant. The level of infection and in particular T. vivax, was higher in Adidome, the location with a high density of tsetse flies. The infection level varied over the time course, the timings of this variation were not consistent and in Adidome it appeared to be independent of prophylactic treatment for trypanosome infection. Effect of gender or breed on infection levels was insignificant.Conclusions/SignificanceMost cattle were infected with low levels of several trypanosome species at both study sites, with T. vivax being the most abundant. The measurements of infection over time provided insight to the importance of the approach in identifying cattle that could suppress trypanosome infection over an extended time and may serve as reservoir.

Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomiasis in Selected Border Areas of Boloso Bombe and Boloso Sore Districts, Southern Ethiopia

Across-sectional study on bovine trypanosomiasis was conducted to determine the prevalence, to identify species of trypanosomes involved and to assess associated risk factors in Boloso sore and Boloso Bombe districts, Wolaita zone, south Ethiopia. In the current study, overall prevalence of 7.2% Bovine trypanosomiasis was recorded. Prevalence of 5.1% and 5.4%, and 6.7% and 10% was recorded in altitude of Midland (Matala Hemebecho and Tiyo Hembecho, 1595m mater) and lowland (Ajora and Bombe PA, 1206m mater) respectively. Relatively, a higher level of trypanosome prevalence (7.6%) was observed in male cattle than in female (6.6%) cattle. Prevalence of 8.8% and 5% were recorded in cattle of one to three and greater than three years age of cattle. Based on coat color, the finding of 10.5%, 7.5%, and 4.6% were recorded in red, black and mixed color respectively. Trypanosomes were not detected in cattle less than one year of age. Two species of trypanosomes; Trypanosome congolense, and Trypanosome vivax were detected with a prevalence of 7.2% and 27.8% respectively. On the basis of hematological finding, for PCV < 24 and PCV > 24 were 9.2% and 6.1% respectively. In conclusion, the study indicated that trypanosomiasis was the major constraint of livestock production in the study area; therefore, concerned bodies should strengthen and continue their effort against this vector-borne parasitic disease.

Bovine Trypanosomiasis Epidemiology and Tsetse Fly Density in Jimma Arjo District, East Wollega Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia.

BackgroundBovine trypanosomosis remains a vital livestock disease and constraint which is intimidating livestock health and production, regardless of ongoing tsetse and trypanosomosis control struggles in Jimma Arjo district, East Wollega zone, Ethiopia.MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out with the objective of determining prevalence of cattle trypanosomiasis and apparent tsetse fly density in six randomly selected peasant associations of Jimma Arjo District from April 2018 to January 2019.ResultsFrom overall 819 arbitrarily selected cattle (n= 36; 4.39%), infection rate was recorded. Selected animals were invariably infested with different trypanosome species among which Tryapanosoma congolense (80.55%) was the most common, followed by T. vivax (11.11%), T. brucei (5.55%) respectively. Co-infection of T. vivax and T. congolense accounted for 2.77% of total infection rate. This finding indicates a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) among good, medium, and poor body condition animals with respect to Tryapanosomosis infection rate. Poor body condition animals were highly infected with trypanosome parasite as compared to medium and good body condition score animals. This study shows statistically significant association was obtained between mean packed cell volume (PCV) and trypanosomiasis infection rate (P<0.05). The lower mean PCV value (21.14%) were highly affected as compared with high mean PCV value animals (25.26%). The result of entomological survey, by using mono pyramidal traps deployed near animal grazing field and rivers of selected peasant association (PA), showed presence of four Glossina species namely Glossina morsitans, G. pallidipes, G. tachinoides, and G. fuscipes with high fly density per trap in Meta PA. Higher catches of G. fuscipes were registered as compared to other vectors.ConclusionGenerally, this study indicated the disease is still a main problem for livestock health and production in the study area and it necessitates disease and tsetse fly control.

Prevalence of Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax in Lira District, Uganda.

Trypanosomes are the causative agents of animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) and human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), the former affecting domestic animals prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa. The main species causing AAT in cattle are T. congolense, T. vivax, and T. b. brucei. Northern Uganda has been politically unstable with no form of vector control in place. The return of displaced inhabitants led to the restocking of cattle from AAT endemic areas. It was thus important to estimate the burden of trypanosomiasis in the region. This study was designed to compare the prevalence of animal African trypanosomes in cattle in Lira District using microscopy and polymerase chain reaction amplification (PCR) methods. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 254 cattle from the three villages of Acanakwo A, Barropok, and Acungkena in Lira District, Uganda, were selected by simple random sampling technique and screened for trypanosomiasis using microscopy and PCR methods. The prevalence of trypanosomiasis according to microscopic results was 5/254 (2.0%) as compared to 11/254 (4.3%) trypanosomiasis prevalence according to PCR analysis. The prevalence of trypanosomiasis infection in the animal studied is 11/254 (4.3%). Trypanosoma congolense was the most dominant trypanosome species with a proportion of 9/11 (81.8%), followed by T. vivax 1/11 (9.1%) and mixed infection of T. congolense/T. vivax1/11 (9.1%). Barropok village had the highest prevalence of trypanosomiasis with 6/11 (54.5%). There is a statistically significant relationship (OR = 6.041; 95% CI: 1.634-22.331; p < 0.05) between abnormal PCV and trypanosome infection. Polymerase reaction amplification was the most reliable diagnostic method due to its high sensitivity and specificity as compared to the conventional microscopic method. Polymerase reaction amplification appears to have adequate accuracy to substitute the use of a microscope where facilities allow. This study, therefore, underscores the urgent need for local surveillance schemes more especially at the grassroots in Uganda to provide data for reference guideline development needed for the control of trypanosomiasis in Uganda.

First report of sheep naturally infected with Trypanosoma sp. in Ecuador

ABSTRACT: The prevalence of trypanosomiasis in sheep is of worldwide concern. It is a hemoparasitic disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma (T) spp., andthe biological cycle of transmission involves susceptible hosts and certain hematophagous flies, such as Tabanids and Stomoxys. The objective of this study was to determine the presence of Trypanosomasp. in sheep (Ovisaries). Through an applied, descriptive-prospective-cross-sectional qualitative study conducted between October 1, 2018, and January 29, 2019, blood samples extracted from the jugular vein were analyzed by the blood smear method using 2 Romanowsky staining techniques (Giemsa and Diff-Quick). Animals studied were between ages of 3 and 10 years, coming from 3 farms in the city of Colimes (Ecuador). Of 100 sampled and processed animals, 2 (2%) were positive for Trypanosoma sp., constituting the first report of this hemoparasite in sheep in Ecuador, and 1 case of Babesia spp. (1%) and 4 cases of Anaplasma marginale (4%) were also identified. However, none of these cases presented symptomatology of any hemotropic-parasitic disease. Subsequently, the positive animals were dewormed.The presence of these parasites wasconfirmedat the study site and,thus, could become a serious animal health problem.

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF TRYPANOSOMIASIS IN THE DROMEDARY CAMELS RAISED IN DERA ISMAIL KHAN, KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN

A one-year epidemiological survey was conducted to determine the age, sex, and season-wise prevalence of Trypanosomiasis in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) at Dera Ismail Khan region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, province of Pakistan. A total of 600 blood samples were parasitological examined in which 300 were male and 300 were females. Camels were grouped age-wise as: Adults (&lt;2 years age) and calves (&gt;2 years age), sex-wise as; male and female while ratio of animals in both age and sex group were kept nearly 1:1. Season-wise prevalence was observed by splitting the data in four seasons of the year as Pre-monsoon, Monsoon, Post-Monsoon and winter. The samples were examined microscopically using thin, thick and wet blood film for the identification of Trypanosoma evansi based on morphological characteristics. An overall prevalence was determined as 6.67%. Age-wise prevalence was found as high 9.06% in adults and low 4.30% in calves (P&lt;0.05). Sex-wise the infestation was observed as high 7.66% in female and low 5.66% in male camels (P&gt;0.05). Among four seasons of the year, highest prevalence 11.18% was observed in rainy season of monsoon followed by 8.45, 7.85 and 0% in post monsoon, pre-monsoon and winter respectively (P&lt;0.05). All the results were statistically analyzed on SPSS using Pearson Chi-Square test. This survey showed that age and season have significant affect while sex has non-significant effect on prevalence of trypanosomiasis in dromedary camels.

In vivo assessment of the efficacy of Samorin and Berenil in nomadic cattle in South Western Nigeria

A total number of 37 cattle of both sexes predominantly of white Fulani breed and some White Fulani crosses selected from two herds reared under nomadic Fulani traditional management in South Western Nigeria were used in this study. The cattle were divided into two groups (I and II) depending on the trypanocide (Isometamidium chloride Samorin)(R) or Diminazene aceturate (Berenil)(R) administered. The antigen - trapping enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique was used to determine the level of trypanosomal antigen in the blood of the cattle. The presence of trypanosomes was demonstrated by light microscopy of buffy coat obtained from centrifuged blood samples some few minutes before and 5 months after treatment. The packed cell volume (PCV), serum albumin and globulin levels were determined for the pre-and post-treatment periods. The prevalence of animal trypanosomiasis in the herds surveyed was 63% - 72% Hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinaemia and low PCV values (anaemia) were observed as consistent features of the disease. Five months post-treatment with Samorin and Berenil, the prevalence dropped 10 () - 11% and the serum albumin, globulin and PCV levels were restored to normal. The differences in the pre- and post Treatment values were statistically significant (P&lt;0.05) for all the measurements evaluated. It was discovered that Saniorin and Berenil are quite effective and beneficial as trypanocidal drugs in the traditional nomadic cattle industry despite the problems of translocation inherent in this form of cuttle management. Samorin appeared to be much more effective than Berenil because it tremendously suppressed re-infection for up to five months post-treatment whereas some iruccable level of re-infection was recorded for the Berenil treated group. The serious problem of continuity or lack of follow up treatment precipitated by the 770madic lifestyle of the Fulani herdsmen is highlighted in this study.

Trypanosoma cruzi Genotype I and Toxoplasma gondii Co-infection in a Red-Necked Wallaby

While the health effects of trypanosomes in Australian mammals in their native range are not fully understood, there is evidence of an impact in those species introduced to other geographical regions. Here we report the pathological and molecular features of concurrent fatal trypanosomiasis and toxoplasmosis in an adult female captive red-necked wallaby (syn. Bennett's wallaby; Macropus rufogriseus) from Bee County, Texas, USA. The animal exhibited no clinical signs prior to sudden death. On necropsy, the main findings were generalized organ congestion and bilateral renal petechiation. Microscopically, the main finding was lymphohistiocytic and necrotizing pancarditis with intrasarcoplasmic protozoal pseudocysts containing amastigotes and occasional intrahistiocytic amastigotes, morphologically compatible with Trypanosoma cruzi, as well as rare intrasarcoplasmic protozoal tissue cysts with zoites morphologically compatible with Toxoplasma gondii. Other lesions included acute centrilobular to panlobular necrotizing hepatitis with intrahepatocellular T. gondii cysts, necrotizing splenitis, pulmonary oedema with fibrin, histiocytosis and rare fibrin microthrombi, and acute renal tubular degeneration with proteinosis and pigmented casts suggestive of haemoglobinuria or myoglobinuria. Immunohistochemical labelling confirmed intralesional T. gondii cysts and molecular analyses identified T. cruzi genotype I and T. gondii. This is a unique case that, to the best of our knowledge, represents the first description of T. cruzi and T. gondii co-infection, as well as the first record of naturally occurring infection T. cruzi genotype I infection in macropodids. This case adds to the epidemiological knowledge on Chagas disease in the USA, particularly in Texas where there is a high prevalence of human and canine trypanosomiasis.

Prevalence of Trypanosomiasis (Surra) in Horses of Saurashtra Region in Gujarat

Surra is one of the fatal diseases of the horse caused by Trypanosoma evansi. The disease is characterized by fever, progressive emaciation, anemia, subcutaneous edema, nervous signs, and death. To know the epidemiological status of surra in horses, retrospective information was retrieved by scrutinizing the data bank of the Veterinary Clinical Complex, JAU, Junagadh for three years (2013-15) covering 633 equine cases. According to symptoms, the incidence of surra was 10.64% (28/263) among medicinal cases, of which 57.14% (16/28) had shown signs of hemoprotozoon disease and 50.00% (8/16) were confirmed to have Trypanosoma evansi on blood smear examinations. Overall the clinical prevalence of T. evansi was 2.52% of the total equine cases (16/633). The age-wise incidence was higher in adult horses (68.75%) followed by yearling (25.00%) and foal (6.25%). The breed-wise incidence of T. evansi was higher in Kathiawari breed (68.75%) followed in descending order in non-descript (18.75 %) and Marwari breed (12.50%). The incidence was higher in female (68.75%) than the male. The season-wise prevalence rate of T. evansi was higher in monsoon (July-October) (75.00%) than winter season (25.00%), while no case was observed in summer.