Abstract
Trypanosomiasis is a protozoan infection affecting both human and animals in almost all parts of the world. It can affect a very large range of domestic and wild hosts including camelids, equines, cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, pigs, dogs and other carnivores, deer, gazelles and elephants. This review paper was designed to address the effect of this economically important disease in countries on the Red Sea, especially in Egypt, Sudan, Somalia, and Saudi Arabia during the period 2010 to 2020. The prevalence of trypanosomiasis is different between these countries due to different types of diagnostic methods (Giemsa-stained blood smears, Hematocrit centrifugation, Serological test, and molecular analysis PCR) used and differential distribution of vector (Tse tse) flies. In current review, retrospective studies of published literature on distribution and prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi infection in the Red Sea Countries was conducted [Google Scholar and PubMed were used to retrieve the published literature from 2000-2020. A total of 77 published articles met the eligibility criteria and were reviewed. A total of 16 reports have been reported on the prevalence and distribution of Trypnosoma evansi infection in the Red Sea Countries have been from 2010-2020]. According to the published literature, we can say that trypanosomiasis in camels are more prevalent in Sudan than in other countries, followed by 17% and 51.78% in both clinical and non-clinical cases. Hence, the reliable diagnostic tests should be used for rapid treatment or control of the disease as if not treated appropriately in early-stage, can lead to death of the camels.
Highlights
Trypanosomiasis is a protozoan disease of man and animals, causes by trypanosomes, affecting cattle, buffaloes, camels, sheep, goats, horses, donkeys, mules, pigs, cats, and dogs throughout the world (Mirshekar et al, 2019; Tamarit et al, 2010; Sumbria et al, 2014)
Biochemical changes were studied in both naturally infected camels and experimentally infected rats with T. evansi; the results revealed significant increases in the activities of antioxidant enzymes and prolonged increases in the values of prothrombin time (P.T.) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), which were seen in both camels and rats
Amin concluded that T. evansi infection in dromedary bulls causes severe damage to the testicular tissue and decreases the reproductive hormone levels associated with severe morphological disorders in sperms due to oxidative stress resulting from the infection
Summary
Trypanosomiasis is a protozoan disease of man and animals, causes by trypanosomes, affecting cattle, buffaloes, camels, sheep, goats, horses, donkeys, mules, pigs, cats, and dogs throughout the world (Mirshekar et al, 2019; Tamarit et al, 2010; Sumbria et al, 2014). This diseases can be lethal resulting total loss and great economic crisis in developing countries, where most family relies on extensive small hold family (twice the impact as in developed countries) (Majekodunmi et al, 2013). Trypanosomiasis is responsible for substantial losses in global production and can be fatal if not diagnosed and proper treatment commence early (Ereqat et al, 2020)
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