Prevalence Of Thyroid Dysfunction Research Articles

Prevalence of thyroid dysfunctions and thyroid autoantibodies in Thai patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: An age- and sex-matched controlled study.

To determine the prevalence of thyroid dysfunctions and thyroid autoantibodies in Thai systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, and compare them with age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs). Associations between thyroid dysfunctions and SLE disease activity, and associated factors for thyroid dysfunctions in SLE also were determined. One hundred SLE patients, without apparent clinical thyroid disease, attended the Rheumatology Clinic between November 2021 and October 2022, were enrolled into this study. HCs were matched to SLE cases by age and sex (ratio of 1:1). Clinical manifestations, SLE disease activity and medication received were collected in all SLE patients. Thyroid function tests and thyroid autoantibodies (anti-thyroglobulin: anti-TG and anti-thyroid peroxidase: anti-TPO) were collected from all participants. When compared with HCs, SLE patients had higher prevalence of thyroid dysfunctions, hypothyroidism and euthyroid sick syndrome (28% vs. 7%, p < .001, and 12% vs. 2%, p = .010, and 6% vs. 0%, p = .013, respectively). Prevalence of isolated hypothyroxinemia was higher numerically in SLE patients (9% vs. 3%, p = .074). Prevalence of anti-TG or anti-TPO was no different between SLE patients and HCs (16% vs. 18%, p = .707). There was no association between SLE disease activity and abnormal thyroid functions or thyroid autoantibodies. Family history of thyroid disease and prednisolone use (>10 mg/day) were associated factors for thyroid abnormalities with adjusted OR (95% CI) of 6.13 (1.58-23.75), p = .009 and 4.00 (1.37-11.70), p = .011, respectively. Thyroid dysfunctions were more prevalent in SLE patients. Family history of thyroid disease and prednisolone use (>10 mg/day) were independent associated factors of thyroid abnormalities.

Thyroid dysfunction in India: what is different

Thyroid dysfunction (TD) is a common endocrine condition worldwide. Thyroid hormone is essential for growth, development, and energy metabolism. TD if left untreated leads to various serious health consequences. Various risk factors for the development of TD are iodine deficiency, ageing, genetic susceptibility, smoking status, ethnicity, and endocrine disruptors. Indians are at high risk for the development of TD as compared to Caucasians. Indian thyroid patients differ than Caucasians in many aspects such as higher prevalence of congenital hypothyroidism and other TD, higher rate of progression of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) to overt hypothyroidism (OH), and lower prevalence of thyroid associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). In this article, we tried to summarize the current evidences regarding environmental and biological factors that place Indians at high risk of TD as compared to other ethnic groups. High prevalence and different characteristics of Indian TD call for investigation into cause of increased susceptibility and way to prevent TD at individual and population levels.

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 in South Korea: a comprehensive analysis of cancer and comorbidity risks.

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is an inherited neuromuscular disorder characterized by myotonia and progressive muscle weakness. Beyond the primary symptoms, there is growing concern regarding a higher incidence of certain comorbidities in DM1 patients, including cancer, diabetes, thyroid dysfunction, and cataracts. This study was designed to examine the occurrence of these conditions among patients diagnosed with DM1 in South Korea, using data from the National Health Insurance Service database. The study undertook a comprehensive review of 3,842 patients diagnosed with DM1 between 2012 and 2018. We assessed the incidence of cancer and the prevalence of diabetes, thyroid dysfunction, and cataracts among these patients, comparing their rates to those in the general population. In the study cohort, 463 out of 3,842 DM1 patients (12.04%) were diagnosed with cancer, indicating a substantial elevation in cancer risk with an overall standard incidence ratio of 1.9 (95% CI = 1.6-2.3, p < 0.01) when compared to the expected rates in the general population. Moreover, the prevalence of diabetes (15.2%) and thyroid dysfunction (17.6%) was noteworthy in the DM1 population. The mean age at which DM1 patients underwent cataract surgery was 55.07years, noticeably younger than the mean age of 69.25years for cataract surgery in the general population. DM1 patients have a noteworthy occurrence of several comorbidities such as cancer, diabetes, thyroid dysfunction, and earlier cataract surgery. This highlights the importance of a comprehensive and integrative approach to the management and treatment of DM1, going beyond addressing only the primary neuromuscular symptoms. More research is required to understand the underlying mechanisms contributing to these comorbidities in DM1 patients, which may inform preventative measures and guide improvements in patient care.

Vitamin E Intake and Prevalence Rates of Thyroid Dysfunction and Autoimmune Thyroiditis: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of NHANES Data.

Background: Thyroid disorders are associated with various dietary factors and nutritional elements. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between dietary vitamin E intake and the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and thyroid antibody positivity using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. Methods: Data from the NHANES database collected between 2007 and 2012 were analyzed. A total of 7,773 nonpregnant adults without preexisting thyroid diseases and possessing complete thyroid and vitamin E data were included in the study. The participants were categorized into tertiles based on their dietary vitamin E intake: the lowest group (T1: ≤4.53 mg), the intermediate group (T2: 4.54-8.10 mg), and the highest group (T3: ≥8.11 mg). We used a complex multistage probability sampling design in conjunction with R software. We compared thyroid indices, the prevalence of overt and subclinical hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, and the occurrence of thyroid antibody positivity among the three groups based on vitamin E intake. Weighted multinomial logistic regression was used to assess the association between dietary vitamin E intake and thyroid disorders. Restricted cubic splines (RCSs) were used to explore potential nonlinear associations. Results: The prevalence rates of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) were 3.63%, 3.07%, and 1.85% in T1, T2, and T3, respectively, indicating a decreasing trend (P-trend = 0.013). In the general population, high vitamin E intake (T3) was significantly associated with a lower prevalence of SCH (OR = 0.28, CI = 0.15-0.54, p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed a more pronounced protective effect in males, with both moderate (T2, OR = 0.45, CI = 0.23-0.87, p = 0.020) and high (T3, OR = 0.19, CI = 0.09-0.39, p < 0.001) dietary vitamin E intake being associated with a lower prevalence of SCH. In addition, moderate (T2, OR = 0.59, CI = 0.37-0.93, p = 0.024) and high (T3, OR = 0.52, CI = 0.36-0.75, p < 0.001) dietary vitamin E intake was associated with a lower prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) in males. However, no significant association was observed among females. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that a higher intake of vitamin E is associated with lower prevalence rates of SCH and autoimmune thyroiditis among males.

Prevalence and impact of endocrine disorders in advanced metastatic cancer patients undergoing cancer-directed therapy: A prospective observational study.

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) contribute significantly to global morbidity and mortality, with cancer being one of the leading causes. In this prospective observational study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence and impact of endocrine disorders, specifically diabetes and thyroid dysfunction, in patients with advanced metastatic cancer undergoing cancer-directed therapy. Over 15 months, we recruited 100 histologically proven advanced metastatic cancer patients from the Department of Medical Oncology Haematology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, and conducted institutional-based prospective observational study. All participants over 18 years of age, treatment-naive, and potential candidates for systemic chemotherapy with an expected clinical survival of at least 6 months were included in the study. Patients with prior therapy, secondary neoplasms, and those unable to complete 3 months of palliative chemotherapy were excluded. Patients were assessed for diabetes and thyroid function at presentation, after 3 and 6 months of cancer-directed standard therapy. These data were analyzed, processed, and presented as results. The mean age of participants was 50.45 years, with a near-equal distribution of males and females. At baseline, 10% of the study population had preexisting endocrine disorders (2% hypothyroidism, 8% diabetes). By the end of 6 months, the prevalence increased to 18%, with females being more affected. Notably, the prevalence of new-onset endocrine disorders during cancer-directed therapy was only 3% for diabetes and 4% for thyroid dysfunction. Analysis of sociodemographic and cancer-related characteristics showed no significant association with changes in diabetic and thyroid status at 3 and 6 months. However, substance use, particularly smoking, was associated with an increased risk of diabetes development (p < .05). Cancer type and treatment regimen did not show statistically significant correlations with endocrine dysfunction. Our study highlights the importance of considering endocrine disorders in advanced metastatic cancer patients undergoing therapy. The prevalence of diabetes and thyroid dysfunction increased during cancer-directed therapy, particularly in females. Careful monitoring and timely intervention are essential to improve the quality of life for these patients. Further research is warranted to explore the long-term effects of cancer-directed therapy on endocrine health and develop tailored management strategies for this vulnerable population.

Thyroid Dysfunction in Advanced Heart Failure Patients and Its Correlation with Amiodarone Therapy: A Two-Year Study.

(1) Background: Advanced heart failure often accompanies ventricular arrhythmias, necessitating antiarrhythmic therapies. Amiodarone, commonly used for this purpose, may induce thyroid dysfunction due to its high iodine content. However, the prevalence and correlation of thyroid dysfunction with amiodarone in end-stage heart failure patients remain unclear. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and types of thyroid dysfunction and their association with amiodarone among 200 patients diagnosed with advanced heart failure eligible for transplantation. (2) Methods: Consecutively enrolled patients received treatment following the European Society of Cardiology guidelines and were followed-up for two years. Ventricular arrhythmias affected 58.5% of the cohort, with 24.5% receiving amiodarone therapy. (3) Results: Thyroid metabolism dysfunction was evident in 61 patients, notably overrepresented in women (p = 0.0028). Hyperthyroidism (34 patients) and hypothyroidism (27 patients) were observed, with a significant amiodarone-related correlation. Despite this, thyroid dysfunction was not associated with increased mortality among the studied group. (4) Conclusions: Thyroid dysfunction is prevalent in advanced heart failure patients, with a notable proportion linked to amiodarone. However, its presence does not correspond to higher mortality rates. Understanding these associations is crucial for effective management in this patient population. Further exploration is warranted to refine approaches to thyroid dysfunction in refractory heart failure.

Prevalence and Impact of Thyroid Dysfunction in Patients With Chronic Pulmonary Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Thyroid gland dysfunction (TGD) has been increasingly recognized as a potential comorbidity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study was designed to determine the prevalence of TGD in COPD patients.This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted according to the guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA).To comprehensively identify relevant studies, a systematic search was conducted in major electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHIL).The search was limited to English-language studies published after 31December 2000. To determine the prevalence of TGDand assess the impacts, we compared forced vital capacity (FVC) (%), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (%), partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) (mmHg), and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) (mmHg) between patients with and without TGD. A total of nine articles were included in this meta-analysis.The sample size of included studies ranged from 50 to 309.The pooled prevalence of TGD in patients with COPD was 45% (95% CI: 25% to 65%). The most common form of TGD was hypothyroidism. The study identified a lack of significant associations between TGD and COPD severity or various characteristics, highlighting the need for future prospective multi-center research, particularly with larger sample sizes to determine the clinical factors and biomarkers affecting the development of thyroid dysfunction in this population.

THYROID FUNCTION ABNORMALITIES IN PATIENTS WITH CHOLELITHIASIS: A HOSPITAL-BASED CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Objective: The objective of the study is to analyze the association between thyroid function abnormalities and cholelithiasis, focusing on the prevalence and types of thyroid dysfunctions in patients with gallstone disease compared to a healthy control group. Methods: A comparative, hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the department of general surgery at a tertiary care medical college. The study included 60 patients diagnosed with cholelithiasis (Group A) and 60 age-matched healthy individuals (Group B). Detailed history, physical examinations, ultrasound imaging, and thyroid function tests (TFTs) were performed. TFTs included measurements of free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone. Patients were categorized based on thyroid status into euthyroid, subclinical and clinical hypothyroidism, and hyperthyroidism. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 21.0, with significance set at p&lt;0.05. Results: The study revealed a female preponderance in cholelithiasis cases (76.67% in Group A vs. 65.00% in Group B). The mean age and BMI were comparable between the groups. Thyroid function abnormalities were more prevalent in the cholelithiasis group (p=0.0251), with a higher incidence of hypothyroidism compared to the control group. Subclinical hypothyroidism was the most common thyroid dysfunction in cholelithiasis patients. Common complaints in the cholelithiasis group included anemia, menstrual irregularities, skin changes, and weakness. Conclusion: The study demonstrates a significant association between cholelithiasis and thyroid function abnormalities, particularly hypothyroidism. The findings suggest the need for routine thyroid function evaluation in patients with cholelithiasis, which could influence management strategies and improve patient outcomes.

Thyroid Disorders in Saudi Patients With Acromegaly: A Tertiary Care Center Experience.

Background Acromegaly is a rare disease that is frequently associated with thyroid diseases. The exact prevalence of goiter and thyroid dysfunction remains uncertain. Objectives This study aims to provide a comprehensive description of the clinical, morphological, and biochemical features of thyroid disorder in Saudi patients with acromegaly and to establish its correlation with the activity and duration of the disease. Methods This retrospective study involved patients who were diagnosed with acromegaly during the period 2006-2023 in an outpatient endocrine clinic at a tertiary hospital. Results A total of 40 patients with acromegaly (27 males and 13 females) were identified and included in the analysis, with a mean age of 46.78 ± 13.76 years and an estimated duration of disease of 8.08 ± 6.43 years.Goiter was diagnosed in 28 patients (70.0%), including multinodular goiter (MNG) (70.0%), solitary thyroid nodules (14.2%), and thyroid cysts (14.2%). Primary hypothyroidism was present at 40.0%. Goiter was not correlated with estimated insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels or disease duration. In 40 patients with nodular goiter, fine needle biopsies were performed in six cases; five nodules were benign, and one nodule was a follicular lesion of unknown significance (Bethesda III). Conclusions The patients with acromegaly have a high prevalence of nodular thyroid disorders and thyroid dysfunction. No cases of thyroid cancer were found in our study. The periodic ultrasonography assessment of the thyroid is needed for evaluating patients with acromegaly.

Prevalence of Thyroid Dysfunction in Patients with Prediabetes and its Correlation to Cardiovascular Risk

Prevalence of Thyroid Dysfunction in Patients with Prediabetes and its Correlation to Cardiovascular Risk

Clinical and neurological aspects of endocrine disorders in Down syndrome in children

BACKGROUND: Down syndrome is a common genetic pathology in which multiple defects are observed, including endocrine disorders of varying severity. Hypothyroidism occupies a leading position among all hormonal disorders in such children. However, the significance of hypofunction of the thyroid gland in the development and progression of cerebral dysfunction in children with trisomy 21 has not been sufficiently studied.&#x0D; AIM: Assessment of the impact of endocrine pathology in children with Down syndrome on the state of neurological functions.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined 50 children aged 3–5 years with complete trisomy of chromosome 21. At the same time, the number of boys was 13 (32%), girls — 27 (68%). Children of the main group had verified endocrine disorders associated with Down syndrome. Children in the control group had a confirmed diagnosis of Down syndrome, but did not have endocrine pathology, and their number was 10 people — 8 girls (80%) and 2 boys (20). Everyone underwent speech therapy and neuropsychological examination. Children of the main and control groups, in addition to standard biochemical and general blood tests, underwent a detailed laboratory study with determination of T3, T4, TSH levels. An advisory examination and dynamic observation by a speech therapist for 6 months. All children were assessed by a neurologist according to generally accepted methods.&#x0D; RESULTS: Data have been obtained indicating a fairly widespread prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among patients with Down syndrome. However, clinical symptoms may not be specific due to their similarity to the phenotypic manifestations of a genetic disease. Thus, patients with clinically significant hypothyroidism had more severe cognitive impairment. There was a significantly lower level of psycho-speech development in 95.3±3.1% of cases (p 0.001) according to the results of comprehensive neuropsychological and speech therapy examinations. In the group of children with severe hypothyroidism, significantly more severe disorders of mental functions were encountered. At the same time, as thyroxine was prescribed in age-appropriate dosages for 3 months, the child’s condition improved, mnestic functions and voluntary attention improved in 60% of patients in the main group. In 70% of cases, there was an improvement in the evacuation function of the gastrointestinal tract, in 65% there was a normalization of the humidity and temperature of the skin.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: Timely diagnosis of thyroid gland dysfunction is an important preventive measure for genetic abnormalities associated with multiple comorbid pathologies, such as trisomy 21, Down syndrome. Timely correction of existing disorders can improve the quality of life of such children and their relatives and can contribute to their adequate socialization and adaptation in modern society.

Thyroid dysfunction and mortality in cardiovascular hospitalized patients.

Thyroid dysfunction (TD) is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Early detection may influence the clinical management. To determine the prevalence, predictors, and prognostic value of TD among hospitalized cardiac patients. A retrospective analysis of a 12-year database consisting of nonselectively adult patients admitted to a Cardiology Department and who were all screened for serum thyroid-stimulation-hormone (TSH) levels . Statistical analysis of demographic and clinical characteristics, mortality and length of hospital stay (LOS) was performed. A total of 14369 patients were included in the study; mean age was 67 years, 38.3% females. 1465 patients (10.2%) had TD. The most frequent type of TD was mildly elevated TSH (5.4%) followed by mildly reduced TSH (2.1%), markedly elevated TSH (1.5%), and markedly reduced TSH (1.2%). Female gender, history of hypothyroidism, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, renal failure and amiodarone use were significantly associated with TD. During follow-up 2975 (20.7%) patients died. There was increased mortality in the mildly reduced TSH subgroup (hazard ratio [HR] =1.44), markedly elevated TSH subgroup (HR=1.40) and mildly elevated TSH subgroup (HR=1.27). LOS was longer for patients with TD; the longest stay was observed in the markedly elevated TSH subgroup (odds ratio=1.69). The prevalence of TD in hospitalized cardiac patients is 10.2%. TD is associated with an increased mortality rate and LOS. Consequently, routine screening for thyroid function in this population is advisable, particularly for selected high-risk subgroups. Future studies are needed to determine whether optimizing thyroid function can improve survival in these patients.

Prevalence of Thyroid Dysfunction in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: India bears a high burden of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and Thyroid Dysfunction (TD). Though the coexistence of T2DM and TD has been evaluated, such studies from the perspective of metropolitan cities, including Mumbai, are lacking. Aim: To assess the prevalence of TD in patients with T2DM and to evaluate the association of TD with glycaemic control, duration, and complications of T2DM. Materials and Methods: The present observational cross-sectional study was performed in the Department of General Medicine, The Grant Government Medical College and Sir JJ Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, from January 2016 to December 2017. The study involved 220 diagnosed patients with T2DM, of either gender, aged 18 years or more. All patients were evaluated for TD by performing thyroid profile {T3, T4 and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)}. The association of TD prevalence with age, gender, Body Mass Index (BMI), duration of T2DM, Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c), and complications was assessed. The qualitative and quantitative parameters were compared with Chi- square and independent sample t-test, respectively, with a p-value &lt;0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The patients were predominantly males, 127 (57.7%) with a mean±Standard Deviation (SD) age and BMI of 63.4±14.02 years and 25.9±4.5 Kg/m2, respectively. The prevalence of TD was 36.8%. The predominant TD in patients with T2DM was subclinical hypothyroidism (75.9%). TD was significantly associated with advancing age (p-value=0.0167). However, gender and BMI were not significantly associated with TD. Poor glycaemic control was significantly associated with subclinical hypothyroidism (p-value=0.0255). The duration of T2DM was significantly associated with the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism (p-value=0.0144), primary hypothyroidism (p-value=0.0257), and subclinical hyperthyroidism (p-value=0.0310). TD was found to be significantly associated with both micro and macrovascular complications of T2DM (all p-values &lt;0.05). Conclusion: In Mumbai, the prevalence of T2DM-associated TD was 36.8%. TD was significantly associated with advancing age, duration of T2DM, high HbA1c levels, and both micro and macrovascular complications.

Diabetes Mellitus &amp; Thyroid Dysfunction in Vitiligo of Terai Regions of Nepal

INTRODUCTION Vitiligo is common acquired disease. Clinically it present with depigmented, macules and patches. Vitiligo has been shown association with many autoimmune diseases like Diabetes mellitus, Thyroid disorders, Graves disease, pernicious anemia, etc. This study was undertaken to assess the prevalence and association of diabetes mellitus and thyroid dysfunction in vitiligo patient. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study was a case control study carried out in Dermatology Department, Universal College of Medical Sciences – Teaching Hospital (UCMS-TH) from Dec 2022 to Nov 2023. 70 cases of Vitiligo and 70 control with same sex, ages and gender matched were enrolled. All patients in both the group, we performed thyroid function test and fasting blood sugar. RESULTS Out of 70 cases, 6 (8.6%) people has impaired FBS and 6 (8.6%) people have high T3 &amp; T4 and 10 (14.3%) people have high TSH whereas 3 (4.3%) people have low T3 &amp; T4 and 4 (5.7%) people have low TSH. Association with different age group in both case and control group with fasting blood sugar and thyroid function test was seen which was statistically not significant. CONCLUSION There were impaired fasting blood sugar and abnormal thyroid dysfunction in many cases. Therefore vitiligo patient needs to undergo thyroid function test and blood sugar level to prevent the complication.

Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among Iranian older adults: a cross-sectional study

There is limited data on the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in the older population. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among a sample of Iranian older adults. A cross-sectional analysis of older adults who aged 60 years and over was conducted. A total of 363 subjects were randomly selected from Birjand longitudinal aging study (BLAS) cohort study. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level, total thyroxine (T4) and total triiodothyronine (T3) were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Based on thyroid function tests and history of taking medicines used to treat thyroid disorders, participants were classified into the following groups: euthyroid, overt/subclinical hypothyroidism, and overt/subclinical hyperthyroidism. Subsequently, the crude and World Health Organization (WHO) age-standardized prevalence were estimated for different thyroid function categories. A total of 171 men and 192 women, aged 60–94 years, were randomly selected. The crude prevalence of total hypothyroidism was 22.31% (subclinical [18.46%], overt [3.86%]), and that of hyperthyroidism was 1.66% (subclinical [1.38%], overt [0.28%]). The crude prevalence of total thyroid dysfunction was, therefore, 23.97%. A female preponderance was noticed in both total (P-value = 0.035) and overt (P-value = 0.035) hypothyroidism. An increasing trend with age was noticed in the prevalence of total hypothyroidism (P-value = 0.049). Age-standardized prevalence of total hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism was 26.63% (95% confidence interval [CI] 20.58–33.69%) and 1.11% (95% CI 0.49–2.51%), respectively. A considerable proportion of our study population demonstrated evidence of thyroid dysfunction, particularly subclinical hypothyroidism. Our findings highlight the importance of further investigation of thyroid disorders among older Iranian adults.

Lack of associations between thyroid dysfunction and obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome: A meta-analysis.

Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is a comprehensive syndrome with endocrine and metabolic complications. This review aims to explore the correlation between thyroid hormone levels and the severity of OSAHS in patients. The protocol for this meta-analysis has been registered on PROSPERO. Searches were carried out from the inception of the databases to July 18, 2023, utilizing 6 databases (PubMed, CNKI, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, China Biology Medicine, and Wanfang). Standardized mean difference (SMD) and correlation coefficients were used as the effect size measures. Additionally, random effects or fixed effects models were used for pooled analysis. Moreover, data were statistically evaluated with the help of STATA 11.0 and R 4.1.3. This study included 23 articles that satisfied the pre-defined criteria. The prevalence of hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism in OSAHS patients was 6% and 8%, whereas hyperthyroidism had a prevalence of 2%. Moreover, thyroid hormone levels in OSAHS individuals exhibited no significant difference relative to healthy subjects. Subgroup analysis based on disease severity also established no significant changes in thyroid hormone levels between OSAHS individuals and controls. There was no significant correlation between the Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) and free triiodothyronine (FT3), serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and free thyroxine (FT4) levels. The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction is relatively low in OSAHS individuals. Thyroid hormone levels show no significant difference between OSAHS patients and healthy subjects. Furthermore, there is no significant correlation between AHI and serum TSH, FT3, and FT4 levels. Based on existing data, the relationship between OSAHS and thyroid function remains controversial, and further in-depth research is warranted to validate the connection and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

Changes in thyroid function and evolution of subclinical thyroid disease in older men.

Prevalence of subclinical thyroid disease increases with age, but optimal detection and surveillance strategies remain unclear particularly for older men. We aimed to assess thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) concentrations and their longitudinal changes, to determine the prevalence and incidence of subclinical thyroid dysfunction in older men. Longitudinal study of 994 community-dwelling men aged ≥70 years without known or current thyroid disease, with TSH and FT4 concentrations assessed at baseline and follow-up (after 8.7 ± 0.9 years). Factors associated with incident subclinical thyroid dysfunction were examined by logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic analyses. At baseline, 85 men (8.6%) had subclinical hypothyroidism and 10 (1.0%) subclinical hyperthyroidism. Among 899 men euthyroid at baseline (mean age 75.0 ± 3.0 years), 713 (79.3%) remained euthyroid, 180 (20.0%) developed subclinical/overt hypothyroidism, and 6 (0.7%) subclinical/overt hyperthyroidism. Change in TSH correlated with baseline TSH (r = .16, p < .05). Change in FT4 correlated inversely with baseline FT4 (r = -0.35, p < .05). Only higher age and baseline TSH predicted progression from euthyroid to subclinical/overt hypothyroidism (fully-adjusted odds ratio [OR] per year=1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02-1.17, p = .006; per 2.7-fold increase in TSH OR = 65.4, CI = 31.9-134, p < .001). Baseline TSH concentration ≥2.34 mIU/L had 76% sensitivity and 77% specificity for predicting development of subclinical/overt hypothyroidism. In older men TSH concentration increased over time, while FT4 concentration showed little change. Subclinical or overt hypothyroidism evolved in one fifth of initially euthyroid men, age and higher baseline TSH predicted this outcome. Increased surveillance for thyroid dysfunction may be justified in older men, especially those with high-normal TSH.

Increased prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in Tehran – HAMRAH study

BackgroundThe aim of the current study is to assess the prevalence of different categories of thyroid dysfunction and their associated risk factors among the modern urban population of Tehran, the capital of Iran.MethodsThe present investigation is a sub-study of the HAMRAH study, a population-based prospective study designed to assess the prevalence of traditional cardiovascular risk factors and their changes through a 10-year follow-up. 2228 (61% female) adults aged between 30 and 75 years old and with no overt cardiovascular diseases were selected through a multistage cluster randomized sampling. Blood levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxin (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) were measured with the aim of assessing the prevalence of abnormal thyroid function status among the modern urban Iranian population, and in order to report the total prevalence of participants with clinical hypo- or hyperthyroidism, the number of individuals taking thyroid-related drugs were added to the ones with overt thyroid dysfunction. A subgroup analysis was also performed to determine the associated risk factors of thyroid dysfunction.ResultsThe prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among the total population was 7% (95%CI: 5.9 − 8%) and 0.4% (95% CI: 0.1 − 0.6%) for subclinical and overt hypothyroidism, and 1.6% (95% CI: 1 − 2%) and 0.2% (95% CI: 0 − 0.3%) for subclinical and overt hyperthyroidism, respectively. Clinical thyroid dysfunction was detected in 10.3% of the study population (9.4% had clinical hypo- and 0.9% had clinical hyperthyroidism). In the subgroup analysis, thyroid dysfunction was significantly more prevalent among the female participants (P-value = 0.029).ConclusionsIn the current study, the prevalence of different categories of abnormal thyroid status, and also the rate of clinical hypo- and hyperthyroidism was assessed using the data collected from the first phase of the HAMRAH Study. In this study, we detected a higher prevalence of clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism among the Iranian population compared to the previous studies.

The prevalence and spectrum of thyroid dysfunction among children with Down syndrome attending the paediatric services at two tertiary hospitals in Pretoria, South Africa

Background. Down syndrome (DS) is the most common chromosomal abnormality in the paediatric setting, and thyroid dysfunction is more commonly encountered in this population than among the general population. The literature shows that the most common type of thyroid dysfunction seen in these children is subclinical hypothyroidism.Objective. The purpose of this study was to establish the prevalence and spectrum of thyroid disease in this population with the aim of establishing easy-to-follow protocols. Method. A retrospective study was conducted in children with DS who were seen at the paediatric genetic clinic at two academic hospitals. Data were collected from the hospital files and the results were extracted from the National Health Laboratory Service database system. Results. A total of 158 children were recruited; 25 children were excluded as they had had no thyroid function tests done. From the total of 133 included children, 70 (52.6%) were male. Babies born in one of the two hospitals numbered 60 (45.1%), whereas 54.9% were born in the other hospital. A total of 77 (57.9%) were found to have thyroid dysfunction; 55.8% of these patients were male. The most common thyroid abnormality was subclinical hypothyroidism in n=66/133 (49.6%), accounting for 85.7% of the causes of the thyroid dysfunction. Most children (n=45/133 (33.8%)) had their first thyroid function test done before the age of 2 months, followed by the age group of 1 - 5 years (n=34/133 (25.56%)). The total number of children started on treatment for their thyroid dysfunction was n=5/77 (6.49%). Conclusion. Thyroid dysfunction is seen more commonly in children with DS compared with the general population, which was very evident in the present study. A standardised protocol will have a significant impact on the early management of these children, to prevent further cognitive impairment, especially in developing countries and at any level of healthcare. The recommendations for thyroid dysfunction screening by the American Academy of Pediatrics can be adjusted and tailored for the South African population. Early diagnosis and referral of children with DS to a secondary- or tertiary-level facility is of utmost benefit for these children for screening and treatment of comorbidities and complications.

Early treatment will prevent feto-maternal complications in thyroid disorders during pregnancy: A prospective study.

Associations between adverse maternal complications and fetal outcomes are known entity in thyroid disorders during pregnancy. Thus, prompt identification of thyroid disorders and timely initiation of treatment is essential. Universal screening and early treatment of pregnant women for thyroid disorder should be considered especially in a resource-limited country like India with a high prevalence of undiagnosed thyroid disorders and adverse feto-maternal outcomes. Early treatment will prevent feto-maternal complications in thyroid disorders in pregnant females visiting outpatient department in tertiary care hospital in rural settings. This study was conducted in a tertiary care rural-based medical college with participation from departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medicine, and ENT. Expectant mothers in first trimester who had urine pregnancy test positive in outpatient clinic were included after a written informed consent. Detailed history and examination was done. TSH was done if abnormal-FT3 and FT4 were done. All thyroid disorders were treated according to American Thyroid Association (ATA) 2017 guideline. All pregnancies were followed up for maternal complications and fetal outcomes. Data from the performa were entered in Office Excel and analysis was performed using STATA (14.2). Descriptive statistics (mean [standard deviation], Frequency [%], etc.) were used to depict profile of study participants, prevalence of thyroid dysfunction, and outcome measures. Chi-square test was employed to assess the association between thyroid dysfunction and various maternal and fetal outcomes. A P value less than. 05 was considered statistically significant. Of 350 pregnant females, 83 (23.5%) pregnant females had thyroid disorder. Of which, 33 (9.4%) had subclinical hypothyroidism, 37 (10.5%) had overt hypothyroidism, 11 (3.1%) had subclinical hyperthyroidism, and two (0.5%) had hyperthyroidism. The prevalence of hypothyroidism in pregnancy increases with increasing age (P value. 001) and not associated with parity, abortion, and consumption of iodized salt. Total patients with feto-maternal outcome follow-up were 241. Pre-eclampsia (P value. 004) was a significant complication in hypothyroid mothers. There was no significant difference in the rate of cesarean section and preterm delivery in hypothyroid and euthyroid mothers. Neonatal outcomes showed more trends of abortion, fetal demise, and IUFD in the hypothyroid group, although not statistically significant. (P value. 07). Due to the high prevalence of thyroid disorders during pregnancy, universal screening of thyroid disorders should be done in early pregnancy instead of high-risk screening. Early detection and early treatment in the first 10 weeks of pregnancy help to prevent maternal and fetal complications of thyroid disorders in pregnancy. Pre-eclampsia is to be monitored in treated pregnant females with hypothyroidism.