Prevalence Of Thyroid Disorders Research Articles

Clinicopathological Evaluation of Thyroid Dysfunction in Women with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding

Introduction: Abnormal uterine bleeding describes any variation from normal bleeding patterns in nonpregnant, reproductive-aged women beyond menarche lasting for at least 6 months. Regular cyclic menstruation results the choreographed relationship between the endometrium and its regulating factors. Any type of disturbance between the regulatory mechanism of pituitary ovarian axis or pelvic diseases results in abnormal uterine bleeding. Thyroid hormones play a key role in the menstrual and reproductive function of women. It is recognized universally that menstrual disturbances may accompany clinical alterations in thyroid function. Objectives: To evaluate the thyroid dysfunction in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in Department of obstetrics & gynaecology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Shahbag, Dhaka from April 2023 to December 2023. Women with abnormal uterine bleeding were included in the study. Sample was selected by purposive sampling. Sample size was 100. Detail demographic data were collected from the informant and recorded in structured case report form. Clinical examination and relevant investigation were done meticulously. Data was collected by using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data was processed and analysed with the help of computer program SPSS and Microsoft excel. Quantitative data expressed as mean and standard deviation and qualitative data as frequency and percentage. Result was presented in the form of tables, pie chart, graphs, bar diagrams, histogram & charts etc. Results: In this study, the maximum numbers of cases (43.0%) were between 26-35 years age group. Mean age was 29.57 ± 8.27 years. Large numbers of respondents came from urban area (58%). On evaluation of types & causes of AUB, maximum patient belongs to AUB-L (leiomyoma) group (53%) followed by AUB-A (adenomyosis) (28%); AUB-P (polyp) (8%); AUB-O (ovulatory) (9%) and AUB-M (malignancy) (2%). Present study showed that prevalence of thyroid disorders is 26% in AUB patients. The prevalence of Hypothyroidism was 18% and Hyperthyroidism was 8%. Thyroid dysfunction is associated with menstrual abnormalities in females of all age groups. Conclusion: Abnormal uterine bleeding has a strong association with thyroid disorders. The most common type of disorder is subclinical hypothyroidism. Thus, all patient of AUB must be evaluated for thyroid dysfunction. Medicine Today 2023 Vol.36 (1): 1-6

Association Between Iodine Status and Prevalence of Hypothyroidism, Autoimmune Thyroiditis, and Thyroid Nodule: a Cross-Sectional Study in Shandong Province, China.

In this study, the aim was to investigate the correlation between varying levels of urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in adults and the occurrence of thyroid diseases, with the additional objective of determining the optimal iodine status level for adults. A cross-sectional study was conducted on adults from six areas with different drinking water iodine concentrations (WIC) without eating iodized salt in Heze and Jining counties, Shandong Province, China. A total of 1336 adults were included in this study, and drinking water samples, blood samples, urine samples, thyroid ultrasound, and a questionnaire were collected. UIC, free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroid hormone (FT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) and thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) were detected. There were no significant differences in the detection rates of hypothyroidism and thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) among the different median UIC groups (UIC < 100μg/L, 100-199μg/L, 200-299μg/L, ≥ 300μg/L). However, the detection rates of hypothyroidism were higher in the UIC < 100μg/L group (16.67%) and the UIC ≥ 300μg/L group (16.51%) compared to the other groups. The detection rate of TAI increased as UIC levels increased. The detection rate of thyroid nodule (TN) in the UIC < 100μg/L group was significantly higher than that in the UIC 200-299μg/L UIC group (χ2 = 10.814, P = 0.001). After adjusting confounding factors, it was found that low UIC (< 100μg/L) was a risk factor for TN (OR 1.83, 95% CI [1.04-3.22]). Meanwhile, there no statistical difference between UIC 200 and 299μg/L and UIC 100 and199 μg/L for OR of hypothyroidism, TAI, and TN. This study identified associations between different UIC levels and the prevalence of thyroid disorders, with low UIC (< 100μg/L) posing a risk for TN, and the detection rate of TN and hypothyroidism was the lowest in UIC (200-299μg/L) group. Therefore, the acceptable UIC range of 'adequate' iodine intake among adults can be widened from 100-199µg/L to 100-299µg/L.

Prevalence of Thyroid Disorders among Pregnant Women in Banha City, Egypt a Hospital Based Cross Section Study

Prevalence of Thyroid Disorders among Pregnant Women in Banha City, Egypt a Hospital Based Cross Section Study

Prevalence of Thyroid Disorders among Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women Attending a Tertiary Care Center in Kathmandu

Thyroid hormones are crucial for the overall development of the fetus, and their impact on the pregnancy outcomes needs to be considered seriously. Hence, universal screening for thyroid disorders is recommended in the first trimester of pregnancy. One hundred pregnant women in their first trimester and 100 non-pregnant women of the reproductive age group were screened for thyroid function test. The prevalence of thyroid disorders among the total participants was 32.0% of which 23.5% were hypothyroid and 8.5% were hyperthyroid. Pregnant females had a significantly higher prevalence of thyroid disorders (46.0%) than non-pregnant counterparts (18.0%; P &lt;0.001). Pregnant females had significantly higher odds of hypothyroid disorders than non-pregnant females (OR 3.95; P &lt;0.001). The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism among pregnant and non-pregnant was 34.0% and 12.0% respectively which makes it the most common thyroid disorder in both study groups. The median values of FT3, FT4, and TSH levels were, however, not significantly different between the study groups. After adjusting for the confounding effect of age, the odds of thyroid disorders were still significantly higher in pregnant women than in non-pregnant (p =0.001). The prevalence of thyroid disorders, specifically hypothyroidism, is higher in pregnant women compared to non-pregnant counterparts. And this emphasizes on the need of antenatal thyroid screening to be made mandatory in the health policy.

The Effect of the Pituitary Gland on the Hormone Prolactin and Its Relationship to Menstrual Irregularity According to Obesity

Background; Thyroid dysfunction has a substantial effect on the functioning of menstruation and the fertility of women. Hypothyroidism often coincides with increased prolactin levels, which worsens the disease. Research objectives; A cross-sectional study was undertaken in the infertility outpatient department of the University Teaching Hospital in Iraq, specifically examining the medical records of women who had undergone infertility evaluations. The study examined pertinent historical information, clinical observations, and findings from several investigations, such as thyroid function testing and blood prolactin level assessment. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used to ascertain the prevalence and associations between predictors and outcome variables. Aim of the study; The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of thyroid diseases among infertile women who are seeking treatment at the outpatient department of University Teaching Hospital in Iraq. Furthermore, it sought to examine the correlation between hypothyroidism and hyperprolactinemia with obesity, a subject that has not been thoroughly studied in our population. Novelty; Out of the 200 participants, the largest group, comprising 90 individuals (42%), were categorized as obese. The mean body mass index (BMI) of the subjects was 24 ± 4 kg/m2. The prevalence of thyroid disorder was 18%, with hypothyroidism representing 13% and hyperthyroidism representing 4%. No significant correlation was observed between BMI and hyperprolactinemia in people diagnosed with thyroid illness. Furthermore, no noteworthy correlation was found between BMI and hyperprolactinemia as an isolated condition. Nevertheless, a notable direct association was observed between thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin levels. Thyroid abnormalities and hyperprolactinemia are common in women who have difficulty getting pregnant. Therefore, it is advisable to regularly screen for these problems during the initial evaluation of infertility. While there was no notable association between BMI and thyroid illness and hyperprolactinemia, it is important to acknowledge the potential influence of weight gain on infertility, especially given that the majority of participants in the research were obese.

Prevalence of Thyroid Disorders and Reference Range of Thyroid Hormones among Pregnant Women in Bosaso City, Somalia

Background: Thyroid dysfunctions are among the most prevalent of medical conditions, and considered the most prevalent disorders in women during pregnancy, and can adversely affect obstetric outcomes. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of thyroid disorders among pregnant women in Bosaso city, Somalia, and to initiate normal levels of thyroid related hormones&#x0D; Materials and methods: This study was cross-sectional hospital-based study conducted at University of Health Science Hospital (Prof Abdirisak Hospital), Bosaso city, Somalia during the period of August 2023 to December 2023. a total of 250 pregnant women were included in the study. A total of five ml of whole blood was collected from each participant into sterile plain containers for thyroid hormones estimation. Estimation of thyroid hormones was done by using CLIA technique (Maglumi 800). The data was gathered using per-designed structural questionnaire and the SPSS 26.0 statistical software (SPSS Inc., USA) was used for statistical analysis.&#x0D; Results: The overall prevalence of thyroid disorders were 33 (13.2%), 8% of them were hyperthyroidism and the rest 5.2% were hypothyroidism. The reference range for TSH, T3 and T4 were (0.07 mlU/L–4.14 mlU/L), (0.19 nmol/L–4.98 nmol/L), and (0.21 nmol/L–3.69 nmol/L) respectively.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study concluded that there is a slightly higher frequency of thyroid dysfunction disorders among pregnant women.&#x0D; Keywords: Thyroid function test, Thyroid dysfunction, T3, T4, TSH, Pregnant women

EVALUATION OF ADVERSE EFFECTS OF HYPOTHYROIDISM DURING ANTENATAL PERIOD WITH MATERNAL AND FETAL OUTCOMES IN SUBJECTS WITH SUBCLINICAL AND OVERT HYPOTHYROIDISM

Objectives: Maternal thyroid hormone excess or deficiency can influence the outcome of the mother and fetus at all stages of pregnancy as well as interfere with ovulation and infertility. In females who suffer from thyroid diseases before pregnancy or during pregnancy, these hormonal changes are magnified leading to adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. This study is done to evaluate the adverse effects of hypothyroidism during the antenatal period, maternal and fetal outcomes in patients with subclinical and overt hypothyroidism (OH). Methods: The present prospective case–control study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Government Medical College and Rajindra Hospital Patiala, Punjab, from August 2018 to July 2019. The study was conducted among 150 antenatal patients, who had singleton pregnancy irrespective of age and parity. A complete thyroid profile was done to segregate them into euthyroid, subclinical hypothyroidism, and OH. Patients were divided into two groups, In group I, there were 75 antenatal patients who were euthyroid, and in group II, there were 75 antenatal patients with subclinical or OH diagnosed in pregnancy or already on treatment. The adverse maternal and fetal complications were noted in two groups. Data were compared using t-test for parametric data and Chi-square test for non-parametric data. Data presented as mean and standard deviation with p≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: In the current study, 4 (5.33%) patients in group II, 0 patient in group I had abortions giving p=0.011. 7 (9.3%) patients of group II, 0 patient in group I had intra uterine death giving a p=0.001. In group I, 1 (1.33%) patient, 8 (10.6%) patients in group II developed pregnancy-induced hypertension giving p=0.025. In group I, 6 (8%) patients, 25 (33.3%) in group II had preterm delivery giving p=0.018. In group I, 7 (9.33%) patients underwent induction of labor, and in group II, 19 (25.3%) patients were induced giving p=0.009. In group I, 2 (2.67%) patients, 10 (13.3%) patients in group II had undergone C-section giving p=0.006. In group I, 2 (2.67%) patients had fetal growth restriction babies as compared to 10 (13.3%) in group II giving p=0.006. In group I, 1 (1.33%) baby had an APGAR score &lt;9 at 5 min and 15 (20%) in group II patients giving p=0.001. Neonatal intensive care unit admissions were 7 (9.33%) in group I as compared to 19 (25.33%) in group II giving p=0.018. Conclusion: In the present study, it was observed that the prevalence of thyroid disorder in pregnant women is considerably high with subclinical hypothyroidism being most common followed by OH. A simple screening test of thyroid profile, if used to timely diagnose hypothyroidism a large number of maternal and fetal complications can be prevented.

Prevalence of Thyroid Disorder in Gallstone Disease Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background Gallstone disease (GSD) is one of the most common disorders involving the biliary system. The three types of gallstones include pigment, cholesterol, and mixed stones. Studies have suggested a potential association between thyroid dysfunction and lipid pathogenesis, which influences bile composition. A higher prevalence of thyroid disorders may have an impact on the management of GSD patients. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of thyroid disorders and associated dyslipidemias among individuals diagnosed with GSD. Methodology This cross-sectional, observational study was conducted among 180 eligible patients with a mean age of 47.72 ± 15.29 years. This study included 56 (31%) male and 124 (69%) female patients admitted to the Department of General Surgery, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, in eastern India. A diagnosis of GSD was established based on a radiological investigation (ultrasonography) and was included in the study. A thyroid profile test, a liver function test, and a lipid profile test were done for all patients. Patients with a previous surgical history of thyroid disease and known cases of hypothyroidism taking thyroxin supplements for treatment, as well as uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and hypertension, were excluded from the study. Relevant data were collected and statistically analyzed. Results Among the 180 patients, 122 (67.77%) were euthyroid, 35 (19.44%) had subclinical hypothyroidism, 20 (11.11%) had clinical hypothyroidism, and three (1.66%) had hyperthyroidism. Out of a total of 55 hypothyroidism patients, 37 (67.27%) had dyslipidemias. Conclusions The prevalence of hypothyroidism in GSD was 30%, with a female predominance. Hypothyroidism is a specific risk factor for cholelithiasis, and all patients with GSD who have dyslipidemia should be evaluated for thyroid dysfunction.

Dietary Iodine Intake and Pattern of Thyroid Disorders among the Ethnic Population of Eastern Himalayan Ranges of India

Background and Aim: In the present study, dietary iodine intake and thyroid functioning were assessed among the ethnic adolescent group of Eastern Himalayan range with the hypothesis that insufficient iodine intake negatively affects normal thyroid functions. The aim of the study was to see the prevalence and relation between iodine deficiency and thyroid functioning. Materials and Methods: It is a hospital-based study conducted in the health care facilities of Dima Hasao district, Assam, from April 2021 to March 2022. The study included 821 subjects including both male and female of adolescent age group (10–19 years). The thyroid profiling, anti-Thyroid peroxidase antibody (anti-TPO Ab), and urinary iodine content (UIC) were carried out. Thyroid hormone analysis was carried out by chemiluminescence assay. The anti-TPO Ab was determined using the electrochemiluminescence immunoassay analyzer. The dietary iodine intake was measured on the basis of UIC and was determined by arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophotometry method by the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. Results: The prevalence of thyroid disorder among the studied population was found to be 13.8%. Among different conditions of thyroid disorders, hypothyroidism was present in 10.6% and hyperthyroidism in 3.13%. 4.18% had elevated anti-TPO Ab. Among the euthyroid subjects with different thyroid disorders, 1.48% and 21% had anti-TPO Ab positivity, respectively. The median UIC was 99.97 µg/l. 25.78% of the population had iodine deficiency. Thyroid disorders were common in subjects with iodine deficiency (61.34%) than iodine sufficient subjects (20%). Conclusion: The work was an attempt to demonstrate how the dietary iodine intake influences thyroid functioning among the adolescent ethnic population of Eastern Himalayas which is manifested as high prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism with iodine deficiency. The work underscores region specific recommendation on iodine supplementation for populations living in geographically remote locations.

A Comprehensive Analysis of Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics of Thyroid Abnormalities in a Two-Year Outpatient Cross-Sectional Study

Background: The prevalence of thyroid disorders, particularly disseminated Graves’ disease and thyroid nodules, is escalating within the general population. Irregular activation of the immune system is a key factor in causing autoimmune thyroid diseases such as Graves’ disease and Hashimoto thyroiditis. However, the development of autoimmune disorders is influenced by a combination of environmental factors such as urbanization, pollution, and iodine intake. Methods and Results: The study involved 204 patients with thyroid disorders at the department of endocrinology in the outpatient clinic over the past 2 years. The data collection of demographical and clinical information included age, gender, clinical features, laboratory tests, and instrumental analysis. The mean age of participants was 44.35±14.29 years, and females comprised 91.2% of the cases. Among them, 46.1% had thyroid nodules, 36.8% presented with Grave’s disease, 13.2% with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, and 3.9% with thyroid hyperplasia. The patients with Grave’s disease, the average levels of thyroid antibodies were as follows: anti-thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (Anti-TSHR ) at 21.91±14.02 IU/L, anti-thyroglobulin (Anti-TG) at 265.91±406.03 IU/ml, and anti-thyroid peroxidase (Anti-TPO) at 319.3±327.1 IU/ml, respectively. Additionally, the mean thyroid enlargement was 29.60±16.08 ml. The participants were categorized based on their geographical region, with the distribution as follows: central region 59.3%, northern region 20.1% western region 10.8%, and eastern region 9.8%. Conclusion: Thyroid disorders are prevalent in our population, with greater incidence in females than males. The majority of cases (46.1%) involved thyroid nodules, with a peak age of above 30 years among participants. The central region, particularly the capital city (Ulaanbaatar), exhibited the highest prevalence at 59.3%, as highlighted by the distribution of thyroid abnormalities.

Prevalence of Thyroid Disorders among Pregnant Women at Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital

Background: Thyroid disorders (TD) are the second most common endocrine disorders seen in pregnancy. TD is known to be associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: This was a hospital based descriptive cross-sectional study. All the pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic at Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital from 1st July 2021 to 30th June 2022 were enrolled in the study, irrespective of their gestational age and gravida status. Pregnant women with diagnosed thyroid disorder and are on medication, multiple gestation, Diabetes mellitus, Hypertension and pregnant women with age more than 35 years were excluded from study. Thyroid function status of pregnant women was assessed by measuring serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and if the TSH value was deranged then they underwent free T3 and free T4 level. Based on the TFT reports they will be classified as euthyroid, subclinical hypothyroidism and overt hypothyroidism, subclinical hyperthyroidism and overt hyperthyroidism.&#x0D; Results: A total of 395 pregnant women were enrolled in this study. The mean age and standard deviation of pregnant women was 25.25± 4.76 years. Among 395 pregnant women 93(23.6%) pregnant women have thyroid disorder. Subclinical hypothyroidism and Overt hypothyroidism were 19% and 1.8% respectively. Subclinical and Overt hyperthyroidism were 1.5% and 1.3% respectively.&#x0D; Conclusion: The prevalence of thyroid disorder in pregnancy was 23.6%. The most common thyroid disorder observed was Subclinical hypothyroidism comprising 19% cases followed by overt hypothyroidism comprising 1.8% cases followed by Subclinical and Overt hyperthyroidism 1.5% and 1.3% cases respectively.

A Prevalence of Thyroid Disorders at Al-Wahat Region of Libya During 2022

About 1272 cases of thyroid hormones were examined. The study was conducted during the year 2022 in the Al-Wahat region / Libya, it was found that 10.5% suffer from a disorder in their hormones, 40% of these cases suffer from a deficiency in their hormones, and 60% of them suffer from an excess. The number of women who suffer from a disorder in their hormones was 81%, while the number of men was 19%, 48% of women with high, and those with low was 33%. In addition, 13% of the males with high and those with low was 6%. It was found that the high and low % increase as the normal distribution from the age of 30 to 70 for all cases of thyroid gland disorder with a mean of 44 years and a standard deviation S = 17.5 for high values, and 18.9 for low values. The variation coefficient of 39.7 and 42.9, and the most common age was (The mode) for the high is 40 years and for the low is 30 years. In other words, the high is greater than the low for them, and the mean in both cases is the age of 40. The most common values for the high are at 42 in general, while in low they have about 37 years, and the median in high is about 45 years, while in low is about 30 years. The high is higher for males than the low and the mean for high is 49 years, while for low is 60 years, and S = 20.2 for high and S = 27.7 for low, and there is no correlation between high or low between men and women as indicated by the measurement of Pearson's correlation coefficient.

Association between Alopecia Areata and Thyroid Disorders

Background &amp; Objective: Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by patches ofnon-scarring alopecia affecting the scalp and body hair. Previous epidemiological studies suggest a potentialpositive association between alopecia areata (AA) and several autoimmune diseases, including autoimmunethyroid disorders. The present study was therefore undertaken to determine the association between AA andthyroid disorder. Methods: This cross-sectional case-control study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka over a period of 1 year from July 2021 to June 2022. A total of 40 clinically diagnosed patients of AA (case) of both sexes with age ≥18 years were taken from the Outpatient Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH), Dhaka. An equal number (n = 40) of age-matched (withcases) apparently healthy subjects were taken as controls for comparison. In order to assess thyroid functionstatus, five variables were measured. These were free tri-iodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH), thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb), and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb or TmAb).Thyroid disorders were evaluated in terms of hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, subclinical hyperthyroidism, etc. Result: In the present study, the baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were almost similar between cases and controls. The male-to-female ratio of AA patients was 1:1. The mean age was 29.9 ± 10.5 years for thecase group and 29.9 ± 10.4 years for the control group. Most of the patients with AA had mild disease (45%)followed by moderate (42.5%) and severe (12.5%) diseases. The study demonstrated the prevalence of thyroiddys function to be significantly higher in the case group (20%) than that in the control group (5%) with a risk of developing thyroid disorder in patients with AA being 4.7(95% CI = 0.9 – 23.9) times higher than that in the control group (p = 0.043). There were significant differences between cases and controls in terms of levels of TSH,FT3 and FT4. The present study demonstrated a significant difference between cases (AA patients) and controlswith respect to thyroid auto-antibodies (Tg-Ab, TPO-Ab) as well. Tg-Ab and TPO-Ab were also found positive in 12euthyroid alopecia areata patients. Conclusion: The prevalence of thyroid disorders is comparatively high in alopecia areata patients as opposed to healthy individuals of similar age and sex. The serum levels of TSH, TPO-Ab and Tg-Ab are significantly elevated, and the levels of free T3 and free T4 are significantly dropped in patients of alopecia areata compared to theirhealthy counterparts. However, Tg-Ab and TPO-Ab may be present in euthyroid alopecia areata patients. Ibrahim Card Med J 2022;12(2):15-20

Why More Prevalence of Thyroid Disorders in Women in Present Scenario

It is no surprise that women nowadays face a slew of health challenges. Thyroid dysfunctions, which are primarily caused by an imbalance of thyroid hormones are growing more frequent, with the American Thyroid Association estimating that one out of every eight women may experience thyroid challenges over her lifetime. Furthermore, it is expected that women are 5 to 8 times more prone than males to acquire thyroid issues. Because of modernity and increased stress in everyday life, Vega dharana, hormonal changes, iodine insufficiency, auto-immune disorders resulting in numerous endocrinal disorders in females. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism is a prevalent endocrine illness that affects people all over the world. These figures point to an increase in the number of women experiencing health issues such as menstrual cycle imbalance, polycystic ovarian syndrome, sudden weight gain or loss, hypertension, lethargy, dry skin and hair, constipation and so on, all of which have their own effects on the body and are directly or indirectly related. The review will be useful in understanding the pathophysiology of Thyroid disorders and changing the disease's treatment regimen.

Serum Levels of Thyroid Hormones in Infertile and Fertile Women Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital in North-Central Nigeria: A Comparative Reproductive Medicine Study

Thyroid hormones have profound effects on reproduction. Normal thyroid function is necessary to maintain reproductive physiology, but its functional abnormalities may cause infertility manifesting as menstrual cycle irregularities. Aim of this research was to determine the serum levels of thyroid hormones in infertile and fertile women attending a tertiary care hospital in North-Central Nigeria. This comparative, reproductive medicine, cross-sectional study was carried out among one hundred and six (106) women attending the Gynecology Clinic of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the Family Planning Clinic of a tertiary care hospital in North-Central Nigeria. Women with a history suggestive of either primary or secondary infertility and the control women with no history of infertility were evenly grouped. Venous blood samples were collected and analyzed using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique to determine fT3, fT4 and TSH levels. Data obtained were entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23, and the level of statistical significance was set at p&lt;0.05 and at a confidence interval of 95% for all inferential statistics. Majority (90.6%) of the 106 participants were euthyroid. However, most of the thyroid disorders (80%) were noticed in the infertile women, as 15.1% of them had one form of thyroid disorder. The mean TSH, fT3 and fT4 levels were higher in the infertile patients than in the control group, but the values were still within normal reference range. Mean values of TSH, fT3 and fT4 for the patients and controls were 1.35±1.65 versus 0.85±1.08 mIU/mL, 2.79±1.51 versus 2.19±1.15 pg/mL, and 1.15±0.33 versus 0.99 ± 0.29 ng/dL respectively. Median for TSH, fT3 and fT4 in the patients and controls were as follows: 0.80 (0.40–1.55) versus 0.60 (0.40-0.85) mIU/mL, 2.40 (1.45-4.20) versus 1.70 (1.35-2.95) pg/mL, and 1.10 (1.00-1.30) versus 1.00 (0.90- 1.10) ng/dL respectively. The differences in the median between the patients and controls were statistically significant for fT3 and fT4 with p-values of 0.031 and 0.002 respectively. Subclinical hypothyroidism was the most prevalent (7.5%) thyroid disorder identified in the infertile women. Serum levels of thyroid hormones and prevalence of thyroid disorders were significantly higher in the infertile patients compared to the fertile women, although the overall prevalence of thyroid disorders was quite low.

Prevalence of thyroid disorders in pregnancy in northern Algeria

Prevalence of thyroid disorders in pregnancy in northern Algeria

Thyroid dysfunction and glycaemic control among Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Ghana: A comparative cross-sectional study.

Thyroid disorders and diabetes mellitus coexist and are prevalent endocrinopathies among adult population. Thyroid dysfunction contributes to metabolic imbalances, increase beta-cell apoptosis and glucose intolerance. There is paucity of data and contradicting findings on how thyroid dysfunction influence glycaemic control. Therefore, we evaluated thyroid dysfunction and glycaemic control among Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in Ghana. A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among 192 T2DM patients from Effia Nkwanta Regional Hospital. Three consecutive monthly fasting plasma glucose (FBG) and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) were analysed and the results were classified as, moderate hyperglycaemia (MH) (FBG = 6.1-12.0 mmol/L, HbA1c < 7%), severe hyperglycaemia (SH) (FBG ≥ 12.1 mmol/L, HbA1c > 7%) and good glycaemic controls (GC) (FBG = 4.1-6.0 mmol/L, HbA1c < 7%). Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4), body mass index (BMI) and other clinical parameters were measured. Data analysis was done using R language version 4.0.2 and p < .05 was considered statistically significant. There were no significant differences in age (years) between patients in the various glycaemic groups (p = .9053). The overall prevalence of thyroid disorders was 7.8% among T2DM patients. The prevalence of thyroid disorders was higher in patients with SH (11.7%) followed by those with MH (7.5%) and then those with GC (5.4%). Serum levels of TSH and FT3/FT4 ratio were significantly lower in T2DM patients with SH compared to those with MH and the GC (p < .0001). However, FT4 was significantly higher in SH patients compared to the good glycaemic controls (p < .01). The first tertiles of TSH [aOR = 10.51, 95% CI (4.04-17.36), p < .0001] and FT3 [aOR = 2.77, 95% CI (1.11-6.92), p = .0290] were significantly and independently associated with increased odds of hyperglycaemia. The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction is high in T2DM and increases with hyperglycaemia. Reduced TSH and T3 may worsen glycaemic control. Periodic monitoring of thyroid function should be incorporated into management guidelines among T2DM patients in Ghana.

Prevalence of Thyroid Disorders among Somali Women of Childbearing Age at Mogadishu, Somalia

Background: Thyroid diseases are among the most prevalent of medical conditions, and considered the most prevalent disorders in women during their most fertile years (15 - 35 Years), and can adversely affect obstetric outcomes. The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of Thyroid dysfunction disorders among among Somali Women of Childbearing Age at Mogadishu, Somalia.&#x0D; Materials and methods: This study was descriptive cross-sectional Hospital-based study conducted at Jazeera University Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia during the period of December 2022 to April 2023. a total of 100 subjects were included in the study. A total of five ml of whole blood was collected from each participant into sterile plain containers for thyroid hormones estimation. Estimation of thyroid hormones was done by using ELISA machine (Maglumi 800). The data was gathered using per-designed structural questionnaire and the SPSS 26.0 statistical software (SPSS Inc., USA) was used for statistical analysis.&#x0D; Results: The age of the study population ranges from 15–40 years with a mean age of 25.4 ± 8.11 years. There was insignificant correlation between the age and the frequency of thyroid dysfunction with P-value of 0.453. According to their BMI maximum respondents 42 (42%) were grouped under normal BMI, 40 (40%) respondents were over weighted, 2 (2%) of the respondents were grouped underweight and 16 (16%) were obese. The family history of thyroid dysfunction was found in 51% of the study population where 49% of them had no family history of thyroid dysfunction. For the laboratory diagnosis, maximum respondents were Euthyroid 87 (87%) followed by 8(8%) of respondents, were hyperthyroid and 5(5%) respondents had hypothyroid.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study concluded that there is a slightly higher frequency of thyroid dysfunction disorders among Somali Women of Childbearing Age.&#x0D; Keywords: Thyroid dysfunction, hyperthyrodism, hypothyrodism, childbearing age

Impact of Thyroid Dysfunction on Hair Disorders.

Hair loss is a problem for everyone, regardless of their age or sex. The three most prevalent types of hair loss, telogen effluvium, alopecia areata, and androgenetic alopecia, have been associated with a variety of risk factors. Strong evidence links thyroid hormones (THs) to hair loss. THs control the growth, differentiation, metabolism, and thermogenesis of body cells. The skin is a significant target organ for THs; however, the cellular and molecular causes of thyroid dysfunction-related skin diseases remainunknown. Hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and drug-induced hypothyroidism can induce widespread hair shedding. Little information is available regarding the incidence and effects of thyroid dysfunction on hair problems. This study aimed to review the impact and prevalence of thyroid disorders on hair loss. The conclusions drawn from this study highlight the underestimated prevalence and impact of thyroid disorders on hair loss. The review of scientific articles, including original research, review articles, and a case report, provides a comprehensive understanding of the topic. This research adds to the existing literature by enhancing our understanding of the relationship between thyroid dysfunction and hair disorders. It contributes to the body of evidence by reviewing relevant studies and summarizing the impact of thyroid disorders on hair loss. The study also highlights the gaps in knowledge and the need for more research in this area to improve the diagnosis and management of hair disorders associated with thyroid dysfunction.

Prevalence Of Thyroid Hormones Test Abnormality In Females At Reproductive Age Attending Al-batool Maternity Teaching Hospital

Background: Although there is little information about the prevalence of thyroid disorders in young women, but they are common in Iraq.&#x0D; Objective: To prevalence of thyroid hormones test abnormality in females at reproductive age attending al-batool maternity teaching hospital&#x0D; Patients and Methods: This study involved 1570 of reproductive female ages patients at the Al-batool Maternity Hospital in Diyala Province, Iraq. Serum levels of T3, T4, and TSH were measured in this study. According to the conventional definitions of T3, T4, and TSH levels of overt hyper- and hypothyroidism patients were grouped according to their thyroid status at the time of testing.&#x0D; Results: A total of 1570 subjects were screened of whom 152 subjects (18.6%) had abnormal TSH. The overall prevalence of hyperthyroidism with elevated TSH was 17.4%, of which 1.2% had hypothyroidism with elevated TSH. A low TSH was seen in 1.3% of the study population (P= 0.001). Generally, thyroxin hormone (T4) abnormalities were totaled at 12.02%, of which 10.22% were hypothyroidism and 1.8% was hyperthyroidism. Furthermore, the triiodothyroxin hormone T4 abnormality percentage was 14.84%, compared to hypothyroidism of 3.12% and hyperthyroidism of 11.72%.&#x0D; Conclusion: Thyroid dysfunction was common in young women. Therefore, females more susceptible to thyroid disorders.