Prevalence Of Suicide Research Articles

Rate and Causes of Suicide in Ilam: A Report of the Suicide Registry.

Objective: Suicide is one of the most important health problems in the world. Financial, academic, social, and environmental difficulties along with genetic, physical, and mental disorders affect suicide attempts. This study aimed to find risk factors for completed suicide in Ilam province according to the suicide registry in Ilam province. Method : This was a prospective study and was performed based on suicide case registration data, pre-determined checklist data, and death registration data in Ilam province from March 2019 to September 2020. Logistic regression models and the Chi-square test were used to determine the relationship between completed suicide and its risk factors. Results: Among 1,410 attempted suicides, 66 (4.7 %) were executed. Rate of completed suicides was higher in men (6.5%) compared to women (4.5%), (p = 0.005), age groups over 65 years (P < 0.001), retirees and farmers (P = 0.009), illiterate people (P < 0.001), villagers (P = 0.02), people motivated due to physical problems (P = 0.016), suicide by physical methods (P < 0.001) and self-immolation (P < 0.001). Logistic regression showed that incidence of completed suicide was significantly higher in the age group over 65 years, illiterate people, people using physical methods, villagers, and men. Multivariate logistic regression also showed that men and individuals using physical methods of suicide were significantly more successful in suicide. Conclusion: Men, the elderly, illiterates, villagers, and people who used physical suicide methods were in high-risk groups. Despite lower prevalence of suicide, a higher rate of completed suicide was demonstrated. To decrease completed suicide rates, we must pay attention to these groups.

Prevalence and Correlational Factors of Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempts Among Chinese Adolescents.

This study’s purpose was to (1) determine the prevalence of suicidality (i.e., suicidal ideation or suicide attempts) among adolescents in a city in Northeast China and (2) identify the correlational factors among adolescents with suicidality. A total of 69,519 adolescents from grades 5 to 12 in a city in Northeast China participated in the online investigation. Students completed a structured questionnaire to report their demographic information, psychological characteristics, and suicidality. Univariable and multivariable logistic regressions were applied to determine significant correlational factors associated with suicidal ideation (SI) and suicide attempts (SA). The prevalence of SI and SA among adolescents in the past 12 months was 13 and 4.8%, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analyses found that the potential risk factors for SI and SA included female, non-nuclear family, higher subjective socioeconomic status, meaningless in life, depression, bullying perpetrator, negative parental rearing styles, lower self-esteem scores, hopelessness, and stressful life events. In order to improve the accuracy of suicide risk identification, a cumulative risk index was used. With the increase in the number of cumulative risks, the risk of SI and SA also increased. So the cumulative risk index was very valuable. The total prevalence of SI and SA among primary and middle school students was high. Preventive measures could be implemented according to the risk factors.

Secondary Traumatic Stress in Emergency Services Systems Project: Quantifying the Effect of Personal Trauma Profiles on Lifetime Prevalence of Suicidality in Emergency Medical Services Personnel

ObjectiveWithin the last 20 years, there has been a 500% increase in public safety suicides, the exact cause of which is unknown. MethodsThis was a cross-sectional survey of emergency medical services (EMS) personnel. Nine EMS agencies were selected to participate based on geography and population. The survey assessed sociodemographic, occupational, and military factors. Childhood adversity and traumatic experiences were evaluated using the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire and the Life Events Checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, respectively. Using factors significant in univariate analyses, a logistic regression was conducted to determine predictors of suicidality while controlling for potential confounders. ResultsA total of 681 EMS providers participated; 56.1% were male, 12.6% were minorities, and 72.8% were paramedics. Nearly a quarter (24.4%) had considered suicide. Approximately twice as many had received counseling for a stress-related event, and 1.5 times as many identified as currently in counseling. Indigenous populations were 4.76 times more likely to have suicidality (odds ratio [OR] = 4.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22-18.62). Suicidality was 97% more likely in EMS professionals with prior military service (OR = 1.97; 95% CI, 1.08-3.57) and 2.22 times more likely in sexual minorities (OR = 2.22; 95% CI, 1.16-4.25). Emotional abuse (OR = 1.86; 95% CI, 1.08-3.21) and burnout (OR = 2.88; 95% CI, 1.78-4.66) were also predictive. ConclusionsSuicidality is an indisputable concern for the EMS profession and represents a multifaceted issue that must be addressed.

Suicide clusters in law enforcement: a descriptive analysis

PurposeThis study examined the national prevalence of cluster suicides among law enforcement personnel at the county level, the influence on future suicides and risk factors associated with clusters.Design/methodology/approachLaw enforcement suicide data were obtained from The National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) and categorized into: (1) cluster and (2) non-cluster suicides. Chi-square was used to compare differences between the two groups. Logistic regression was used to predict the probability of suicide risk factors in the groups.Findings2,465 law enforcement suicides were listed in NVDRS between 2003–2018. 80 (9.4%) US counties had clusters, with 640 officers (25.7%) of officers as part of those clusters. Odds ratios for risk factors associated with the suicide cluster group were: mental health crisis (OR = 2.6, p = 0.026), age (OR = 1.01, p = 0.003), married (OR = 1.729, p=<0.001), military service (OR = 2.59, p=<0.001) and job problems (OR = 1.70, p = 0.05).Research limitations/implicationsThis study suggests that cluster suicides occur in law enforcement. The study is primarily descriptive and limited by the different numbers of contributing states in the NVDRS database through the years.Practical implicationsThis study suggests that clusters occur in law enforcement and that they can impact future suicides. It is important for law enforcement organizations to recognize the potential for suicide clusters.Originality/valueThis study is among the first to empirically examine suicide clusters in law enforcement.

Suicide crises among women and mothers during and around the time of pregnancy: Prevalence and timing of initial contact with first responders and health services.

Suicide is a leading cause of maternal mortality. Suicidality during and around the time of pregnancy can have detrimental impacts on a child's development and outcomes. This paper examines prevalence, demographic characteristics, and timing of initial contact with first responders and health services for a cohort of women who experienced suicidality during and around the time of pregnancy. Findings are drawn from the Partners in Prevention (PiP) study, a population-wide linked data set of suicide-related attendances by police or paramedics in Queensland, Australia. A sub-cohort of women was identified, who were between 6 months preconception and 2 years postpartum at the time of a suicide-related contact with police or paramedics (PiP-Maternal). Findings are compared to other girls and women who had a suicide-related contact with police or paramedics (PiP-Female). Prevalence, demographic characteristics, timing of contact with first responders and health services, re-presentations, and mortality are reported. The PiP-Maternal cohort comprised 3020 individuals and 3400 births. Women in the PiP-Maternal cohort were younger, more likely to be of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander descent and live outside of a major city than the PiP-Female cohort. There were high rates of out-of-hours calls to police and ambulance, and similar perceived seriousness of the call between women in the PiP-Maternal and PiP-Female cohorts. Women in the PiP-Maternal cohort were less likely to be admitted to an emergency department within 24 hours, even after matching on covariates. Prevalence of suicidality for women who were pregnant and up to 2 years postpartum was 1.32% (95% CI = [1.27, 1.37]). Vulnerabilities and high rates of contact with police or paramedics, coupled with lower levels of follow-up, highlight the critical need to improve service responses for women with mental health needs during these phases of life.

Eating disorder and suicide attempt

IntroductionThe quantification of suicidal risk in specific populations is important for the adoption of prevention and risk reduction measures. This risk remains very high in patients with eating disorders compared to the general population.ObjectivesThe present study evaluates the prevalence of suicide among patients with eating disorders all seeking different suicidal risk factors in these patients.MethodsA retrospective study of medical records of all patients with eating disorders, diagnosed according to DSM 5 criteria, at Arrazi hospital of Salé for the past 14 years, by assessing the prevalence of suicide attempts and care.ResultsIn our work, all patients are female, 17 years old on average, 18 patients out of 20 have anorexia nervosa, 4 of them have had bouts of bulimia, and only one patient was admitted for management of bulimia nervosa alone. The mean age of onset was 15 years with addictive comorbidity in 5 patients. Thirteen patients had comorbid depressive disorder, one patient was schizophrenic and six patients had borderline personality disorder.12 patients have made suicide attempts, planned especially in a depressive environment.ConclusionsPreventive management of suicidal risk must be taken in order to improve the prognosis in this category of patients.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Clinical Correlates of Depression and Suicidality in Huntington Disease: An Analysis of the Enroll-HD Observational Study.

Depression and suicidality are commonly experienced by Huntington disease (HD) gene carriers. Research on these behavioral symptoms is imperative, not only to increase our understanding of the symptoms and how they relate to HD, but also to contribute to improving patients' care and quality of life. To identify clinical variables associated with a history of depression and suicidality in HD gene carriers. We conducted a cross-sectional study of HD gene carriers from the Enroll-HD database PDS4 (periodic data set 4; N = 11,582). Data from baseline visits were obtained, and binary logistic regression models were used to ascertain the effects of clinical variables on the likelihood that HD gene carriers would have previous depression and suicidal ideation/attempts. Approximately 65% (n = 7526) of the HD gene carriers had a history of depression, and ~27% (n = 3152) had previous suicidal ideation/attempts. Female sex; diagnosis of manifest HD; history of perseverative/obsessive behavior, apathy, and psychosis; and previous suicidal ideation/attempts were significantly associated with a history of depression in the HD gene carriers. Medical history of apathy, psychosis, and depression, as well as worse scores on the Total Functional Capacity and Irritability Scales, were significantly associated with previous suicidal ideation/attempts in the HD gene carriers. The prevalence of depression and suicidality is high among HD gene carriers. An improved understanding of the risk factors for depression and suicide in HD gene carriers can assist providers in recognizing at-risk individuals and allow providers to implement therapeutic strategies.

The impact of educational interventions on modifying health practitioners’ attitudes and practice in treating people with borderline personality disorder: an integrative review

BackgroundThe rising prevalence of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and suicidality represents substantial health burden worldwide. People with BPD experience high rates of crisis presentations and stigma when accessing health services. Educational interventions designed to modify health practitioners’ attitudes and practice in treating people with BPD may assist in addressing this stigma. The current review aimed to identify and explore existing educational interventions designed to modify health practitioners' attitudes and practice in BPD; and determine what impact educational interventions have on improving health practitioners’ responses towards people with BPD.MethodsA comprehensive search of the literature was undertaken in MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and JBI Evidence-Based databases (from inception to February 2022). Secondary sources of literature included grey literature searches and handsearching the references of included studies as part of the comprehensive search strategy. The eligibility criteria included peer-reviewed empirical studies examining BPD-related educational interventions aimed at modifying health practitioners’ attitudes and practice in treating people with BPD. Quality appraisal of the included studies were completed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool 2018 version (MMAT v.18) or the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Checklist for Systematic Reviews and Research Syntheses Tool. Thematic Analysis informed data extraction, analysis, interpretation, and narrative synthesis of the data.ResultsA total of nine papers containing 991 participants across a diverse range of studies including, quantitative, qualitative, mixed methods, and a systematic review were included in this integrative review. Several BPD-related educational interventions designed to modify health practitioners’ attitudes and practice in BPD exist. Findings suggest that training health practitioners in BPD-related educational interventions can enhance positive attitudes and change practice towards people with BPD; however, more high-quality studies are needed to confirm these conclusions.ConclusionsThis review collated and summarized findings from studies examining the impact of BPD-related educational interventions on changing health practitioners’ attitudes and practice in treating this population. Results from this review may help inform future research, policy, and practice in stigma-reduction strategies which would improve the delivery of responsive health services and care for people with BPD.Systematic review registrationOpen Science Framework (https://osf.io/7p6ez/)

Increasing Prevalence of Adolescent Suicide in Developing Countries: Public Health Prevention Strategies

The increasing suicide morbidity and mortality rates among the adolescent has become a serious human tragedy of great public health concern. Many facets of suicide such as suicide ideation, intent, attempt, ambivalent, gesture, equivalent, and completion are prevalent among this group of people due to their developmental characteristics in an unsupportive cultural and socioeconomic environment, especially in developing countries. Adolescents may at one point or another perceive suicide as a permanent answer to problems, often due to self-doubts, conflict with older ones like parents, fears, confusion, stress, and pressures to succeed or conform while growing up. Due to the fact that suicide is preventable but very difficult to be predicted accurately, it becomes expedient to start to concentrate efforts on identifying, and enhancing suicide protective factors among this age group, and devising and advancing various public health prevention strategies apart from the conventional psychic-medical approaches to stem the tides of suicide among them, especially in developing countries. This study reviews prevalence of suicide among adolescents in developing countries, and proffers public health-based prevention strategies, which, if properly programmed and implemented would be effective in the containment of this public health problem in different settings.

0680 Nocturnal wakefulness and suicide risk in the Australian population

Abstract Introduction Temporal patterns for suicide over a 24-hour period have shown mixed results among prior studies. However, analyses of 24-hour temporal patterns for wakeful actions including suicidal behavior, should adjust for expected sleep requirements that inherently skew such activities to conventional wakeful times. This study analysed the time-of-day for suicide cases from the Australian population for the year 2017, adjusting for expected sleep patterns. Identification of time-of-day trends using this methodology may reveal risk factors for suicide and potentially modifiable contributors. Methods The Australian Coronal database was accessed and data for suicide deaths were extracted for the most recent completed year, 2017. Time of suicidal action is frequently unable to be pinpointed and for this analysis an estimation was performed from time last seen alive and time found subsequently using data extracted from police and coronial reports. Time of suicide was allocated to one of four 6-hourly time bins across 24 hours from the mid position of time last seen alive and time found subsequently. Cases were excluded if allocation to a time bin was not able to be confidently determined if time last seen and time found crossed both boundaries for a given time bin. Prevalence of suicide for each time bin was adjusted for the likelihood of being awake for each bin according to sleep-wake norms published in 2020 from a large Australian community survey of 1966 subjects. Observed prevalence of suicide were compared to expected values predicted from likelihood of being awake across each time bin calculated as a standardised incidence ratio (SIR). Results For year 2017 there were 2208 suicides for which 1407 were able to be allocated into one of four 6-hourly time bins. Reasons for exclusion were cases for which allocaton into a time bin was not able to be performed. When adjusted for the likelihood of being awake based from population norms, cases were significantly more likely to enact suicide between the hours of 2301-0500 than predicted (SIR 3.93, P&amp;lt; 0.001). Furthermore, there was a lower-than expected rate of suicide for the time bins, 1101-1700 (SIR 0.86, P=0.002). When subcategories of suicide cases were analsysed, suicide death in asssociation with alcohol consumption demonstrated the strongest for relatoinship to the 2301-0500 time bin (SIR 6.03, P&amp;lt; 0.001). Conclusion Higher than expected rates of suicide overnight associated proposes that nocturnal wakefulness may represent a modifiable risk factor for triggering suicide events. Nocturnal wakefulness may be linked to increased rates of loneliness and depair as well as greater tendency toward impusive actions and behaviors. Impusivity may be compounded by alcohol consumption Our findings offer a potential mechanism for which individuals with insomnia have increased suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Support (If Any) Untied grant provided by Rhinomed LTD

Prevalence and Correlates of Suicide and Nonsuicidal Self-injury in Children

Considerably less is known about self-injurious thoughts and behaviors (SITBs) in preadolescence than older age groups, owing partly to the common view that young children are incapable of suicidal thoughts. Yet, preadolescent suicide has increased in recent years and is now the fifth leading cause of death in this age group, leading the National Institute of Mental Health to identify it as a priority for research and intervention. To assess prevalence estimates of preadolescent SITBs, identify correlates of these outcomes, and conduct head-to-head comparisons of preadolescent and adolescent SITBs in terms of associated characteristics. MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Embase were systematically searched from inception through December 23, 2021, for studies on the prevalence and correlates of preadolescent SITBs. The search was restricted to English language publications and peer-reviewed journals. Two reviewers independently identified studies providing data on prevalence and correlates of preadolescent SITBs. Two reviewers independently extracted data from each study, and the Joanna Briggs Institute Checklist for Prevalence Studies was used to assess study quality. Pooled prevalence and Cohen d were derived from random-effects meta-analyses. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) reporting guideline was followed. Prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, suicide deaths, and nonsuicidal self-injury among preadolescents. Fifty-eight studies with 626 486 590 individuals were included. Lifetime prevalence of suicide in the general population was 0.79 per 1 million children. Prevalence for lifetime suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts, and nonsuicidal self-injury among preadolescents were 15.1%, 2.6%, and 6.2%, respectively, in community samples. These data suggest that approximately 17.0% of preadolescents with suicidal ideation transition to attempting suicide. Across several analyses, male individuals appear more likely to have SITBs in preadolescence than adolescence. Correlate data were modest for SITBs other than suicidal ideation, but among specific disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (suicidal ideation: d = 0.54 [95% CI, 0.34-0.75]) and depression (suicidal ideation: d = 0.90 [95% CI, 0.71-1.09]; suicide attempts: d = 0.47 [95% CI, 0.26-0.68]) emerged as the strongest correlates. Among interpersonal factors, child maltreatment (suicidal ideation: d = 2.62 [95% CI, 1.56-3.67]) and parental support (suicidal ideation: d = -0.34 [95% CI, -0.46 to -0.22]) yielded the largest effect sizes. In this systematic review anda meta-analysis, although preadolescent suicide deaths were rare, other SITB types occur with concerning frequency. Male individuals were at greater risk for SITBs in preadolescence relative to adolescence. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, child maltreatment, and parental support were especially relevant to suicidal ideation, as well as depression for suicidal thoughts and behaviors, in this age group. Further study, especially of SITBs other than suicidal ideation, is needed.

0663 Association of Insomnia Phenotypes based on Objective Sleep Duration with Suicide Attempts, Ideation and Completion

Abstract Introduction Sleep disturbances, including insomnia and short sleep duration, are known risk factors for suicidal ideation, attempts, and death. Insomnia is a heterogeneous disorder, with phenotypes of short and normal sleep duration based on objective sleep measures showing differential pathophysiology, natural course, cardiometabolic and neurocognitive morbidity. However, little is known about the association of these insomnia phenotypes with suicidality in adults. Methods We analyzed data from the Penn State Adult Cohort (N = 1741, M age = 52.46, SD = 13.43, 57.4% female), a randomly selected population-based sample who underwent a thorough clinical history and in-lab polysomnography (PSG). Suicidality was ascertained by a lifetime history of suicide attempts, suicidal ideation or suicide as cause of death by December 31 2018 (n = 102). Insomnia symptoms were defined as a complaint of moderate-to-severe difficulties initiating or maintaining sleep, early morning awakening and non-restorative sleep, or chronic insomnia (n = 719). Short sleep duration was defined as &amp;lt; 6-h of in-lab PSG-measured sleep (n = 879). Binary logistic regression was used to examine the association between insomnia phenotypes with suicidality, while controlling for sex, age, race/ethnicity, and medical and psychiatric comorbidities. Given the low suicidality prevalence in this sample, 1000 bootstrapped samples were drawn to provide stable estimates. Results Compared to normal sleepers who slept &amp;gt; 6-h, subjects with insomnia symptoms who slept &amp;lt; 6-h and those who slept &amp;gt; 6-h were associated with 1.96-fold (95%CI = 1.04-4.00) and 2.46-fold (95%CI = 1.30-5.04) increased odds of suicidality, respectively. After further adjusting for substance use, subjects with insomnia symptoms who slept &amp;lt; 6-h and those who slept &amp;gt; 6-h were associated with 1.72-fold (95%CI = 0.90-3.58) and 2.22-fold (95%CI = 1.15-4.60) increased odds of suicidality, respectively. Normal sleepers who slept &amp;lt; 6-h were not associated with significantly increased odds of suicidality (OR = 1.32; 95%CI = 0.56-2.94). Conclusion Adults with insomnia, particularly those with normal sleep duration, were associated with increased suicidality. These data further support that objectively-defined insomnia phenotypes may confer risk for differential adverse health outcomes (e.g., cardiometabolic vs. psychopathologic) via distinct mechanistic pathways. Support (If Any) American Heart Association (14SDG19830018)

Prevalence of Suicidal Tendencies and Associated Risk Factors among Nigerian University Students: A Quantitative Survey

Objective: Using a quantitative survey research approach, this study aims to investigate some risk factors associated with suicidal tendencies among undergraduate students in Nigeria. There is concern by society about the recent reported increased rate of suicide among undergraduate students in Nigeria Methods: A multistage sampling method was used to select 2 100 undergraduate students in South West Nigeria. A questionnaire consisting of indices of suicidal tendencies was used to collect data and logistic regression was employed as a statistical tool. Results and Discussion: Findings suggest that 151 (7.5%) of the respondents with risk factors such as alcoholism (OR = 1.02, {1.01–1.04}) and helplessness (OR = 1.04, {1.01–1.06}) reported strong and significant association (p &lt; 0.05) with suicidal tendencies. Depression (OR = .985, {.960–1.01}), hopelessness (OR = .999, {.971–1.01}), self-worry (OR = 1.00, {.988–1.02}), self-doubt (OR = 1.00, {.983–1.03}), inefficacy (OR = .991, {.966–1.02}), age (OR = 1.00, {.043–2.325}), and gender (OR = 1.04, {.724–1.50}) showed weak and insignificant association with suicidal tendencies (p &gt; 0.05). This study concludes that there is a slight prevalence of suicidal tendencies among undergraduate students, and that there is a need to introduce suicidal prevention education into the university curriculum as a way of containing the prevalence of suicide among adolescents and youths. Conclusion: For individuals identified with suicidal tendencies, studies should focus on the development of psychosocial interventions that can be used, such as counselling by psychologists and public health and social health workers. In the interim, urgent regular suicide awareness and prevention programs are suggested.

Mental health disparities amongst sexual-minority adolescents of the US – A national survey study of YRBSS-CDC

ObjectiveWe aimed to evaluate the prevalence and trend of identifying as a sexual minority among the American adolescent population. Additionally, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence and odds of substance abuse, hopelessness, and suicidality among the sexual minority adolescents compared to their heterosexual peers. MethodsWe performed a retrospective cross-sectional study using Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) data from 2015 to 2019. YRBSS divides “Sexual identity” into three groups: heterosexuals, sexual minorities (gay or lesbian or bisexual), and unsure. We identified “hopelessness and suicidality” using the survey questions exploring if participants felt sad or hopeless for >2 weeks, considered suicide, made a suicide plan, and attempted suicide requiring medical care. Univariate and multivariable survey logistic regression analyses were performed to establish an association between hopelessness, suicidality, substance abuse, and identifying as a sexual minority. ResultsOut of 41,377 adolescents, 4055 (9.8%) identified as a sexual minority. An increasing percentage of adolescents identified themselves as a sexual minority between 2015 to 2019 (8% to 11.2%) (pTrend<0.0001). The sexual minority had a higher prevalence of feeling sad and hopeless (63.4 vs. 28.6%), considering suicide (46 vs. 14.2%), planning suicide (38.9 vs. 11.5%), attempting suicide, and having injurious suicide attempts compared to heterosexuals. (p<0.0001) Amongst sexual minorities, the prevalence of substance abuse was higher compared to their heterosexual peers, which includes cigarettes (15 vs 7.8%), e-cigarette (27.2 vs 23.2%), inhalants (14.1 vs 5.3%), cocaine (8.4 vs 3.9%), marijuana (31.2 vs 20.2%), alcohol (36.9 vs 30.3%), steroids (6.4 vs 2.2%), heroin (4.4 vs 1.2%), and injectable drugs (4.0 vs 1.1%) (p<0.0001). In regression analysis, the sexual minority had higher odds of substance abuse, feeling sad and hopeless (aOR:4.6; 95%CI:4.0-5.2; p<0.0001), considering suicide (3.2; 2.8-3.7; p<0.0001), planning suicide (2.0; 1.7-2.3; p<0.0001) compared to heterosexual. ConclusionSexual minorities not only have higher prevalence and odds of hopelessness and suicidality but also have higher prevalence and odds of substance abuse like cigarettes, marijuana, cocaine, heroin, inhalants, and steroids. Hence, early identification, risk stratification, and interventions to reduce mental health disparities are needed.

Epidemiology of suicides in Brazil: a systematic review

Aim: Find and review data about suicide prevalence and incidence in Brazil. Methods: This is a Systematic Review that used PRISMA protocol and has PROSPERO registration at the number CRD42021288299. Using the PubMed, Scielo databases, Brazilian Ministry of Health, and WHO documents; 203 papers (metanalysis, systematic reviews, cohorts, cross-sectional, and government documents) published from 2010 to 2021 were initially selected, of which forty-three remained in the review. This is a Systematic Review that used PRISMA protocol and has PROSPERO registration at the number CRD42021288299. Risk of bias was assessed by Cochrane Bias Risk Assessment tool. Results: The data showed that suicide rates in Brazil range between 4.6 and 6.6 per 100,000 inhabitants. From 2000 to 2020 and showed an increased risk of death from suicide in all regions of Brazil, highlighting the South and Midwest regions. Overall, suicide in Brazil is more prevalent in older, among those aged 15 to 45 years (besides there is an increase in adolescent mortality rates), unmarried, males, and those who present mental disorders, and is associated with unemployment and economic deprivation. Indigenous people have elevated levels of suicide compared to non-indigenous. Hanging and poisoning were the most common methods used and the suicide most happen at home. Limitations: Only English and Portuguese publications were included in the present work. All studies published in the different periods were included. Some biases were observed: some studies had restricted eligibility criteria, different measures, other fail to adequately control confound variables. We protect the quality of article excluding studies were bias could compromise interpretation. Conclusions: The consolidated information from this present systematic review about suicidal behaviour in Brazil may contribute to the assessment of the current situation and future planning of public health interventions, especially better prevention efforts.

The impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on pediatric chronic illness groups

The COVID‐19 pandemic has had profound impacts on children and families, with widescale disruptions in many aspects of individual, family, school, and peer functioning. For children and adolescents, the pandemic has contributed to increased prevalence of depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and suicidality, particularly among adolescents.

Racial disparity in the occurrence of suicides among patients with background intimate partner violence.

The prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) continues to increase in the USA. IPV is a major risk factor for suicide and inflicts a substantial economic burden on the United States in terms of health care costs and reduced productivity. The increased racial disparity has been explained in terms of higher prevalence of traditional risk factors of suicide in the white population. To determine if race/ethnicity is an independent predictor of suicide risk among women with background of intimate partner violence. We queried the National Inpatient Database NIS 2005-2015 using the ICD-9 diagnosis codes to extract data on IPV associated in the study period. We conducted a trend analysis to determine trends of IPV from 2005-2015. A multivariate regression was done to determine the predictors of suicides in the study cohort. Patients with background IPV who attempted suicide was compared with a propensity score generated control group controlling for age, gender, alcohol addiction, schizophrenia, obesity, insurance and median income. The primary outcome was racial disparity among the two groups. There were a total of 18,769 IPV associated hospitalization in the NIS from 2005-2015. The prevalence of self-inflicted injury or suicide in the study population was 2.6%. This is higher than the average prevalence in the general population attesting to the increased prevalence of suicide among people with background IPV. The prevalence of IPV increased between 2000-2015, however, this remained stable at 20%: 80% among men and women with background IPV. Whites experienced suicides more than any other race/ethnicity, even after controlling for age, gender, alcohol addiction, schizophrenia, obesity, insurance and median income (OR=3.87; 95% CI 2.68-5.56, p < 0.05). The prevalence of IPV has continue to increase in the USA. The higher prevalence of suicides among whites with background IPV is independent of traditional risk factors.

The Great Divide: Education, Despair, and Death.

Deaths of despair, morbidity and emotional distress continue to rise in the US, largely borne by those without a college degree, the majority of American adults, for many of whom the economy and society are no longer delivering. Concurrently, all-cause mortality in the US is diverging by education in a way not seen in other rich countries. We review the rising prevalence of pain, despair, and suicide among those without a BA. Pain and despair created a baseline demand for opioids, but the escalation of addiction came from pharma and its political enablers. We examine the "politics of despair," how less-educated people have abandoned and been abandoned by the Democratic Party. While healthier states once voted Republican in presidential elections, now the less-healthy states do. We review deaths during COVID, finding mortality in 2020 replicated existing relative mortality differences between those with and without college degrees.

Comportamiento y distribución del suicidio en la ciudad de Medellín durante el periodo 2015-2019

ObjectiveTo identify the distribution and behavior of suicide in the city of Medellin during the period 2015-2019. Material and methodsDocumentary study, retrospective approach, secondary sources of information on suicide cases reported by the National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences between 2015-2019 for the city of Medellin were used, the data was consolidated and transformed into relative frequencies and percentages. ResultsA total of 839 cases of suicide were reported, 81% of which were men, with a higher occurrence in ages between 29 and 59 years, reaching 48% of the total cases. Unmarried people were the marital status with the highest number of cases, 60% in the last two years; asphyxia with 60% is the most used method and temporality only revealed statistically significant results with respect to the day of highest occurrence, being Sunday and Monday the most frequent with 17% respectively. ConclusionsIt was possible to establish the sociodemographic characteristics with the highest incidence of suicide, it was shown that having lower educational level increases the prevalence of suicide, the lack of support network explained the tendency of singles to commit the act, the most used causal mechanism was asphyxia followed by injuries by projectile from a firearm and poisoning.

Behaviour and distribution of suicide in the city of Medellín during the period 2015–2019

ObjectiveTo identify the distribution and behaviour of suicide in the city of Medellin during the period 2015–2019. Material and methodsDocumentary study, retrospective approach, secondary sources of information on suicide cases reported by the National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences between 2015 and 2019 for the city of Medellin were used, the data was consolidated and transformed into relative frequencies and percentages. ResultsA total of 839 cases of suicide were reported, 81% of which were men, with a higher occurrence in ages between 29 and 59 years, reaching 48% of the total cases. Unmarried people were the marital status with the highest number of cases, 60% in the last 2 years; asphyxia with 60% is the most used method and temporality only revealed statistically significant results with respect to the day of highest occurrence, being Sunday and Monday the most frequent with 17% respectively. ConclusionsIt was possible to establish the sociodemographic characteristics with the highest incidence of suicide, it was shown that having lower educational level increases the prevalence of suicide, the lack of support network explained the tendency of singles to commit the act, the most used causal mechanism was asphyxia followed by injuries by projectile from a firearm and poisoning.