Prevalence Of Sleep Disorders Research Articles

The prevalence of sleep disorders among children with type-1 diabetes mellitus in the Southern Region of Saudi Arabia

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of sleep disorders and their associations with sociodemographic variables and diabetes management practices among children with type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in the Southern region of Saudi Arabia. Methods: A total of 198 children aged 6 to 18 years with a confirmed diagnosis of T1DM were recruited for the study. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and medical records. Results: The findings indicated a significant prevalence of sleep disorders among the participants, with insomnia, narcolepsy, restless legs syndrome, and sleep apnea affecting a considerable proportion of the population. Sleep disorders were associated with several variables, including parental education, diabetes management frequency, family history of diabetes, sleep duration, hours of physical activity per week, nighttime awakenings, caffeinated beverage consumption, and hemoglobin A1c levels. Conclusion: Recognizing and addressing sleep disorders in children with T1DM is important. Tailored interventions and comprehensive care strategies that consider sociodemographic factors and diabetes management practices are vital for enhancing the overall health and quality of life of these youngsters. This study underscores the multifaceted nature of the relationship between T1DM and sleep disorders and calls for further research to examine the underlying mechanisms and necessary interventions.

Sleep disorders among South Indian computer professionals and the beneficial effect of blue light filters

Background: Prolonged exposure to light emitted from screen-based devices has been known to cause sleep disturbances. Although computer professionals have high screen exposure and screen exposure is known to cause sleep disturbances, there is no published literature on sleep disorders among computer professionals. Aims and Objectives: To find out the prevalence of sleep disorders among computer professionals in South India and their association with risk factors like screen time and duration of work. Material and Methods: Data were collected online from computer professionals working in South India using a structured questionnaire in Google Forms. The form contained questions on demographics, medical history, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire. Data were entered in Microsoft Excel and analyzed using SPSS 17. The chi-square test, odds ratio, Kruskal–Wallis test, and regression analyses were used. Results: The prevalence of sleep disorders among computer professionals in South India was found to be 63.3%. Sleep latency was found to be the most significant contributor to the total PSQI score. Significantly associated risk factors were daily and weekly work duration and daily screen time. Working for more than 8 h a day was found to be the single independent risk factor for 7.9% of those with sleep disorders. Using a blue-light filter was found to be protective. Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of sleep disorders among computer professionals. Interventions like monitoring the daily duration of screen exposure and total daily work hours and periodic evaluation of the sleep health of computer professionals are crucial to reducing morbidity and early mortality.

Prevalence of sleep disorders among south Indian medical students

Prevalence of sleep disorders among south Indian medical students

Sleep disorders in patients with multiple sclerosis in Spain

ObjectiveThis study assesses the presence of sleep disturbances and their relationship with clinical and demographic variables in patients with MS, with a view to establishing correlations between the different variables and the frequency of sleep disturbances. MethodsThe Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to detect sleep disorders. We contacted patients treated at the MS unit and distributed a questionnaire (PSQI) to 221 patients, receiving 142 usable questionnaires between 8 and 30 September 2019. ResultsThe prevalence of patients with sleep disturbances in our study was 74.7% (73.7% in women and 76.8% in men). Therefore, sleep disorders are pervasive in patients with MS, with 3 out of 4 patients experiencing them, a higher rate than that observed in the population without the disease. The frequency of sleep disorders gradually increased in line with age. In the 2 age groups analyzed, 44–54 years and 55–68 years, the proportion of moderate and severe sleep disorders was 42.8% and 53.9%, respectively. Moderate and severe sleep disturbances were observed in 27.5%, 44.7%, and 58.3% of patients with Expanded Disability Status Scale scores of 0–3, 3–6, and >6, respectively. ConclusionOur results indicate that sleep disorders are more common in patients with MS than in other populations. Patients with secondary progressive forms of MS more frequently present sleep disturbances, while patients with primary progressive forms report them less frequently. Age and degree of disability were positively correlated with the prevalence and severity of sleep disorders in MS patients.

A comprehensive review of the use of lemborexant in treating insomnia

Abstract Lemborexant (LEM), a dual orexin receptor antagonist, represents a significant advancement in treating insomnia, a prevalent sleep disorder affecting a considerable portion of the population, especially older adults in India. LEM has several benefits over conventional sedatives in the treatment of insomnia, such as the selective mechanism of action, lower risk of tolerance and dependence, better sleep architecture, reduced possibility of cognitive impairment, various dosing options, the risk of rebound insomnia, and the risk of drug–drug interactions are also decreased. This thorough examination explores the pharmacological mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, clinical effectiveness, and safety profile of LEM, providing valuable insights into its distinct mode of action compared with traditional medications targeting gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors. By blocking orexin receptors (orexin 1 receptor and orexin 2 receptor), LEM regulates neuropeptides orexin A and orexin B, crucial for controlling wakefulness and arousal. Clinical trials demonstrate its predictable pharmacokinetics, dose-dependent effects, and minimal adverse reactions, confirming its efficacy in improving sleep initiation and maintenance. Long-term studies on LEM’s sustained therapeutic benefits show no signs of rebound insomnia or withdrawal. Its favorable safety profile, including minimal impact on next-day functioning, cognitive abilities, and postural stability, sets it apart from other treatments. The exploration of potential drug interactions underscores the importance of cautious prescribing, especially concerning cytochrome P450 3A inhibitors and inducers. As LEM becomes integrated into healthcare protocols, it promises to be a well-tolerated and effective solution, reshaping standard treatment approaches for insomnia and overcoming the limitations of older medications. In summary, LEM is a valuable addition to the pharmacotherapeutic toolbox, offering a novel strategy for managing sleep disturbances with sustained efficacy and favorable safety features.

Chlordane exposure impairs the growth and behavior of Drosophila

Chlordane, a previously extensively utilized insecticidal pesticide, has since been prohibited, however, owing to its limited degradability, it continues to persist significantly in soil and water reservoirs, subsequently accumulating within plant and animal organisms, representing a substantial threat to human health. Despite extensive research conducted over the past few decades to investigate the toxic effects of chlordane, there remains a notable dearth of studies focusing on its impact on sleep activity. Therefore, in this study, the effects of short-term and long-term exposure to chlordane on the activity and sleep of Drosophila were investigated. When exposed to chlordane at a concentration of 1 μM, Drosophila lost body weight, decreased body size and resulted in lipid metabolism disorders. In addition, chlordane exposure altered the arousal and sleep behaviors of Drosophila. Short-term exposure to chlordane resulted in an increase in night-time sleep duration, while long-term exposure to chlordane resulted in an increase in activity and a decrease in sleep, as evidenced by a decrease in the duration of each sleep session and the appearance of sleep fragmentation. Under conditions of long-term chlordane exposure, reactive oxygen species levels were significantly up-regulated in Drosophila. Our results suggest that long-term chlordane exposure triggers oxidative stress damage in Drosophila, leading to sleep disruption. This study offers novel insights into the harmful impacts of environmental pollutants on human sleep patterns and proposes that mitigating the presence of chlordane in the environment could potentially contribute to the reduction of global sleep disorder prevalence.

Prevalence of Sleep Disorders And Its Association With Socio-Demographic Variables Among Elderly People of Bardiya District, Nepal

Sleep disorders constitute a substantial public health concern in an ageing society. It encompasses any disruption in the quantity or quality of sleep. This research aims to ascertain the prevalence of sleep disorders and its association with socio-demographic variables among the elderly residing in the Bardiya district of Nepal. A descriptive cross-sectional research design was adopted for the study. This study relies entirely on primary data, and a sample of 60 elderly people from community of Mainapohar-06, Badhaiyatal, Bardiya, Nepal was selected using simple random sampling method. The data were analyzed employing descriptive and inferential statistics through software (SPSS version 21). The findings of the research revealed that 75% of the sixty elderly had sleep disorders, while 25% did not, and 38.3% of them had daily trouble getting off to sleep. Among the various factors; gender, health condition, and educational status have a statistically significant association with sleep disorders. It can be inferred that a majority of the participants experienced sleep disturbances, thereby exposing themselves to more severe physical and mental health consequences.

A study of sleep problems and its associated factors among patients presenting in psychiatry OPD at tertiary-level hospital in Nepal

Background: Sleep disturbances amongst those with psychiatric disorders are quite common and may occur as a primary disorder or in association with any psychiatric disorders. The aim of this study is to find out the prevalence of sleep disorders and its associated factors in psychiatric outpatients. Material & Methods: This cross- sectional study was conducted among the patients presenting in the psychiatric opd, from 1st Feb 2022 to 30th July, 2022 in tertiary level hospital in Nepal. Total 217 samples were included and purposive sampling technique was applied for sample collection. After written informed consent from participants socio-demographic data were collected. Athens Insomnia scale (ASI) and Screening symptoms of sleep disorder(s) were the tools applied to the participants to find out types of sleep disorders. Results: In our study, sleep disorders were found in 66.8% of the patients presenting to psychiatric opd. Insomnia was the most common finding accounting for 59.4 % of the participants. Narcolepsy was found in 2.3% whereas parasomnia was found in 5.1 %; periodic limb movement disorder/Restless leg syndrome (PLMD/RLS) in 5.1%; disturbed circadian rhythm was found in 3.7% and Sleep Related Breathing Disorder was found in 5.1% of the participants. Patients diagnosed with mood disorder (80.4%) and primary headache disorders (82.9%) had more sleep problems compared to other diagnosis. Conclusion: This study was the first in Nepal to assess the prevalence of sleep disorders in psychiatric outpatients. Our study emphasis importance of careful evaluation of sleep problems for proper management of the psychiatric patients.

Analysis of the correlation between immune cell characteristics and insomnia: a Mendelian randomization study.

Insomnia, recognized as a prevalent sleep disorder, has garnered extensive attention within the realm of public health. Recent studies indicate a close interaction between the immune system and sleep; however, the specific mechanism remains not yet fully understood. Based on the publicly available Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) data, we used two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to investigate the associations between 731 immune cell traits and insomnia risk. Five MR analysis methods and a comprehensive sensitivity analysis were used to evaluate the reliability of the results. In this study, we identified that 14 immune characteristics among four immune profiles [median fluorescence intensity (MFI), relative cell count (RC), absolute cell count (AC), and morphological parameters (MP)] demonstrated a significant causal association with insomnia. Specifically, eight immune cell characteristics were associated with an increased risk of insomnia, including CD11c+ monocyte% (P < 0.001), CD11c+ HLA DR++ monocyte% (P = 0.004), CD86+ plasmoid dendritic cell (DC) AC (P < 0.001), CD33br HLA DR+ CD14dim AC (P < 0.001), CD8dim AC (P = 0.002), CCR2 on CD14+ CD16- monocyte (P < 0.001), CD39 on monocyte (P < 0.001), and SSC-A on myeloid DC (P < 0.001). Six immune cell characteristics demonstrated protective effects against insomnia, including PB/PC %B cell (P < 0.001), CM CD4+% CD4+ (P < 0.001), T-cell AC (P < 0.001), BAFF-R on IgD- CD38br (P < 0.001), CD16-CD56 on HLA DR+ NK cells (P < 0.001), and CD14 on CD33br HLA DR+ CD14dim (P < 0.001). Our study established the correlation between immune cell characteristics and insomnia, offering a novel theoretical foundation for the concept of sleep-immune cross talk.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study investigated the association between 731 immune cell characteristics and insomnia using Mendelian randomization, revealing that 14 immune cell characteristics across four groups of immune traits (MFI, RC, AC, and MP) have a significant and causal association with insomnia risk. Our results contribute to the understanding of the sleep-immune cross talk doctrine and offer a new theoretical basis for immune modulation in treating insomnia.

Machine-Learning-Based-Approaches for Sleep Stage Classification Utilising a Combination of Physiological Signals: A Systematic Review

Increasingly prevalent sleep disorders worldwide significantly affect the well-being of individuals. Sleep disorder can be detected by dividing sleep into different stages. Hence, the accurate classification of sleep stages is crucial for detecting sleep disorders. The use of machine learning techniques on physiological signals has shown promising results in the automatic classification of sleep stages. The integration of information from multichannel physiological signals has shown to further enhance the accuracy of such classification. Existing literature reviews focus on studies utilising a single channel of EEG signals for sleep stage classification. However, other review studies focus on models developed for sleep stage classification, utilising either a single channel of physiological signals or a combination of various physiological signals. This review focuses on the classification of sleep stages through the integration of combined multichannel physiological signals and machine learning methods. We conducted a comprehensive review spanning from the year 2000 to 2023, aiming to provide a thorough and up-to-date resource for researchers in the field. We analysed approximately 38 papers investigating sleep stage classification employing various machine learning techniques integrated with combined signals. In this study, we describe the models proposed in the existing literature for sleep stage classification, discuss their limitations, and identify potential areas for future research.

Prevalence of sleep disorders and factors associated with sleep quality in rural area of Northern Benin in 2022

Prevalence of sleep disorders and factors associated with sleep quality in rural area of Northern Benin in 2022

Prevalence and influencing factors of sleep disorders in patients with CRS: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundChronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common chronic disease that seriously affects patients’ quality of life and imposes a heavy physical and mental burden on patients. There is growing evidence that...

Occurrence of sleep disorders, anxiety, and depression among patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease in diverse populations: A large nationwide electronic health record cohort study

AbstractBackgroundPatients affected with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) often experience anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances. Some of the published studies reported a higher incidence of these disorders in minority populations. The objectives of this study were to characterize the occurrence of sleep disorders, anxiety, and depression among patients with MCI and/or AD, stratified by gender, age and race/ethnicity in the United States clinical practice setting.MethodA retrospective cohort study was conducted using electronic health records and insurance claims from the Optum® Market Clarity database containing data from more than 63 million people in the US insured through Medicare, Medicaid, and other insurance providers. The study included patients diagnosed, utilizing ICD diagnosis codes, with MCI and/or AD between January 2017 and September 2021. Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders, as well as associated medication prescriptions, were identified in the 12 months before and after MCI and/or AD diagnoses. The occurrence of these diagnoses and prescriptions was evaluated stratified by gender, age, and race/ethnicity.ResultA total of 197,346 patients were diagnosed with MCI (56.9% female, mean age of 70.0 [SD 14.8]) and 144,321 with AD (63.9% female, mean age of 79.3 [SD 8.2]) at the baseline. Overall, a large proportion of MCI and AD cases had depression (pre‐MCI diagnosis: 40.3%; post‐MCI diagnosis: 44.8%; pre‐AD diagnosis: 32.2%; post‐AD diagnosis: 38.3%), anxiety (pre‐MCI diagnosis: 36.2%; post‐MCI diagnosis: 40.2%; pre‐AD diagnosis: 26.4%; post‐AD diagnosis: 31.5%), and sleep disorders (pre‐MCI diagnosis: 36.2%; post‐MCI diagnosis: 39.3%; pre‐AD diagnosis: 23.2%; post‐AD diagnosis: 25.4%). Occurrences of depression and anxiety were highest among females. Among individuals with MCI and/or AD, the gap between the proportion experiencing depression and the proportion prescribed an antidepressant was greatest for African American males and females. This was not observed for anxiety and anti‐anxiety medications.ConclusionA large proportion of individuals with MCI and/or AD also had depression, anxiety, and sleep issues. Further understanding of the populations with these comorbidities and their associated prescriptions by different ages, sex, and races/ethnicities is important when supporting patients with MCI and AD.

P155: Circadian Rhythms and Alzheimer's Disease

Introduction:Major neurocognitive disorder (or simply Dementia) is one of the main causes of disability and burden disease to caregivers and the health system, and a frequent cause of mortality worldwide. Alzheimer`s disease (AD) is the most common type (60-70%).AD is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition, causing neuronal and synaptic loss with subsequent cognitive disfunction.There is cumulating evidence that sleep disturbances are associated with several pathological conditions, and AD is one of these. The prevalence and severity of sleep disorders is significant in AD patients, with sleep disturbances often precede its clinical diagnosis in many years. Some studies focus on possible mechanisms by which (abnormal) sleep participate in AD pathogenesis, and concluded individuals with sleep disturbances are at higher risk of developing dementia.Objectives:To highlight the current evidence on whether sleep disorders could precipitate or accelerate the clinical course of AD.Methods:Non-systematic review about sleep abnormalities and AD pathogenesis.Results:Several authors described a two-way relationship between sleep and amyloid pathology - sleep deprivation would lead to increased production and decreased clearance of Aβ; once Aβ is accumulated it results in more disrupted sleep, with an increase of Aβ production during wakefulness and a decrease of its clearance during sleep.Recent data showed that sleep continuity and architecture (decreased total sleep time, slow-wave sleep, and REM sleep) are disturbed in AD patients.Otherwise, sleep deprivation may be associated with decreased glymphatic system clearance, leading to accumulation of neurotoxic proteins, particularly Aβ (and tau). It`s also associated with proinflammatory states due to accumulation of reactive oxygen species, nucleotides and proteins during wakefulness, which leads to immune response that causes neuronal dysfunction and cellular death. Insomnia and sleep deprivation were also associated with activation of complement pathway and immunoglobulins secretion. Many studies suggest chronic sleep disruption changes blood–brain barrier structure and function leading to Aβ accumulation.Conclusions:There is emerging evidence that points sleep disturbances as both a potential marker for AD pathology and risk predictor of developing the disease. Future investigations should evaluate the relationship between specific sleep disorders and AD physiopathology.

Analysis of sleep for the American population: Result from NHANES database

ObjectivesTo assess the contemporary prevalence and decade-long trends of sleep duration, sleep disorders and trouble sleeping among adults in the United States, as well as their risk factors, from 2005 to 2018. Materials and methodsWe used National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data to calculate the sleep duration and weighted prevalence of sleep disorders and trouble sleeping in adults aged 20 years or older. Sleep duration, sleep disorders and trouble sleeping were assessed by questionnaire. ResultsA total of 27,399 people were included in the survey on sleep duration, with a weighted percentage of normal sleep (7–8 h/night) of 56.33 % (95 % CI, 53.06–59.60 %) and a weighted percentage of short sleep (5–6 h/night) of 31.73 %. In stratified descriptions, participants aged 40–49 years were more likely to sleep less than five hours, while women aged 80 years and older were more likely to sleep longer and blacks were more likely to sleep shorter. A total of 27,406 participants were included in the survey for sleep disorders. The weighted proportion of the population with sleep disorders was 8.44 % (95 % CI, 7.79–9.8 %). Independent risk factors for sleep disorders were being 40–69 years old, being white, having a high education level, smoking, having hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, and BMI ≥ 25. From 2005 to 2014, the prevalence of sleep disorders increased year by year, from 7.44 % in 2005–2006 to 10.40 % in 2013–2014 (P for Trend<0.001). A total of 38,165 participants were included in the survey on trouble sleeping. The weighted proportion of the population with troubled sleeping was 27.30 % (25.70–28.90 %). Independent risk factors for troubled sleeping were being 30–79 years old, being white, having a high education level, smoking, drinking, having hypertension, diabetes, heart disease and BMI ≥ 25. From 2005 to 2018, the prevalence of trouble sleeping increased annually, from 24.44 % in 2005–2006 to 30.58 % in 2017–2018 (P for trend<0.001). ConclusionAdults in the United States are likely to have abnormal sleep durations, and the prevalence of sleep disorders and troubled sleeping is on the rise.

Deficits in brain default mode network connectivity mediate the relationship between poor sleep quality and anxiety severity.

Chronic insomnia disorder (CID) is a prevalent sleep disorder that frequently cooccurs with anxiety. The association between insomnia and anxiety has been established; however, the neurobiological basis of this relationship remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the neural markers of CID patients with and without anxiety and to determine whether specific neural connectivity mediates the relationship between insomnia and anxiety. This study included 180 participants, comprising CID patients with anxiety (CID-A), CID patients without anxiety (CID-NA), and good sleep controls. All participants completed self-reported measures of sleep quality and anxiety severity and underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging. Brain functional integration was measured using functional connectivity density (FCD) and resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC). Correlation and mediation analyses were used to examine the relationships among brain connectivity, sleep quality, and anxiety severity. The CID-NA and CID-A groups showed decreased local FCD in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and disrupted rsFC between the precuneus and other brain regions. Only the CID-A group exhibited altered long-range FCD in the precuneus and the rsFC between the anterior default mode network (DMN, e.g. mPFC) and posterior DMN (e.g. precuneus). Mediation analysis revealed DMN dysconnectivity underlying the association between poor sleep quality and anxiety symptoms. This study identified shared and distinct brain circuit disruptions in the CID-NA and CID-A groups, with deficits in DMN connectivity as a potential neural mechanism through which disrupted sleep augments anxiety. These findings may facilitate the development of personalized therapies for insomnia and associated anxiety problems.

Delaying circadian sleep phase under ultradian light cycle causes time-of-day-dependent alteration of cognition and mood

Light exerts powerful and pervasive effects on physiology and behaviour. These effects can be indirect, through clock synchronization and phase adjustment of circadian rhythms, or direct, independent of the circadian process. Exposure to light at inappropriate times, as commonly experienced in today’s society, leads to increased prevalence of circadian, sleep and mood disorders as well as cognitive impairments. In mice, exposure to an ultradian 3.5 h light/3.5 h dark cycle (T7) for several days has been shown to impair behaviour through direct, non-circadian, photic effects, a claim we challenge here. We first confirmed that T7 cycle induces a lengthening of the circadian period resulting in a day by day phase-delay of both activity and sleep rhythms. Spatial novelty preference test performed at different circadian time points in mice housed under T7 cycle demonstrated that cognitive deficit was restrained to the subjective night. Mice under the same condition also showed a modification of stress-induced despair-like behaviour in the forced swim test. Therefore, our data demonstrate that ultradian light cycles cause time-of-day-dependent alteration of cognition and mood through clock period lengthening delaying circadian sleep phase, and not through a direct photic influence. These results are of critical importance for the clinical applications of light therapy in the medical field and for today’s society to establish lighting recommendations for shift work, schools, hospitals and homes.

Associations of Anti-COVID-19 Measures and Lifestyle Changes During the COVID-19 Pandemic With Sleep Patterns in the Netherlands: A Longitudinal Study.

Although there is scientific evidence for an increased prevalence of sleep disorders during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there is still limited information on how lifestyle factors might have affected sleep patterns. Therefore, we followed a large cohort of participants in the Netherlands (n=5,420) for up to 1 year (September 2020-2021) via monthly Web-based questionnaires to identify lifestyle changes (physical activity, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, electronic device use, and social media use) driven by anti-COVID-19 measures and their potential associations with self-reported sleep (latency, duration, and quality). We used the Containment and Health Index (CHI) to assess the stringency of anti-COVID-19 measures and analyzed associations through multilevel ordinal response models. We found that more stringent anti-COVID-19 measures were associated with higher use of electronic devices (per interquartile-range increase in CHI, odds ratio (OR) = 1.47, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.40, 1.53), less physical activity (OR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.90, 0.98), lower frequency of alcohol consumption (OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.60, 0.66), and longer sleep duration (OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.16). Lower alcohol consumption frequency and higher use of electronic devices and social media were associated with longer sleep latency. Lower physical activity levels and higher social media and electronic device use were related to poorer sleep quality and shorter sleep duration.

How far do we have to go on the road to calcium supplementation?

Sleep disorder is a growing concern, and calcium supplementation is often recommended as a potential intervention for sleep disorders. However, the causal relationship between calcium levels and the incidence of sleep disorders remains unclear. Mendelian randomization techniques utilizing genetic variants that affect calcium levels, can provide valuable insights into causality. This study aims to examine the association between calcium levels and sleep disorders in a diverse population that includes both adolescents and adults, and investigate the effects of calcium levels on sleep disorders. Mendelian randomization analysis was conducted using data from UK Biobank and FinnGen datasets. The inverse-variance weighting (IVW) was selected as the primary method. In addition, traditional mediation analysis was performed on a subset of the NHANES data spanning from 2007 to 2018. Our findings provide evidence supporting a causal relationship between calcium intake and reduced risk of sleep disorders (beta=-0.079, SE=0.0395, P=0.0457). While not reaching statistical significance, other MR methods such as weighted median and Mr-Egger exhibited similar directional trends. Analysis of the NHANES cohort revealed a negative association between calcium levels and the prevalence of sleep disorders in male, black, and physically active populations. However, this association was not observed in other demographic groups. Our results suggested that there is no significant correlation between calcium levels and sleep disorder in non-exercise populations. This raises concerns about the long-term high-dose calcium supplementation in clinical practice, which requires further investigation.

Prevalence Of Sleep Disorders Among Medical Students Of Lahore and Their Correlation with Obesity

Introduction: An adequate amount of good-quality sleep is essential for optimal physical and mental health. Sleep disorders affecting sleep duration and quality result in several clinical conditions, including stress and obesity. Medical students are prone to sleep related disorders due to highly stressful academic demands and clinical practices.&#x0D; Aims &amp; Objectives: This study was carried out to investigate prevalence of sleep disorders among medical students of Lahore and their correlation with overweight and obesity.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: The participants were medical students from Central Park Medical College and Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore. Duration of study was from 8th August 2022 to 24th October 2022.&#x0D; Material &amp; Methods: Data was obtained from 424 participants, by using a simple random sampling technique. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information about the symptoms of five sleep disorders as well as the participants' height and weight .For data analysis SPSS version 26 was used, a p-value of ?0.05 was considered significant.&#x0D; Results: This research demonstrated a noteworthy correlation between insufficient sleep and increased BMI, leading to overweight and obesity. However, sleep disorders causing reduced sleep quality did not have a significant impact on BMI.&#x0D; Conclusion: According to this study, sleep disturbances are quite common among medical students of Lahore and higher BMI is associated with insomnia.