Prevalence Of Sexual Harassment Research Articles

Prevalence of sexual harassment among female medical staff in four Khartoum State tertiary hospitals.

workplace harassment is hypothesized to cause a psychological impact on the welfare of the individual. The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of sexual harassment among female medical staff in Khartoum state tertiary hospitals. this is a cross-sectional hospital-based study in hospitals of Khartoum, Omdurman and North Khartoum. Our study population comprised female medical staff working in the outpatient clinics, emergency clinics, referred clinics and wards. The data was collected by online Google form self-administered questionnaire. The first part includes demographic information. The second part involved information regarding sexual harassment. The third part obtained information about the psychological status (effect) after harassment. The questionnaire was adopted and utilized from previous studies. in this study, 325 participants were recruited. Among the participants, 51.4% were doctors, majority (81.2%) of the study population were single. The mean age was 26.29 and SD 3.865. Forty percent (40%) stated they had been sexually harassed at work. Forty-five percent (45%) reported the harassment occurred more than 3 times and 46.4% reported loss of desire for work. Action taken for investigation was only reported by 5.4%. The logistic regression revealed that female doctors were 1.45 times more prone to sexual harassment. Also, medical staff with low socioeconomic status were 83.2% chance not sexually harassed. the prevalence of sexual harassment among female medical staff was high. Doctors were more vulnerable to sexual harassment. And, the reported incidents were scarce.

Three years post #metoo: Sexual harassment and our youth

Though the #metoo movement focused largely on adults, as accusations were made public it became clear that the prevalence of sexual harassment has an impact on young people, particularly adolescents. Sexual harassment is defined as “unwanted and unwelcome behavior of a sexual nature that interferes with the right to receive an equal educational opportunity. It is a form of sex discrimination that is prohibited by Title IX, a federal law establishing civil rights in education….” (Stein, 1997). Title IX, enacted in 1972, requires a school district to have an established process for addressing and resolving sexual harassment complaints. How prevalent is sexual harassment? As it turns out, very much so.

Prevalence of sexual harassment and its relationship with family birth order among female undergraduates: New findings from institutional-based cross-sectional study in the south east, Nigeria.

Family is the microcosm of a larger society that provides care that shapes the behavior of children. However, the different levels of attention children receive from their parents may affect their behaviour and self-esteem, which can lead to them being more vulnerable to sexual harassment. An institutional-based cross-sectional survey was conducted from March - August 2021, to assess the relationship between family birth order and prevalence of sexual harassment. The multistage sampling procedure was used to draw 1070 participants. The data was analyzed using percentages, mean, and multivariate logistic regression statistics. The multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (AOR) along with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. The findings revealed prevalence (73.6%) of sexual harassment, and the two forms such as verbal ( = 2.63) and non-verbal sexual harassment ( = 2.56) were high. The multivariate logistic regression odds ratios adjusted shows that the middle born were approximately 2 folds (AOR = 1.62; CI = 1.14 - 2.30; P = 0.008 0.05) more likely to predict sexual harassment. The study recommended amongst others that parents in South Eastern Nigeria should refrain from given special attention to a particular child as this may predispose the unfavoured child to sexual harassment.

Prevalence of sexual harassment among young Spaniards before, during, and after the COVID-19 lockdown period in Spain

BackgroundSexual harassment is a type of coercion, including social pressure, intimidation, physical force, and verbal acts, in addition to other forms such as cyber-harassment, recognized as a major important public health problem.MethodsThis cross-sectional study, based on a survey administered online to men and women aged 18 to 35 years and living in Spain throughout 15th and 28th October 2020, aims to analyze the prevalence and factors associated with sexual harassment among young people in Spain within the last 12 months, particularly according to the COVID-19 lockdown period. It has been conducted by bivariate analysis and robust Poisson regression models. The final sample includes 2.515 participants.ResultsThe results indicate that women were almost twice as likely as men to experience sexual harassment (49% vs 22.2%). Also, among heterosexual men and women, the estimated prevalence was lower concerning that observed among bisexuals, gays, and lesbians (31.5% vs 53, 39.2, and 34.6% respectively). The prevalence percentage in the 18–24 age group was twice high as that observed in the 30–35 age group. Finally, during the lockdown period, the harassment through electronic channels increased (32.6% vs 16.5 and 17.8% before and after this period, respectively) and decreased on public roads (22.9% vs 63.4 and 54.4% pre-lockdown and post-lockdown periods, respectively).ConclusionThese findings highlight that sexual harassment presents a high prevalence among young people, especially cyber-harassment, and workplace harassment and it is important to be aware that young women are more likely to suffer harassment and even more if they do not have a partner or have LGB orientation. During the lockdown sexual harassment has moved from public spaces to the social network.

Sexual Harassment at the Workplace is Still a Hindrance among Midwives and Nurses Working in Northwestern Ethiopia Referral Hospitals: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study.

Sexual harassment in the workplace is still the tip of the iceberg among front-line health workers, resulting in a high turnover of professionals, job dissatisfaction, absenteeism, and disharmonized health-care delivery. Research on the magnitude of workplace sexual harassment and factors associated with the workplace among nurses and midwives in Ethiopia is lacking. The study aimed to assess the magnitude and its associated factors among nurses and midwives working in northwestern Ethiopia referral hospitals. This multicenter hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April 11 to May 15, 2021 in northwestern Ethiopia referral hospitals. A self-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were entered into EPI info 7.2.3.2 and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Binary logistic regression was utilized to identify factors associated with sexual harassment, and associations were deemed significant at P<0.05. As the findings show, sexual harassment prevalence in the workplace among female nurses and midwives was found to be 17.4% (95% CI 14.5%-19.5%). Many nurses and midwives who had experienced sexual harassment were harassed by patients' families - 43.2%. Factors associated with sexual harassment in the workplace were being unmarried (AOR 4, 95% CI 2.3-12.6), work experience of less than 5 years (AOR 5, 95% CI 1.2-19), and participant age of 18-25 (AOR 7.2, 95% CI 5.9-17) years, all strongly associated with the outcome variable. Sexual harassment among midwives and nurses employed in northwestern Ethiopia referral hospitals is not tolerable, as indicated in these findings. The government should address this by amending and reforming policies and strategies to obviate this problem.

Risk factors for workplace sexual harassment and violence among a national cohort of women in Iceland: a cross-sectional study

SummaryBackgroundSexual harassment and violence in the workplace are a serious public health concern for women worldwide with substantial costs due to sick leave and personnel turnover. Yet little is known about the prevalence of sexual harassment and violence at a population level, especially across work sectors. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of workplace sexual harassment and violence by demographic factors and work sectors among Icelandic women.MethodsFor this cross-sectional study we analysed nationally representative, de-identified individual-level data from women who had responded to an online survey item about self-labelled current and lifetime workplace sexual harassment or violence as part of the Stress and Gene Analysis (SAGA) study, a cross-sectional nationally representative study done from March 1, 2018, to July 1, 2019. Eligible participants were women who resided in Iceland, were aged between 18 and 69 years, spoke Icelandic, and had a registered address from the Icelandic Population Register or a telephone number from the online 1819 service. We used binomial and Poisson regression analysis to study the cross-sectional association between workplace sexual harassment and violence and demographic factors (eg, age, sexual orientation, and education) and factors relating to the workplace (eg, work schedule), across works sectors.FindingsOf 113 814 eligible women, 104 197 were invited to complete the online survey, of whom 30 403 women responded and were included in the SAGA cohort. 15 799 women answered the item about exposure to workplace sexual harassment or violence. 11 286 [71·4%] of 15 799 women answered the question about sexual orientation that were included in the survey from June, 2018. 5291 (33·5%) of 15 799 of participants reported having experienced workplace sexual harassment or violence during their lifetime, and 1178 (7·5%) in their current workplace. Such exposure in the current workplace was most common among women who were young (age 18–24 years: prevalence ratio [PR] 3·89 [95% CI 2·66–5·71]; age 25–34 years: 3·66 [2·53–5·31]), single (1·27 [1·12–1·43]), and worked shifts (2·32 [2·02–2·67]), with the highest prevalence rates observed among women in work sectors of public figures (15·67 [9·34–25·12]), tourism (15·01 [11·01–20·13]), and the legal system and security (13·56 [7·00–24·66]). Lifetime exposure to workplace sexual harassment or violence was more common among women who belonged to sexual minorities than among heterosexual women (PR 1·35 [1·24–1·46]).InterpretationLifetime exposure to workplace sexual harassment or violence seems common among women in a Nordic welfare state. These findings provide nuanced targets for prevention and for public policies aimed at promoting women's safety in the work environment.FundingIcelandic Gender Equality Fund, European Research Council, and Icelandic Centre for Research.

Workplace Sexual Harassment Increases the Risk of PTSD Symptoms with Higher Frequency and Harassment Coming from a Colleague or Leader as Risk Factors

This study examined the effect of workplace sexual harassment on posttraumatic stress (PTSD) symptoms while also examining the effect of harassment frequency, harassment source, and workplace social capital. The sample consisted of 3153 Danish social educators (females 79.3%) responding to the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) and the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire II item on sexual harassment (COPSOQ). The prevalence of sexual harassment was 22% exposed within the recent year. We found a significant positive relationship between exposure to workplace sexual harassment and PTSD symptoms. Harassment frequency was associated with significantly higher levels of PTSD symptoms. Harassment from a colleague/leader compared to a client was associated with higher levels of PTSD symptoms although the difference was not statistically significant. Workplace social capital had an inverted association with PTSD symptoms, but there was no moderation effect on the relationship between sexual harassment and PTSD. These findings suggest that higher harassment frequency and harassment from a colleague/leader is associated with an increased severity of PTSD symptoms following exposure to workplace sexual harassment. Workplace social capital seems to alleviate level of PTSD symptoms, but did not moderate the association between exposure to workplace sexual harassment and PTSD symptoms. Possibly, feelings of shame and guilt may discourage some employees from disclosing their experiences with colleagues or leaders and thereby seek available support at the workplace. Future studies need to uncover the barriers that prevent victims of sexual harassment from seeking and benefitting from social support available at the workplace.

Advancing Sexual Harassment Prevention and Elimination in the Sciences: "Every ... Health Organization Must Do Something Similar".

Sexual harassment is pervasive in science. A 2018 report found that the prevalence of sexual harassment in academia in the United States is 58%. An activity held at an international scientific congress was designed to advance sexual harassment prevention and elimination and empower binary and nonbinary persons at risk for harassment, discrimination, and violence. The objective is to describe the activity and outcomes to provide a promising model for other scientific communities. A description of the plenary and key components as well as the data collection and analysis of selected outcomes are provided. Among 1338 congress participants from 61 countries, 526 (39%) attended the #MeToo plenary, and the majority engaged in some way during the plenary session. Engagement included standing for the pledge (~85%), participating in the question and answer session (n = 5), seeking counseling (n = 3), and/or providing written post-it comments (n = 96). Respondents to a postcongress survey (n = 388 [24% of all attendees]) ranked the plenary as number 1 among 14 congressional plenaries. In postanalysis, the written post-it comments were sorted into 14 themes within 6 domains, including: (1) emotional responses, (2) barriers to speaking out, (3) public health priorities, (4) reframing narratives about the issue, (5) allyship, and (6) moving the issue forward. Scientific organizations, agencies, and institutions have an important role to play in setting norms and changing enabling policies toward a zero-tolerance culture of sexual harassment. The activity presented offers a promising model for scientific communities with similar goals. The outcomes suggest that the plenary successfully engaged participants and had a measurable impact on the participants.

Prevalence of Sexual Harassment Toward and Burnout Among Allied Healthcare Professionals

Purpose: Burnout is a psychological cognitive-affective syndrome that is defined by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced accomplishment. Burnout has been identified as a common issue in several allied healthcare professions, and is often contributed to by stress, workload, and social support. At the time of this study, there appears to be no published research on the relationship between levels of sexual harassment and levels of burnout. The purpose of this was to describe the prevalence of burnout and sexual harassment among allied healthcare professionals and students. A secondary purpose was to examine the potential relationship between sexual harassment and burnout among allied healthcare professionals and students. Methods: A total of 173 allied healthcare professionals and students (age= 43 ± 13, years of certified experience = 17 ± 12) opened and completed the instrument. Participants were sent an electronic survey via email that collected demographic information and assessed levels of burnout and sexual harassment. Data was downloaded and analyzed using a commercially available statistics package. Results: On average, allied healthcare professionals and students were at risk of burnout. There was a significant positive correlation between levels of burnout and sexual harassment. Additionally, females were significantly more likely to report workplace sexual harassment than males. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest, on average, allied healthcare professionals and students are at risk of burnout. The findings also suggest that female allied healthcare professionals and students are more likely to experience burnout as a result of workplace sexual harassment. There is an evident need for employers to enhance policies and procedures to reduce and eliminate the occurrence of sexual harassment in the workplace. Doing so has the potential to reduce the risk of burnout among female allied healthcare professionals and students.

Sexual Harassment Prevalence Among OBGYN Trainees and Cultural Climate of their Training Programs: Result From a Nationwide Survey

Sexual harassment has many short- and long-term consequences and greatly impacts the clinical work environment, job satisfaction, job performance, and mental wellbeing of the individual. Data on prevalence of sexual harassment in a women-majority field such as Obstetrics and Gynecology (OBGYN) are limited. This national cross-sectional study sought to determine the prevalence of sexual harassment among OBGYN trainees in the United States (U.S.) and assess the associated departmental cultural climate. This study was a cross-sectional, anonymous, voluntary, national survey of OBGYN residents and fellows in the U.S. conducted from May 1, 2019 to June 30, 2019. The validated Sexual Experience Questionnaire was administered via an online survey. Trainees were also queried regarding wellbeing, work satisfaction, and departmental/institutional reporting structure. Demographic data were also gathered. The main outcome was prevalence of sexual harassment among U.S. OBGYN trainees. An email including the survey link was distributed to 1473 OBGYN trainees from 60 programs; 366 completed it (24.8% response rate). The mean age of survey respondents was 30.5 (SD 2.9) years. The majority of respondents were women (86%), White (64.1%), and residents (PGY 1-4, 80.2%). The prevalence of sexual harassment among respondents was 69.1% (69.6% of men and 68.7% of women). The prevalence of sexual harassment by race/ethnicity was: Hispanic/Latina 75.0%, White 68.7%, Asian 68.6%, and Black 47.4% trainees. The majority of respondents' program directors were women (66.4%, 227/342) and the majority of department chairs were men (68.9%, 235/341). The prevalence of sexual harassment did not differ based on the gender of the respondents' program directors and chairs (p-value 0.93). There is a high prevalence of sexual harassment among U.S. OBGYN trainees. Action is required to improve institutional and departmental cultures.

The interactive effects of sexual harassment and psychological capital on victims’ burnout: evidence from the post-#MeToo movement era

PurposeIn the post-#MeToo movement era, heightened awareness regarding harassment at workplace has forced corporations to consider gender-based harassment as a serious issue. This study aims to theorise and test psychological capital as a resource reservoir to cope with burnout experienced in the form of emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and reduced personal accomplishments as results of gender-based harassment at workplace.Design/methodology/approachMulti-wave data were collected from 304 female employees working in project-based organisations in the information technology industry in Pakistan.FindingsThe analysis shows contradictory findings about the prevalence of sexual harassment when a behavioural measurement approach was used against a direct query method. The results also show that gender harassment leads to burnout causing emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and reduced personal accomplishment among the victims. However, psychological capital helps victims cope with these adverse effects of gender harassment.Practical implicationsManagers need to boost the psychological capital of female workers and devise effective policies to combat gender harassment in the workplace. Enforcement of legislation regarding harassment in the workplace should be ensured, which will also indicate seriousness towards the achievement of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal No. 5, that is, gender equality.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to present psychological capital as a resource reservoir to combat the negative effects of gender harassment and has been conducted in less studied non-Western work settings.

Reconnaître et gérer les conséquences du harcèlement dans l’espace « public »

Harassment presupposes the existence of aggressive and repetitive intentional behaviors aimed at harming a person (or obtaining from her an unwanted sexual relationship), within the context of an asymmetrical relationship of dominant-dominated. The different forms of harassment are partly characterized by the context in which they occur. This paper is about harassment in “public” spaces in the broad sense (not restricted to urban spaces) as opposed to “private” spaces (intimate, family): workplace bullying, street harassment, school bullying and sexual harassment (its link with the other types of harassment is examined in this paper). For workplace bullying and street harassment, definitions, legislative frameworks, the prevalence, types of strategies used and types of aggressive acts, as well as characteristics of perpetrators and victims are discussed. Despite the similarities between the different forms of bullying, there are specificities. For example, street harassment is characterized by a low degree of acquaintanceship between the perpetrator and the victim (who usually don’t know each other), and by a limited duration of the interactions between them. The victim may have a perception of continuity through the repetition of sexual solicitations (or sexual aggressions) by different perpetrators during her urban journeys. Sexual harassment increases with age at school, with a peak of “sexual” school bullying among young adulthood. Prevalence of sexual harassment is very high: more than two thirds of women reported having already, experienced sexist remarks, and more than half have suffered sexual harassment (unwanted sexual attention) in their lifetime versus less than a third of men. Sexual harassment and sexual coercion share a close proximity and the same determinants. The agonistic continuum (relationship of domination up to sexual sadism), sexual harassment and sexual coercion are the three component of sexual misconducts. This should lead us to systematically look for the presence of a sexual harassment in order to have levers for the prevention of sexual coercion and, more broadly, for all abusive sexual behaviors. The various forms of harassment are reflective of power relationships and violence in which gender violence can be included. Beyond their regulations, this raises the question of the foundations of our society and its necessary evolution.

Psychosomatic Effects of Sexual Harassment and Violence on Undergraduate University Female Students; A Cross Sectional Prevalence Study

Background: Sexual harassment is the plague of that century due to its tremendous prevalence in varioussocieties ,it is unwanted and unaccepted sexual conduct with a female either verbal, non verbal or physical,and it affects the physical and psychological wellbeing of the victim..Patients and Methods : Cross- sectional study was done during the period of october 2019 till January2020. five hundred and four participant aged between 19 and 25 years old randomly selected , distributedon nine faculties , a questionnaire constructed of three parts given to each participant to collect data abouttype of abuse and psychosomatic effect through the use of standardized questionnaire The collected datawere organized, tabulated, and statistically analyzed using statistical package for social science (SPSS Inc,version 18).Results: The study showed significant relationship between physical harassment and psychosomatic effectsalso method of harassment and frequency of harassment is a risk factor for occurrence of psychosomaticeffects, and family response regarding perpetrator affect profoundly psychosomatic effects. the main harasserwere university students.Conclusion: The prevalence of sexual harassment now days resemble a cancer due to its wide spread anddiffusion within the societies and its profound effect on the well being of the victim causing profoundpsychosomatic effects . these effects are affected by the method of harassment and the frequency of exposure.Families should have strong reflex against the perpetrator as this help the victim recovery and affects itsprofound effects on her well being.

Field Note—Responding to the #MeToo Era in Social Work: A Policy for Sexual Harassment in Field

ABSTRACT An alarming number of social work students indicate experiencing sexual harassment in their field placements; however, very few formally report these experiences. Recent public discussion about the prevalence of sexual harassment at work and the lack of trauma-informed responses have heightened the urgency to provide policy solutions that are effective at eliminating the behavior; social work students placed in field are no different. Field education offices should have a clear policy for how to respond to sexual harassment experienced in field placements. This article reviews the process undertaken by a school of social work to revise the field education policy to include a section of sexual harassment experienced in the field and offers recommendations and lessons learned for other programs.

Institutional betrayal and sexual harassment in STEM institutions: evidence from science and technology universities of Ethiopia

ABSTRACT In this paper, we examine the experiences of female students and academics to understand the factors that underpin the persistence of sexual harassment in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) institutions. We draw on data from interviews and focus group discussions with female students and academics who participated in a study that focuses on gender inequality in science and technology universities in Ethiopia. Drawing on the concept of institutional betrayal, we argue that the high prevalence of sexual harassment in these universities is perpetuated by institutional actions and inactions through which universities fail to proactively prevent and effectively respond to sexual harassment. We suggest efforts to tackle sexual harassment need to focus on proactive and preventive measures that involve revisiting institutional policies and structures. We further suggest that grievance procedures need to be accessible, responsive, trustworthy and supportive.

Global Prevalence of Workplace Violence Against Paramedics: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background: Violence is increasing in societies and workplaces around the world. This study aimed to review the literature on violence against paramedics in the prehospital setting and estimate the related exposure rates and types. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted based on the guidelines of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The literature on the prevalence of workplace violence against paramedics published from January 1990 to September 2019 was searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest, and Embase databases. The prevalence of violence was measured by using the random-effects model in Stata software. Sub-group analysis and meta-regression models were applied to explain the sources of heterogeneities. Results: The prevalence of overall violence, physical violence, verbal violence, and sexual harassment among study subjects were calculated to be 0.66 (95% CI CI: 0.20-1.11), 0.25 (CI: 0.16- 0.34), 0.58 (CI: 0.29-0.86) and 0.16 (CI: 0.09-0.22), respectively. There was no significant difference between male and female paramedics in terms of violence types. However, the prevalence of sexual harassment among women was higher than men (24% vs. 6%). The highest rate of physical violence and sexual harassment belonged to Europe and North America, while they had the lowest verbal violence. Asia and Australia had the lowest rate of physical violence and sexual harassment. Conclusion: Prehospital emergency service providers face a higher risk of potential exposure to violence in health care settings. This issue necessitates the special attention of prehospital care administrators to reduce the risk and related consequences of workplace violence by taking effective measures.

Sexual Harassment and Associated Factors Among Teenage Females in Pawi District, Beneshagul Gumuz Regional State, Northwest Ethiopia, 2021

Background: Sexual harassment can be defined as unwelcome and unwanted sexual advances desires for sexual favor, and verbal, non-verbal, or physical contact of a sexual nature that creates a hostile or offensive environment. Sexual harassment occurs anywhere commonly in schools and teenage females faced psychological, social, and environmental problems. Few studies have been performed in Ethiopia related to sexual harassment, but some variables were, not included in the previous study like body makeup, and wearing style, and qualitative study was not included and also there is no baseline information on sexual harassment and possible risk factor in this study area. Objective: This study is aimed to assess sexual harassment and associated factor among teenage females of Pawi district Benishangul Gumuz Northwest Ethiopia in 2021. Method: Community-based cross-sectional study supplemented by qualitative was conducted in Pawi district Benishangul Gumuz Northwest Ethiopia from April 30 2021 to May 30, 2021. The study includes 422 teenagers female and a simple random sampling technique was used to select study participants. Data entered using Epi Data-V.3.1 and exported to SPSS version 23 for analysis. Qualitative data were collected through in-depth interviews with purposively selected key informants were included and analyses were thematized manually. Result: The prevalence of sexual harassment among teenagers females of the pawi district within twelve months was 185 (44%). Residence (rural) AOR =[1.717 95%CI (1.117-2.639)], marital status (single) AOR=3.158 95%CI (1.268-7.864), current living status (alone) AOR=[4.701 95%CI (1.268-17.431], alcohol consumption AOR=[4.533 95%CI (2.311-8.890)], having body makeup AOR=[1.967 95%CI (1.178-3.284)], and having a boyfriend AOR=[3.242 95%CI (1.798-5.844)] has positive significant association with sexual harassment. Conclusion and recommendation: The sexual harassment among teenage females in the pawi district was 44%. Furthermore, being single/unmarried, living in a rural area, current living status (alone), alcohol consumption, and having a boyfriend were significantly associated with sexual harassment. Therefore government and the community need to work together to minimize sexual harassment and create a safe environment for teenage females.

#MeToo: A Comparative Study of the #MeToo Movement in the United States and South Korea Using Collective Action Frames and Hashtag Feminism

The #MeToo movement is one of the most prominent feminist social movements in recent history. Its success exposed the prevalence of sexual harassment in several countries. Although it started in the United States, there are versions of #MeToo in countries such as South Korea. This paper compared the #MeToo movement in the United States and in South Korea through the examination of hashtags and collective action frames that encouraged women to speak out. By evoking messages of empathy, empowerment, and solidarity, #MeToo was able to garner widespread support. Moreover, this paper examined the different factors that will contribute to #MeToo’s sustainability in both countries. These factors include policies that aim to address sexual harassment, legal actions against perpetrators, and other efforts that aim to change the culture of sexism. However, the political and cultural differences between the two countries may result in varying degrees of sustainability. In the United States, policy reforms were introduced because of #MeToo. High-profile cases of sexual harassment were also resolved through the imprisonment of perpetrators. South Korea’s #MeToo led to similar successes, such as receiving support from the government to tackle sexual harassment. This paper finds that the #MeToo movement in the United States is more sustainable due to the policies and legislations that the movement influenced. South Korea has yet to create policies that aim to protect women from sexual harassment. Furthermore, the paper finds that policy and legal reforms are more sustainable because they signify the institutionalization of #MeToo’s main goal of protecting women and providing justice to victims of sexual abuse.

Eliminating Sexual Harassment and Abuse in Sports: Recommendations from Malaysian Perspective

Sexual harassment is identified as a gratifying problem in sport and defined it as "behaviour towards an individual or group that involves sexualized verbal, non-verbal or physical behaviour that is considered by the victim or a bystander to be unwanted or coerced". Despite the effort to combat this problem, the prevalence of sexual harassment in sports has been repetitively reported by the media. One of the shocking news was during the Commonwealth Games in Gold Coast Australia whereby a team official from Mauritius has been charged with the sexual assault of a 26 year-old athlete. This article attempts to discuss issues concern on the existence of sexual harassment and abuse among Malaysian sports practitioners. There were many glaring cases of sexual harassment in sports reported in the media. Unfortunately, most of these cases end up without any redress to the victor or punishment against the perpetrator. It is deeply disturbing to realise the vicious cycles of sexual harassment report led to double victimization of the victims particularly by criticizing victims' behaviour, outfit and choice instead of focusing on the perpetrators. Hence, this article aims discuss best practices and recommendations made by various Malaysian stakeholders to prevent and eliminate these cases from repetitively occur. Keywords: Sexual Harassment, Sports, Best Practices and Recommendations

Medical students\u2019 self-reported gender discrimination and sexual harassment over time

BackgroundGender discrimination (GD) and sexual harassment (SH) occur at all academic institutions worldwide. Medical students report high prevalence of GD and SH, which may negatively affect their education and health. There are indications that policies and reforms on reducing GD/SH are insufficient. Swedish medical students’ experiences of GD/SH are monitored by course-evaluations and bi-annual student union evaluations; however, the response rate is usually low. The aim of this study was to compare the exposure to and context of self-reported GD/SH over an 11-year period amongst medical students at a Swedish university.MethodsIn 2002, a questionnaire (n = 622) was mailed to medical students’ home addresses. It was repeated in 2013 and then distributed during mandatory lectures (n = 856). The questions used a behavioristic approach and asked about specific GH/SH experiences. Participation was voluntary and anonymous. The changes in prevalence over time were calculated by sampling weights in order to obtain comparable estimates, representative of both cohorts.ResultsThe response frequency was 55% (62% women) in 2002 and 81% (59% women) in 2013. The prevalence of GD tended to decrease for male and clinical students in comparison to female and pre-clinical peers. However, the prevalence of SH increased for female compared to male students. The ratio of SH for female pre-clinical students doubled in many instances; most often, the mistreatment occurred in the clinic. Medical doctors were indicated as perpetrators up to five times more often by all students in 2013.ConclusionOur results show a disproportional change in exposure to GD/SH between female and male medical students, resulting in a widening of the gender gap regarding prevalence of GD and SH between 2002 and 2013. In particular, personal experiences of SH increased for both sexes. It is proof that institutional efforts to fight mistreatment might be ineffective.