Prevalence Of Self Research Articles

Multimorbidity prevalence and patterns across socioeconomic determinants: a cross-sectional survey

BackgroundStudies on the prevalence of multimorbidity, defined as having two or more chronic conditions, have predominantly focused on the elderly. We estimated the prevalence and specific patterns of multimorbidity across different adult age groups. Furthermore, we examined the associations of multimorbidity with socio-demographic factors.MethodsUsing data from the Health Quality Council of Alberta (HQCA) 2010 Patient Experience Survey, the prevalence of self reported multimorbidity was assessed by telephone interview among a sample of 5010 adults (18 years and over) from the general population. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the association between a range of socio-demographic factors and multimorbidity.ResultsThe overall age- and sex-standardized prevalence of multimorbidity was 19.0% in the surveyed general population. Of those with multimorbidity, 70.2% were aged less than 65 years. The most common pairing of chronic conditions was chronic pain and arthritis. Age, sex, income and family structure were independently associated with multimorbidity.ConclusionsMultimorbidity is a common occurrence in the general adult population, and is not limited to the elderly. Future prevention programs and practice guidelines should take into account the common patterns of multimorbidity.

Study of psychological stress among undergraduate medical students of government medical college, Surat.

Background: Psychological stress among medical students is common as compared to other professional courses. The prevalence of perceived stress among medical students affects not only their academic performances but also to some extent their health. Objective: The present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of self – perceived psychological stress among Under-Graduate medical students, to identify probable factors responsible for it and to suggest possible interventions. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study using self administered questionnaire was conducted among a sample of undergraduate students chosen from all the years of MBBS who were enrolled at Govt. Medical College Surat at the time of study period. Results: In this study 3.12% of the students reported having no stressor experience, 55.6% reported mild to moderate stressor experience and 41.2% with severe stressor experience. Major factors responsible for stress identified in this study are increased load towards exam, vast syllabus, not getting expected marks, less time for repeated learning and procrastination. Conclusion: This study has found that majority of undergraduate students experience stress. Both academic and emotional factors are responsible for this stress. Proper guidance and counseling by faculties may help to improve the present scenario.

Pregnancy-Related Lumbopelvic Pain: Listening to Australian Women

Objective. To investigate the prevalence and nature of lumbo-pelvic pain (LPP), that is experienced by women in the lumbar and/or sacro-iliac area and/or symphysis pubis during pregnancy. Design. Cross-sectional, descriptive study. Setting. An Australian public hospital antenatal clinic. Sample population: Women in their third trimester of pregnancy. Method. Women were recruited to the study as they presented for their antenatal appointment. A survey collected demographic data and was used to self report LPP. A pain diagram differentiated low back, pelvic girdle or combined pain. Closed and open ended questions explored the experiences of the women. Main Outcome Measures. The Visual Analogue Scale and the Oswestry Disability Index (Version 2.1a). Results. There was a high prevalence of self reported LPP during the pregnancy (71%). An association was found between the reporting of LPP, multiparity, and a previous history of LPP. The mean intensity score for usual pain was 6/10 and four out of five women reported disability associated with the condition. Most women (71%) had reported their symptoms to their maternity carer however only a small proportion of these women received intervention. Conclusion. LPP is a potentially significant health issue during pregnancy.

Predictors of adherence to isoniazid preventive therapy among HIV positive adults in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

BackgroundIsoniazide preventive therapy (IPT) is given to individuals with latent infection of tuberculosis (TB) to prevent the progression to active disease. One of the primary reasons for failure of IPT is poor adherence.MethodsA cross sectional study was conducted in four hospitals in Addis Ababa. Data were collected using a pre-tested interviewer-administered structured questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariate analysis was done to identify predictors of IPT.ResultsA total of 319 (97.5%) individual participated in this study. Within seven days recall period, self-reported dose adherence rate was 86.5%. Individual who received explanation about IPT from health care providers (OR = 7.74; 95%CI: 3.144, 19.058); who had good feeling/comfortable to take IPT in front of other people [OR = 5.981, 95%CI (2.308, 15.502)] and who attended clinical appointment regularly (OR = 4.0; 95%CI: 1.062, 15.073) were more likely to adhere to IPT. Participants who developed IPT related adverse effect were 93% less likely to adhere to the prescribed doses (OR = 0.065; 95%CI: 0.024, 0.179).ConclusionThe prevalence of self reported dose adherence over the past 7 days was higher. Non-adherence was observed among respondent who were not provided with sufficient information about IPT. The health care providers need to strengthen their educational and counseling efforts to convince the patient before putting them on IPT. To enhance adherence, health education efforts should focus on the importance of IPT, the details of the regimen and adverse effects.

P2-475 HIV risk behaviour and prevalence of self reported sexually transmitted diseases among men who have sex with men, registered with selected non-governmental organisations in Delhi, India

IntroductionIn India HIV/AIDS rates are almost stable in high risk groups except among Men who have Sex with Men (MSMs). There are scarce data available on MSMs. The objective of...

Headache and musculoskeletal complaints among subjects with self reported whiplash injury. The HUNT-2 study

BackgroundTo evaluate the life-time prevalence of self reported whiplash injury and the relationship to chronic musculoskeletal complaints (MSCs) and headache in a large unselected adult population.MethodsBetween 1995 and 1997, all inhabitants 20 years and older in Nord-Trondelag county in Norway were invited to a comprehensive health survey. Out of 92,936 eligible for participation, a total of 59,104 individuals (63.6%) answered the question about whiplash injury (whiplash). Among these, 46,895 (79.3%) responded to the questions of musculoskeletal complaints and headache.ResultsThe total life-time prevalence of self reported whiplash injury was 2.9%, for women 2.7% and for men 3.0%. There was a significant association between self reported whiplash injury and headache (OR = 2.1; 95% CI 1.8-2.4), and chronic MSCs (OR = 3.3; 95% CI 2.8-3.8), evident for all ten anatomical sites investigated. The association was most pronounced for those with a combination of headache and chronic MSC for both men (OR = 4.8; 95% CI 3.6-6.2) and women (OR = 5.2; 95% CI 3.7-7.1).ConclusionsSubjects with self reported whiplash injury had significantly more headache and musculoskeletal complaints than those without, and may in part be due to selective reporting. The causal mechanism remains unclear and cannot be addressed in the present study design.

Comparison of the Dietary Factors between Normal and Constipation Groups by Self-reported Constipation in Female College Students

The purpose of this study was to obtain baseline data on dietary management of women's constipation. We estimated the prevalence of self reported constipation, bowel habits and foods & nutrients intake. The subjects were 169 female college students (normal = 92, constipation group = 77) aged 19 to 23 years. We conducted anthropometric measurements, an evacuation habits survey, and a dietary intake assessment for three days by a 24 hour recall method. The prevalence of self reported constipation was 46% (n = 77). Results showed that bowel habits (the difficulty of evacuation, the duration of evacuation and the feeling after evacuation) were significantly different between the two groups. Over 65% of constipation group used laxatives for constipation relief. Frequency of stress and deep sleeping were related with constipation. In daily food consumption and nutrients intake, there was not a significant difference between the groups. However in relation to bowel habits which factors influence constipation, the study showed that the intake of water, potatoes, kimchi, and fruits correlated with evacuation facility. Further, there were no findings in the difference of foods consumption and nutrients intake between the two groups. But some life style changes and food intakes (potato and kimchi) may be useful to improve constipation symptoms in young women. (Korean J Community Nutr 16(1) : 23~36, 2011)

Prevalence and Predictors of “Subjective Cognitive Complaints” in the Sydney Memory and Ageing Study

To document the prevalence of self- and informant report of cognitive problems, usually referred to as "subjective cognitive complaints" (SCCs), in a community-dwelling sample of older adults and to examine the relationship between SCCs and objective impairment, mood, and personality measures. Eight hundred twenty-seven nondemented community-dwelling adults aged 70-90 years. Participants were asked 24 SCC questions, including the Memory Complaint Questionnaire (MAC-Q), and completed neuropsychological testing in the domains of memory, language, executive function, visuospatial skills, and psychomotor speed. The Geriatric Depression Scale, Goldberg Anxiety Scale, and Neuroticism, Openness, and Conscientiousness from the NEO-Five Factor Inventory were used as measures of participants' psychological status. Informants completed 19 SCC questions, including a modified short Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE). Overall, 95.5% of participants or their informants endorsed at least one SCC. Although participants were more likely to endorse a memory complaint, informants seemed more accurate in endorsing a complaint when cognitive impairment was objectively present. SCC correlated with participants' scores on measures of depression, anxiety, neuroticism, and inversely with measures of openness and conscientiousness. Age, education, and sex had little impact on these effects. Regression analysis showed that psychological factors explained the number of complaints more than cognitive performance. The usefulness of SCCs as a criterion for mild cognitive impairment is questioned because of their high prevalence and their relationship to psychological factors. This may be helpful for clinicians to bear in mind when presented with patients with cognitive complaints.

Self-medication with Antibiotic in Children in Sana’a City, Yemen

To study the prevalence of self- medication with antibiotic in children presented to the outpatient department at Sam hospital, Sana'a city Yemen. This is a descriptive study conducted in the outpatient department of Sam hospital Sana'a city Yemen, during a five months period from Dec 2007 to Apr 2008. 2000 patients (1110 males and 890 females) were seen for different causes during that period. All patients were asked if they used antibiotics in the last 15 days without medical prescription, what type of antibiotic, why and how they obtained it. The age and sex of the patients were also recorded. The age group of the patients ranged from 0-15 years. Of the 2000 patients interviewed, 1200(60%) had taken an antibiotic in the last 15 days without a medical prescription. Respiratory (80%) and gastrointestinal (13%) symptoms were most frequently reported. 312(26%) patients used the previous prescription paper to obtain antibiotics, while 888(74%) obtained antibiotics from pharmacies and drug stores without any prescription required. Amoxicillin, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid accounted for (85%) of the prescribed antibiotics. The prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics in children in Yemen is alarmingly high. A majority of the patients had respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms and the common prescribed antibiotics were amoxicillin, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Most of the antibiotics were obtained from pharmacies and drug stores without the requirement of a prescription. Therefore, intervention from health authorities is needed to urgently stop this practice.

Effect of retirement on major chronic conditions and fatigue: French GAZEL occupational cohort study

Objectives To determine, using longitudinal analyses, if retirement is followed by a change in the risk of incident chronic diseases, depressive symptoms, and fatigue.Design Prospective study with repeat measures from...

Hearing problems among a cohort of nationally certified EMS professionals

The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of hearing problems among a national cohort of emergency medical service (EMS) professionals, determine factors associated with hearing problems, and estimate the percentage of EMS professionals who utilize hearing protection. Utilizing results from a questionnaire, individuals who reported hearing problems were compared to individuals who had not. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify variables associated with hearing problems. Finally, items regarding use of hearing protection were assessed to estimate the percentage of usage among EMS professionals. In total, 1,058 (57%) participants responded to the questionnaire. Of those, 1,024 (97%) who completed the hearing problems question were utilized for analysis. There were 153 (14.9%) cases of self-reported hearing problems. The final logistic regression model included lifetime occupational noise exposure 0.99 (95% CI = 0.9997-1.0002), report of previous back problems (odds ratio (OR) = 2.74, 95% CI = 1.8340-4.1042), large community size (OR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.1211-2.4843), and minority status (OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.3719-0.9867). Finally, 213 (20.8%) individuals reported utilizing some form of hearing protection at their main EMS job. The results from this analysis are the first national estimates of the prevalence of self reported hearing problems among EMS professionals. This study was also the first to estimate the percentage of EMS professionals who self reported the utilization of hearing protection.

Analysis of the prevalence of and factors associated with urinary incontinence among elderly people in the Municipality of São Paulo, Brazil: SABE Study (Health, Wellbeing and Aging)

To investigate the prevalence of urinary incontinence among elderly people living in São Paulo, Brazil and their associated risk factors. The Pan-American Health Organization and World Health Organization coordinated a multicenter study named Health, Wellbeing and Aging (SABE Study) in elderly people (over 60 years old) living in seven countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. In Brazil, the study was carried out in São Paulo in the year 2000. The total Brazilian sample included 2,143 people. The prevalence of self reported urinary incontinence was 11.8% among men and 26.2% for women. It was verified that among those reporting urinary incontinence, 37% also reported stroke and 34% depression. It was found that the greater the dependence that the elderly people presented, the greater the prevalence of urinary incontinence. The associated factors found were depression (odds ratio = 2.49), female (2.42), advanced age (2.35), important functional limitation (2.01). Urinary incontinence is a highly prevalent symptom among the elderly population of the municipality of São Paulo, especially among women. The adoption of preventive measures can reduce the negative effects of urinary incontinence.

Mid-upper arm circumference as a measure of nutritional status among adult Bengalee male slum dwellers of Kolkata, India: relationship with self reported morbidity

This cross-sectional study was undertaken to investigate the relationship of mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) with body mass index (BMI) and the self reported morbidity status. This was to assess the reliability of MUAC as a measure of nutritional and overall physical health status among the adult (> 18 years) Bengalee male slum dwellers of Kolkata, (India). Data on height, weight, MUAC and self reported morbidity were analysed for 474 individuals. The BMI was computed following the standard formula. Classification of chronic energy deficiency (CED) was done following the WHO guidelines. The mean (sd) age, height, weight, BMI and MUAC were 37.5 (14.2), 161.5 (6.2), 53.0 (9.5), 20.3 (kg/m2 and 25.0 cm, respectively. The mean BMI decreased significantly (F = 243.0; p < 0.001) from the highest MUAC group (22.5 kg/m2) to the lowest one (17.1 kg/m2). Overall prevalence of CED (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) was 32.3%. The prevalence of CED also increased sharply from the highest MUAC group (3.0%) to the lowest group (84.2%) (X2 = 237.8; p < 0.001). The odds ratios (OR) for being CED is very much high in the lowest MUAC group (OR = 178.70, CI = 71.37-447.46). A significant (X2 = 19.168, p < 0.001) increase in the prevalence of self reported illness from the highest MUAC group (19%) to the lowest one (40.4%, OR = 2.78; CI = 1.68-4.62) was also observed. The mean MUAC was observed to decrease significantly (F = 7.157, p < 0.001) from non-ill group (G IV) to the group which reported to have both previous and recent illness (G I). The prevalence of undernourished (MUAC < 23.0 cm) also increased significantly (X2 = 21.54, p < 0.001) from G IV to thee G I. In conclusion, the MUAC can be used as an efficient alternative measurement in the evaluation of CED status among adult Bengalee males.

Selective allergy to Venus antiqua clam

Prevalence of self reported mollusc allergy ranges from 0.15% (1) up to 0.4% (2). As the reactions elicited can be severe, even life threatening, molluscs have been included in the list of potential food allergens that must appear mandatory on the labelling of foods (3, 4). In this article, we present a case of isolated food allergy to King Broderip clam (Venus antiqua). A 68 year-old non-atopic man with a history of chronic bronchitis and high blood pressure, who had never worked in the food industry, presented 15–30 min after the intake of canned King Broderip clams, palpebral oedema, scalp and palmo-plantar pruritus, with shortness of breath that required treatment with antihistamines and corticosteroids in an emergency room. Skin prick tests with commercial extracts of clam, shrimp, mussel, oyster and squid were negative (Laboratorios Leti, Barcelona, Spain). Prick–prick tests with canned mussel, razor, cockle and Pullet carpet shell (Tapes pullastra, another variety of clam) were negative, but positive (7 · 5 mm) for King Broderip clam (Venus antiqua). Total IgE was 245 kU/l, and specific IgE to clam (Ruditapes spp), crab, shrimp, mussel, tropomyosin (rPen a1) and house dust mites were negative (CAP Phadia, Upsala, Sweeden). Oral challenges performed with canned mussel, razor and Pullet carpet shell were negative. An oral challenge was carried out with the same commercial brand of canned King Broderip clam to assess the implication of the single species and the high specificity of the reaction. Thirty minutes after the intake of the last portion (cumulative dose of 52 g), the patient developed generalized urticaria, facial oedema and mild bronchospasm with normal blood pressure that subsided quickly after the administration of intramuscular epinephrine, inhaled salbutamol and intravenous corticosteroids and antihistamines. To rule out the possibility of allergy to preservatives, a food challenge with canned cockle from the same brand as the canned King Broderip clam and containing the same additives was performed and no reaction was elicited. The aforementioned allergological study suggests a specific IgE mediated reactivity toKing Broderip clam.We have not detected sensitisation to other shellfish andwehave evenbeen able todemonstrate oral tolerance to other molluscs including other clam species and to crustacea. The patient was advised to avoid all clam species because of the difficulty of differentiating them, but was allowed to eat the remaining shellfish. Later on, he tolerated shrimps, prawns and oysters. Mollusc allergy is frequently associated with crustacean allergy and in these cases, tropomyosin is the culprit panallergen (3). However, when isolated allergy to molluscs or to a single species occurs, tropomyosin does not seem to have a relevant role, as in our patient. In such cases, molluscs specific allergens or even species specific, may be involved (3, 5, 6), but they have been poorly defined. Unfortunately,we failed to identify the allergen/s involved in an immunoblotting assay. We present a patient with a selective food allergy to King Broderip clam (Venus antiqua), who tolerated other molluscs including the closely related Pullet carpet clam (Tapes pullastra), which therefore suggests the existence of specific allergen(s) in this clam species.

Risk factors for road traffic accidents among drivers of public institutions in Ibadan, Nigeria

Recent studies have shown an increase in the rate of road traffic accident (RTA). Identifying the risk factors for this problem may provide a clue to possible effective intervention. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors for self reported RTA among drivers of educational institutions and make suggestions to promote safer driving. A cross sectional population study of motor vehicle drivers from the College of Medicine, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan was undertaken between December 2003 and January 2004. The study comprised of 99 motor vehicle drivers. 67 (67.7%) were from the College of Medicine, and 32 (32.3%) from the UCH. Response rate was 97.1%. All were males, aged 38 to 60 years, mean 50.1 + (SD= 4.8 years). The prevalence of self reported RTA was 16.2%. The cause of road traffic accidents included, mechanical fault (50%), bad road (12.5%). RTA prevalence was higher among older drivers (OR=1.7, 95%CI=0.5-5.9; P>0,05), drivers who had part time jobs (Odds ratio 2.6, 95% CI 1.1-6.3; X2 =4.5, P=0.03), and drivers with visual impairment (OR=1.6, 95% CI=0-9, X2 0.49, P > 0.05). The prevalence of RTA was lower amongst drivers who did not take alcohol, cola nut and other CNS stimulants while driving (OR 0.9, 95% CI=0.3-2.3, P >0.05). Regular maintenance of official vehicles and examination of drivers\' eyes are recommended. Drivers should be discouraged from drugs and part jobs so as to ensure that they have enough time to rest and therefore prevent fatigue related RTA. African Journal of Health Sciences Vol. 14 (3-4) 2007: pp. 137-142

Prospective study of smoking and tuberculosis in India

Objective. Although tuberculosis has already become uncommon in industrialised countries, is a major burden in many developing countries, including India. This paper examines the association between smoking (mainly bidi smoking) and tuberculosis in Mumbai, India. Method. To study the possible association between smoking and tuberculosis, recruitment of a cohort of 81,443 men ≥ 35 years began in 1991 and was followed up to the end of 2003 in Mumbai. Results. The adjusted risk of tuberculosis deaths among bidi smokers was 2.60 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.02, 3.33) times higher than never-smokers, with a significant trend for daily frequency of bidi smoking. Also the risk of prevalence of self reported tuberculosis among bidi smokers was 5.23 (95% CI: 4.01, 6.82) times higher than never-smokers. Conclusion. In India around 32% of tuberculosis deaths can be attributable to bidi smoking. Thus, bidi smoking seems to be an important cause of manifestation and death from tuberculosis.

Prevalence of Medical Conditions Among Patients Attending Dental Teaching Clinics in Northern Jordan

This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of self reported medical conditions among dental patients attending dental teaching clinics in north Jordan. A total of 1,509 patients were included, of which 46.1% were males and 53.9% were females. All age groups were included and ranged between 14 and 78 years. The findings were analyzed in relation to age and gender. Overall, gastrointestinal disease was most prevalent (11.9%), followed by bleeding tendencies (9.3%), renal disorders (8.7%), respiratory disease (8.3%), and hypertension (6.4%). Only 3.2% of the participants reported having antibiotics prescribed for them prior to a dental procedure for prophylactic purposes. Due to the high frequency of medical conditions, thorough evaluation of patients' medical and dental care histories should be a mandatory first step in their management.

Prevalence of Self-reported Adverse Drug Reaction/Drug Allergy in a Singaporean Paediatric Population

RATIONALE: Adverse drug reaction (ADR)/drug allergy (DA) is mostly evaluated in the clinical setting and rarely studied in a general population setting. In this study, we estimated the cross-sectional prevalence of ADR/DA in Singaporean schoolchildren. METHODS: School-children aged 6 to 16 from randomly selected schools were screened for self-reported DA/ADR using parent-administered questionnaire during July 2005 to April 2006. RESULTS: 4880 (79.7%) valid responses were returned. The prevalence of self reported ADR/DA was 5.4% (n = 263). Of these 263 subjects, 56.7% (n = 149) reported ADR / DA to antibiotics, 24.0% (n = 63) to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), 10.3% to others while the remaining 9.1% were unidentified. Penicillins were the most frequently noted class of antibiotics (n = 73), followed by co-trimoxazole (n = 20), and macrolides (n = 22); miscellaneous antibiotics mentioned include chloramphenicol, cephalosporins and tetracylines, each with scores five or less. The most commonly reported symptom are those affecting the skin (n = 154, 58.6%), followed by the face (21.7%, n = 57), and 6.5% (n = 17) reported affected breathing. This is no statistical difference (p>0.05) between the prevalence of ADR/DA between boys (5.7%) and girls (5.0%). CONCLUSIONS: In this first ever report of ADR/DA prevalence in our Singaporean paediatric population, we found that self-reported ADR/DA is associated most commonly with beta-lactam antibiotics and NSAIDS, while the occurence of ADR/DA appears to be unassociated with gender.

The Association of Survey Setting and Mode with Self-Reported Health Risk Behaviors among High School Students

This study examined whether the prevalence of self- reported health risk behaviors among high school students varied by survey setting (school versus home) and mode of administration (paper and pencil versus computer). Students in grades 9 and 11 were assigned randomly to one of four conditions—school paper-and-pencil instrument (PAPI), school computer-assisted self-interview (CASI), home PAPI, and home CASI. During the spring of 2004, 4,506 stu- dents completed identically worded questionnaires based on the Youth Risk Behavior Survey questionnaire. Logistic regression analyses con- trolling for sex, grade, and race/ethnicity revealed that setting was associated significantly with the reporting of 30 of the 55 risk behav- iors examined, and mode was associated significantly with the report- ing of 7 of the 55 behaviors. For all behaviors with a significant setting main effect, the odds of reporting the behavior were greater among students who completed questionnaires at school than among students who completed questionnaires at home. For all behaviors

Prevalence of epilepsy and comorbidity of psychiatric disorders in Iran

To determine the lifetime prevalence of self- and other relative informants-reported epilepsy in nationwide study among Iranian adults of aged 18 years and over and to study the association of epilepsy with lifetime history of the psychiatric disorders. Twenty-five thousand one hundred and eighty individual were selected through a randomized clustered sampling method from all the Iranian households; interviewed and used epilepsy questionnaire face-to-face at home in year 2001. From 12,398,235 households residing in Iran, 7795 families selected from 1559 clusters, 997 clusters were in urban and 582 were in rural areas, each cluster with 5 households were studied. The response rate was 90%. The prevalence of epilepsy was 1.8%. Epilepsy was more common in females, unemployed and higher educational level. It was not significantly associated with the age group, marital status and residential areas. The most common psychiatric disorders in subjects with epilepsy were major depressive disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder. The rate of lifetime suicidal attempt was 8.1%. Lifetime prevalence of epilepsy in Iran is not low. As the other communities, it is more common in females and unemployed. However, in contrast with the other studies, it was not more common among some age groups and unmarried and low educated subjects.