Prevalence Of Scars Research Articles

Occurrence, abundance and some ecological aspects of the offshore bottlenose dolphin off Ecuador’s central coast

The presence of the offshore bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) is poorly understood for most of the southeast Pacific Ocean. Its wide distribution, low density, and lack of understanding of its ecology make the species unpredictable to observe and difficult to study compared to the coastal ecotype. We assessed the occurrence of offshore bottlenose dolphins off the central coast of Ecuador (01°36’ S, 80°58’ W) using information taken from 2001 to 2022. Data were collected by two research groups based 80 km apart, one in Puerto López (north) and the other in Salinas (south). A total of 48 dolphin groups were documented, 22 at Puerto López and 26 at Salinas. In Puerto López, 163 dolphins were individually identified, of which 70 intra-annual sightings and 102 inter-annual sightings were found. Inter-annual resightings at Puerto López corresponded to 55 individuals (33.7%) recorded between two and 17 years (mean = 5.82 years, SD = 5.1). In Salinas, 58 dolphins were identified, without intra-annual resightings and only two inter-annual sightings. Only one individual was recorded in both areas. Two site fidelity indexes were calculated, Occurrence (Oi) and Permanence (Pi), resulting in 11 and 13.7 times higher respectively, in Puerto López. The abundance at Puerto López, 163 animals (95% CI, 120 - 203) in 2021-2022, was estimated with a closed population model. The prevalence of scars associated with previous encounters with fishing gear was 43.6%, commensal barnacle (Xenobalanus globicipitis) infestation 42.3%, predation 3.6%, and dermal nodules 0.61%. Our findings suggest both site fidelity and some degree of population structure, but additional monitoring and genetic studies are needed to clarify these aspects. Nevertheless, this study provides information on key aspects necessary for developing conservation strategies for offshore bottlenose dolphins.

Prevalence and risk factors of acne scars in patients with acne vulgaris.

Acne scar is a persistent complication of acne vulgaris. However, the prevalence and risk factors are still unclear. This study aimed to assess the global prevalence and risk factors of acne scars in patients with acne. A systematic search of published studies in three databases was performed and the meta-analyses were conducted. Finally, we included 37 studies involving 24649 acne patients. And, the pooled prevalence of acne scars in these patients was 47% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 38-56%). Besides, the differences in prevalence were observed based on the subgroup analysis for age, gender, acne severity, source of patients, and so on. Subsequently, we quantified the relationship of three risk factors with acne scars: male gender (odds ratio [OR]: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.19-2.09), positive family history of acne (OR: 2.73, 95% CI: 1.26-5.91), and acne severity (OR for moderate acne: 2.34, 95% CI: 1.54-3.57; OR for severe acne: 5.51, 95% CI: 2.45-12.41). Herein, we found that 47% of acne patients suffered from acne scars and identified three risk factors: male gender, positive family history of acne, and acne severity. In order to reduce acne scarring, attention and effective therapy early in the course of acne is important.

Elephant Scar Prevalence in the Kasigau Wildlife Corridor, Kenya: Echoes of Human-Elephant Conflict.

Human-elephant conflict (HEC) compromises crop security and threatens elephant conservation. Most commonly, HEC manifests as crop-foraging as elephants modify natural foraging strategies to incorporate crops. Farmers may retaliate by frightening or harming elephants, leaving scars from inflicted wounds. We assessed the prevalence and distribution of scars on the bodies of African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana) observed in the Kasigau Wildlife Corridor (KWC), part of the Greater Tsavo Ecosystem of Kenya, where conflict is prevalent. We surmised that scars on the body are largely a result of HEC as opposed to scars on the rump or head, which we attributed primarily to elephant-elephant conflict. We hypothesized that: (1) male elephants would have more scars than females; (2) older males would be more likely to have scars than younger males; and (3) most scars would be located on the bodies of elephants. We assessed scars from a photographic catalogue of elephants from the KWC. In line with our hypotheses, male elephants were more likely to have scars than females (32% of males compared to 6% of females); older males had significantly more scars than younger males (61% compared to 24%); and the majority of scars (89%) were located on the body. Scar presence may be useful as an animal-centered indicator to estimate the prevalence and demographic patterns of HEC.

35419 Prevalence of scars: USA results of the first international study

Scars are visible marks due to skin injury, burn, inflammatory dermatosis or surgical procedures. Some scars are extensive, sometimes dystrophic and are considered embarrassing. Some induce regular itching or a feeling of tightness or pain. An international evaluation of the prevalence of scars has never been performed. This was an epidemiologic study on the prevalence, origin, location and side effects of scars, with 11,100 individuals selected in 5 countries (China, Brazil, Russia, France, and the United States).

35414 Prevalence of scars: Brazil results of the first international study

Scars are visible marks due to skin injury, burn, inflammatory dermatosis or surgical procedures. Some scars are extensive, sometimes dystrophic and are considered embarrassing. Some induce regular itching or a feeling of tightness or pain. An international evaluation of the prevalence of scars has never been performed. This was an epidemiologic study on the prevalence, origin, location and side effects of scars, with 11,100 individuals selected in 5 countries (China, Brazil, Russia, France, and the United States).

35386 Prevalence of scars: Results of the first international study

Scars are visible marks due to skin injury, burn, inflammatory dermatosis or surgical procedures. Some scars are extensive, sometimes dystrophic and are considered embarrassing. Some induce regular itching or a feeling of tightness or pain. An international evaluation of the prevalence of scars has never been performed. This was an epidemiologic study on the prevalence, origin, location and side effects of scars, with 11,100 individuals selected in 5 countries (China, Brazil, Russia, France, and the United States).

Clinical status of hospitalized keloid cases from 2013 to 2018

ObjectsKeloids are intractable scar diseases and sometimes undergo hospitalization. This study aims to represent current status of keloid management in a national sample of hospitalized scar cases. MethodsData of scar-diagnosed cases admitted in 1064 China’s tertiary hospitals between 2013 and 2018, were obtained from the Hospital Quality Monitoring System (HQMS) database. Variables analyzed include sex, age, nationality, occupation, hospital department, accompanied symptoms at admission, surgical treatment, length of stay (LOS), and hospitalization cost. The potential risk factors of keloid diagnosis among scar cases were preliminarily identified through the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel tests and univariate regression analyses. ResultsThis study identified 177,586 scar cases including 21,777 keloid cases and 155,809 non-keloid scar cases. The prevalence of scars in the HQMS database was gradually decreased from 0.123% in 2013 to 0.075% in 2018. We found a preponderances of males (54.32%), adults (61.52%), Han nationality (93.38%), and students (17.35%) in scar cases, among whom keloid cases accounted for growing proportions increasing from 9.2% in 2013 to 15.1% in 2018. Comparing non-keloid scar cases, keloid cases consisted of more women (59.1% VS 43.8%), office staffs (13.08% VS 6.75%) and retirees (5.16% VS 2.65%), and less Zhuang (0.79% VS 1.40%) and Hui nationalities (0.76% VS 1.00%), and showed lower incidence of accompanied symptoms (4.51% VS 47.96%) and higher rate of receiving operations (57.96% VS 50.28%, P < 0.001). Both the LOS and cost per hospitalization were lower in keloid cases. Furthermore, the adult and older women, Han and Uyghur nationalities, office staffs and retirees, and admitted in otolaryngology and dermatology departments, were potential predictors of keloid diagnosis among hospitalized scar cases. ConclusionWhen viewed at the national level, keloid occupies an important part in scar management in Chinese tertiary hospitals. Demographic and clinical differences between keloids and other scars facilitate understanding and promoting of individualized anti-scar therapeutic strategies.

26876 Prevalence of scars: Results of the first international study

Scars are visible marks on the skin due to skin injury, burn, or inflammatory dermatosis like acne or shingles. Surgical procedures induce systematically a scar that is a criterion of success or failure both for the patient and the surgeon. To our knowledge, no international evaluation of the prevalence of scars has been carried out. A total of 11,000 individuals’ representative of the population of their country were included from 5 countries: China (3050), Brazil (2000), the United States (2050), Russia (2000), and France (2000). Nearly one in two (48.5%) individuals reported having a scar on their body. Percentages were as follows: China (37%), Brazil (46%), the USA (53%), Russia (61%), and France (51%). The location most often reported by women is the stomach [n = 1148, 20.4%] and the face [n = 895, 15.9%]; among men the most frequent location is the face [n = 1025, 18.7%] followed by the stomach [n = 724, 13.2%]. The location of the scar on the hand(s) is different according to gender: 13.3% of men claim a scar on the hand, an only 8.4% of women claim a scar on their hands [P < .00001]. In more than half of the cases, the origin of the most recent scar is an accident or an illness that has left a scar [women = 50.8% vs men 60.5%, P < .0001]. 35% of women (and 28% of men) say that a general or orthopedic surgery operation is the cause of the scar [P < .0001]. Cosmetic or reconstructive surgery is claimed by only 4.6% of women [4.7% of men]. The presence of a scar is much more frequent than we thought.

A bio-economic simulation study on the association between key performance indicators and pluck lesions in Irish farrow-to-finish pig farms

BackgroundPluck lesions are associated with decreased performance in grower-finisher pigs, but their economic impact needs to be further investigated. This study aimed to identify the main pluck lesions and the cut-off value for their prevalence, associated with changes in average daily gain (ADG) during the wean-to-finish period, to simulate their effects on economic performance of farrow-to-finish farms. Pigs (n = 162 ± 51.9 per farm) from 56 farrow-to-finish farms were inspected at slaughter and the prevalence of enzootic pneumonia-like lesions, pleurisy, lung scars, abscesses, pericarditis, and liver milk spots was estimated. For each farm, annual performance indicators were obtained. Regression trees analysis (RTA) was used to identify pluck lesions and to estimate cut-off values for their prevalence associated with changes in ADG. Different scenarios were simulated as per RTA results and economic and risk analyses were performed using the Teagasc Pig Production Model. Risk analysis was performed by Monte Carlo sampling using the Microsoft Excel add-in @Risk with 10,000 iterations.ResultsPleurisy and lung scars were the main lesions associated with changes in ADG. Three scenarios were simulated based on RTA results: a 728 sow farrow-to-finish farm with prevalence of i) pleurisy < 25% and lung scars < 8% (LPLSC; ADG = 760 g); ii) pleurisy < 25% and lung scar ≥8% (LPHSC; ADG = 725 g) and iii) pleurisy ≥25% (HP; ADG = 671 g). The economic analysis showed increased feed and dead animals for disposal costs, and lower sales in the HP and LPHSC scenarios than in the LPLSC scenario; thereby reducing gross margin and net profit. Results from the risk analysis showed lower probability of reaching any given level of profit in the HP scenario compared with the LPHSC and LPLSC scenarios.ConclusionUnder the conditions of this study, higher prevalence of pleurisy and lung scars were associated with decreased ADG during the grower-finisher period and with lower economic return in the simulated farms. These results highlight the economic benefits and importance of preventing and/or controlling respiratory disease.

Relations between genetic background and intracardiac scars characteristics in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

Relations between scars characteristics and genetic background in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) has not been investigated so far. To investigate if genetic background change the scars characteristics in ARVC. 66 patients with ARVC (24 with culprit mutation) having undergone endocardial mapping have been retrospectively included. Every patient had a diagnosis of ARVC according to the task force criteria. Localisations, surfaces and perimeters of low votage areas (< 1.5 mV in bipolar and < 5.5 mV in unipolar) have been correlated to the existence of a culprit mutation, as well as volumes and ejection fraction of both ventricles by echocardiography, MRI or radionuclide. Mutated patients more often had altered right ventricular ejection fraction (< 0.05) and left ventricular late gadolinium enhancement ( P = 0.01). Right ventricle was more dilated ( P = 0.03), with larger scars in bi and unipolar voltage maps ( P < 0.05). Localisation of scars was linked to the genetic background, with more infero-lateral ( P = 0.01) or multiple scars ( P = 0.01) in mutated patients, while prevalence of outflow tract or apical scars did not differ. In our ARVC population, culprit mutations increase size and number of intracardiac scars and degree of biventricular involvment, and localize scars in infero-lateral areas compared to patients without mutation.

COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION OF PATIENTS WITH PATHOLOGICAL FACIAL SCARS

Introduction. The urgency of the issue on diagnosis of pathological head and neck scars has resulted from a growing prevalence of pathological scars. Quite often, patients with pathological scars require psychological rehabilitation. The purpose of our study is to improve the effectiveness of the treatment of scars by identifying a specific type of scar and taking into account the psychological state of the patient. Materials and methods. Under our supervision, there were 60 people with head and neck scars aged 20-50 years (mean age 31.2 ± 11.1 years). In addition, the study involved 20 healthy individuals (mean age 30.9 ± 10.7 years). Clinical examination of patients was supplemented by digital imaging of graphic images in the RGB system in Adobe Photoshop. An integral part of the clinical examination of patients with head and neck scars was a detailed study of their individual personality characteristics. The study included the techniques to assess patients’ general health condition, general activity and emotional state; a questionnaire for evaluating mental stress and the "Integrative Anxiety Test" was also used.&#x0D; Results. By applying the RGB colour system, statistically significant differences in colour indices were revealed. It was established that all the indicators of intensity of spectral radiation tended to decrease: the red colour indicator tended to decrease on average by 4 units, the same was relevant for the green spectrum indicator. The average values of the reduction of the blue colour intensity were 10 units.&#x0D; Mental and emotional states of the patients with pathological scars are characterized by specific features that distinguish them from the emotional state of healthy individuals. Significant differences in the emotional states between the emotional states of the patients and healthy individuals included both quantitative (higher rates of most of the investigated parameters) and qualitative parameters (different proportion of components in the structure of the emotional state). The obtained data testify that the patients with pathological scars tend to respond to the traumatic situation (including the situation of the disease) by intense feeling of physiological and psychological discomfort, depressed mood, mental stress, anxiety, hypochondria, exaggeration of negative experience.&#x0D; Conclusions. The application of the RGB system in the diagnosis of pathological scarring in the face allows us to reliably determine the type of scar, and depending on the scar type to choose the optimal method of the therapy. Inclusion in the comprehensive examination of psychodiagnostic methods is sufficiently feasible and can contribute to the development of an integrated approach in the treatment of pathological scars.

ХИРУРГИЧЕСКОЕ ЛЕЧЕНИЕ ПОСЛЕОЖОГОВЫХ РУБЦОВЫХ ДЕФОРМАЦИЙ ЖЕНСКОЙ ГРУДИ

Objective: Improving the results of surgical treatment of post-burn cicatricial deformities of the woman’s breast . Methods: The results of surgical treatment of 17 women with post-burn scar deformities of the mammary gland are analyzed. The average age of the patients was 21.6±3.2 years. Burns were obtained: with a flame in 9 (52.94%) cases, a hot stove in 2 (11.76%) observations, an electric stove in 3 cases (17.65%), hot fluid food in 2 cases (11.76%) and boiling water in 1 case (5.88%). The duration of the burn was from 3 to 36 years and was on average 14.0±2.0 years. Unilateral breast deformity was observed in 12 (70.6%) women (in 6 cases on the left and in 6 cases on the right). Five (29.4%) women had the post-burn cicatricial deformity of both breasts. In 6 (35.3%) cases, the nipple-areola complex (NAC) of the mammary gland was absent. As a result of a tightening scar on 11 mammary glands noted dystopia of NAC, caudally (n=4), laterally (n=4), caudally-laterally (n=2), cranially (n=1). The total area of scars ranged from 180 cm2 to 2400 cm2, averaging 694.4±39.6 cm2. Results: In the case of low-tightening scars of the mammary glands, local-plastic. Results: In the case of low-tightening scars of the mammary glands, local-plastic surgery, modified multi-patch Z-plastics methods were used, which, if necessary, were supplemented by auto-motive transplants. In patients with extensive tightening scars, the way of the resistant band was used (n=1) or fasciocutaneous flaps (n=2). Due to the dissatisfaction with the results of surgical treatment of post-burn cicatricial deformities of the woman’s breast, we developed and successfully introduced into clinical practice a method of subcutaneous rotation of NAC, which was used in the treatment of 5 patients. Complications in the early postoperative period were observed in 2 (11.7%) patients in the form of seroma around the displaced mammary gland (n=1) and marginal necrosis of scar-modified skin in the outer quadrant of the operated breast (n=1). These complications have prolonged the healing period of postoperative wounds without the need for additional surgical interventions. Long-term results in terms from 6 months to 15 years after surgery were tracked in 14 (82.3%) patients. In all cases, there was no need for additional corrective operations. When comparing the applied methods of surgical interventions, the best results were observed when using the NAC subcutaneous rotation method. Conclusion: Choosing of the method of surgical treatment of post-burn cicatricial deformities of the woman breast depends on the clinical options and the prevalence of tightening scars. The method of subcutaneous rotation of the mammary gland with a transposition of the NAC significantly expanded the possibilities of surgical treatment of these patients promotes symmetry of the mammary glands and their natural position. Keywords: Post-burn contracture of the mammary gland, deformation of the woman’s breast, nippleareola complex.

Knowledge about the Prevalence of Acne Scars, Skin Hyperpigmentation, Chloasma and Freckles in Hail's Community, Saudi Arabia

Background: despite the modern society, medical support and education about skin problems, skin problems have been common in individuals living in Hail city. Objectives: to assess the knowledge about the prevalence of common skin problems like acne scars, pigmentation, chloasma and freckles in Hail’s community, Saudi Arabia. Methods: a cross-sectional study on the common skin problems was randomly distributed among men and women in Hail city of Saudi Arabia from February to October 2017 involving 6032 participants. Results: in (35.3%) have acne scars, (30.8%) don’t have any skin problems, (26.7%) have pigmentation, (11.2%) have chloasma and (5.5%) have freckles. Conclusion: my result showed that huge number of participants are suffering from a specific skin problem.

Evaluation of the prevalence, risk factors, clinical characteristics, and burden of acne scars among active acne patients in Brazil, France, and the USA

Evaluation of the prevalence, risk factors, clinical characteristics, and burden of acne scars among active acne patients in Brazil, France, and the USA

Prevalence of scars of anthropogenic origin in coastal bottlenose dolphin in Ecuador

The prevalence of scars and wounds of anthropogenic origin was assessed in seven different coastal bottlenose dolphin communities (Tursiops truncatus) on the south-western coast of Ecuador. Between 2011 and 2017 a total of 117 trips were conducted representing a total sampled distance of 6281 km. Twenty-five of the 189 (13.2%) free-ranging photo-identified dolphins were recorded with dorsal fin damage, V-shaped wounds, sawed edges and deformities in the caudal region. The scarring prevalence ranged from 0 to 44.4% and was associated with either fishing interactions or vessel strikes. Dolphin scarring increased five times in the last 25 years from 2.2 to 11.1% and was correlated with a decrease in population in the inner estuary of the Gulf of Guayaquil. Damaged dorsal fins are associated mainly with fishing gear. V-shaped wounds were recorded in three different communities, Posorja, Estero Salado and Salinas, and given their severity associated with either fishing gear or vessel strikes. During the study period three dolphins were found entangled in fishing gears, two in gillnets and one in a long-line, emphasizing the threats posed by current fishing practice to the species. More effective management measures are urgently needed to reverse the observed population decline. This may include reduction of fishing effort, implementation of area-based approaches to coastal planning (including Marine Protected Area designations) and support for further research to understand the problem. Given the difficulty in taking direct observations, scarring prevalence is proposed as a proxy for estimating boat traffic and fishing gear impacts upon cetaceans.

The prevalence of skin scars in patients previously given intramuscular diclofenac injections attending the Pain Clinic at Universitas Academic Hospital, Bloemfontein, South Africa.

Intramuscular (IM) diclofenac rarely causes scarring (reported incidence &lt;0.05%). Some patients attending the Pain Clinic at Universitas Academic Hospital, Bloemfontein, South Africa, presented with scars that had developed after IM diclofenac injections. We investigated the prevalence of scars in patients at the clinic and how the injections had been obtained. Patients attending the clinic over a period of 9 months who said they had received diclofenac (N=131) were included. Information was collected using a questionnaire and physical examination. Data obtained from 118 patients who were certain that they had received diclofenac were analysed. Ninety-three patients (78.8%) indicated they had not been warned about the possibility that a diclofenac injection could result in scarring. Scarring had occurred in 10 patients (8.5%). Two-thirds of the patients who had obtained diclofenac from a pharmacy had never had a prescription for it. Four patients had required medical treatment for an ulcer or abscess, of whom two had undergone surgery. The risk of skin lesions associated with IM diclofenac is higher than reported previously. Contrary to regulations, diclofenac injections were often dispensed to patients without a prescription.

The number of unrecognized myocardial infarction scars detected at DE-MRI increases during a 5-year follow-up.

In an elderly population, the prevalence of unrecognized myocardial infarction (UMI) scars found via late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging was more frequent than expected. This study investigated whether UMI scars detected with LGE-CMR at age 70 would be detectable at age 75 and whether the scar size changed over time. From 248 participants that underwent LGE-CMR at age 70, 185 subjects underwent a follow-up scan at age 75. A myocardial infarction (MI) scar was defined as late enhancement involving the subendocardium. In the 185 subjects that underwent follow-up, 42 subjects had a UMI scar at age 70 and 61 subjects had a UMI scar at age 75. Thirty-seven (88 %) of the 42 UMI scars seen at age 70 were seen in the same myocardial segment at age 75. The size of UMI scars did not differ between age 70 and 75. The prevalence of UMI scars detected at LGE-CMR increases with age. During a 5-year follow-up, 88 % (37/42) of the UMI scars were visible in the same myocardial segment, reassuring that UMI scars are a consistent finding. The size of UMI scars detected during LGE-CMR did not change over time. • UMI scars detected by LGE-CMR are frequent in elderly. • The prevalence of UMI scars detected with LGE-CMR increases with age. • UMI scar size does not change over time.

Acne scars in 18-year-old male adolescents: a population-based study of prevalence and associated factors.

BackgroundAcne vulgaris is a pilosebaceous follicle disorder affecting over 85% of adolescents to some degree. It frequently causes psychological distress that may persist into adulthood due to scarring. Little information about post-acne scarring epidemiology is available.ObjectivesTo describe prevalence, distribution patterns and associated factors of acne scarring in young males, drawing on a representative population sample from a southern Brazilian city.MethodsA cross-sectional study was undertaken during presentation for military service, which is compulsory for all 18-year-old males. A questionnaire was applied, covering topics like diet, smoking habits, ethnicity, family structure, socio-economic level, as well as specific questions about active acne and resulting scars. Dermatologists conducted the clinical examination.ResultsA total of 2,201 male adolescents were interviewed and examined. The overall prevalence of acne scarring was 22%. The malar region was the most frequently involved, present in 80% of affected individuals, followed by the frontal region (31.5%), back (17%), anterior chest (8.2%) and mentonian region (6.4%). Correlation between the intensity of clinical acne and the presence of scars was found, but no association was observed with educational level, smoking, ethnicity, obesity or socio-economic status.ConclusionsThere is a high prevalence of acne scars among this population. This is the first study to ascertain a correlation between acne scarring and factors such as socio-economic status and educational level. The direct relation between acne severity and scarring indicates that prompt and effective treatment is the best way to reduce scarring.

Prevalence of chorioretinal scars in angiographics exams

A toxoplasmose e uma zoonose que tem como agente etiologico o Toxoplasma gondii, que se caracteriza por ser uma doenca infecciosa de distribuicao mundial. Considera-se que no mundo existam mais de 2 bilhoes de pessoas infectadas pela toxoplasmose. E bem conhecido que a toxoplasmose e uma causa frequente de cicatriz coriorretiniana. Nesse grupo de doencas, o exame angiografico (ou angiofluoresceinografia de retina) e de fundamental importância para o diagnostico. Objetivo: Realizar um levantamento da prevalencia de cicatrizes coriorretinianas em angiografias em servico privado na regiao de Cascavel (PR), Brasil. Metodos: Realizacao um estudo retrospectivo, transversal, com levantamento de documentos fonte, onde foram analisados 8719 laudos de angiografias de retina realizadas no Instituto da Visao na cidade de Cascavel (PR), Brasil, entre os anos de 2000 a 2011, sendo selecionados como primeiro diagnostico de cada paciente, completando um total de 4928 exames validos. As alteracoes encontradas foram classificadas de acordo com o tipo de cicatriz visualizada, e divididas conforme frequencia percentual. Resultados: Observou-se uma prevalencia de cicatrizes de 6,38%, sendo que o percentual de cicatriz coriorretiniana encontrado foi de 6,14%. Conclusao: A baixa prevalencia de cicatrizes coriorretinianas encontrada na regiao de Cascavel (PR), Brasil, quando comparada a de Erechim (RS), Brasil, se deve a diversos fatores, tanto climaticos, socioculturais e institucionais. Alem das cicatrizes coriorretinianas, que representaram o maior numero entre as cicatrizes, foram encontrados outros subtipos cicatriciais com prevalencias menores.

Prevalence and Correlates of Myocardial Scar in a US Cohort.

Myocardial scarring leads to cardiac dysfunction and poor prognosis. The prevalence of and factors associated with unrecognized myocardial infarction and scar have not been previously defined using contemporary methods in a multiethnic US population. To determine prevalence of and factors associated with myocardial scar in middle- and older-aged individuals in the United States. The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) study is a population-based cohort in the United States. Participants were aged 45 through 84 years and free of clinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) at baseline in 2000-2002. In the 10th year examination (2010-2012), 1840 participants underwent cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging with gadolinium to detect myocardial scar. Cardiovascular disease risk factors and coronary artery calcium (CAC) scores were measured at baseline and year 10. Logistic regression models were used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for myocardial scar. Cardiovascular risk factors, CAC scores, left ventricle size and function, and carotid intima-media thickness. Myocardial scar detected by CMR imaging. Of 1840 participants (mean [SD] age, 68 [9] years, 52% men), 146 (7.9%) had myocardial scars, of which 114 (78%) were undetected by electrocardiogram or by clinical adjudication. In adjusted models, age, male sex, body mass index, hypertension, and current smoking at baseline were associated with myocardial scar at year 10. The OR per 8.9-year increment was 1.61 (95% CI, 1.36-1.91; P < .001); for men vs women: OR, 5.76 (95% CI, 3.61-9.17; P < .001); per 4.8-SD body mass index: OR, 1.32 (95% CI, 1.09-1.61, P = .005); for hypertension: OR, 1.61 (95% CI, 1.12-2.30; P = .009); and for current vs never smokers: 2.00 (95% CI, 1.22-3.28; P = .006). Age-, sex-, and ethnicity-adjusted CAC scores at baseline were also associated with myocardial scar at year 10. Compared with a CAC score of 0, the OR for scores from 1 through 99 was 2.4 (95% CI, 1.5-3.9); from 100 through 399, 3.0 (95% CI, 1.7-5.1), and 400 or higher, 3.3 (95% CI, 1.7-6.1) (P ≤ .001). The CAC score significantly added to the association of myocardial scar with age, sex, race/ethnicity, and traditional CVD risk factors (C statistic, 0.81 with CAC vs 0.79 without CAC, P = .01). The prevalence of myocardial scars in a US community-based multiethnic cohort was 7.9%, of which 78% were unrecognized by electrocardiography or clinical evaluation. Further studies are needed to understand the clinical consequences of these undetected scars.