Prevalence Of Respiratory Symptoms Research Articles

The prevalence of respiratory symptoms and diseases and declined lung function among foundry workers.

Foundry workers are occupationally exposed to a variety of inhalable chemical substances. Occupational exposure to vapors, gases, dusts, and fumes can lead to adverse health effects on the respiratory system and cause chronic respiratory diseases, such as interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD), chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Research on respiratory symptoms, diseases, and lung function in foundry workers over the past few decades has been limited. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and diseases and declined lung function of current foundry workers, ex-foundry workers, and unexposed controls. We assessed respiratory symptoms, diseases, and lung function among 335 current foundry workers, 64 ex-foundry workers, and 161 unexposed controls. The cumulative dust exposure (mg-y) of each participant was calculated, and the median cumulative dust exposure according to the main places of exposure was determined. A higher prevalence of chronic bronchitis, as reported in a questionnaire, was found among current and ex-foundry workers compared to unexposed controls, even after adjusting for pack-years of smoking (p = 0.009). Additionally, cough and wheezing in adulthood without respiratory infection, and chronic rhinitis symptoms were more common among current and ex-foundry workers compared to unexposed controls. These differences remained significant even after adjusting for pack-years of smoking and body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.007 and p < 0.001, respectively). Impaired lung function was more prevalent among both ex-foundry workers (29.7%) and current foundry workers (15.5%) compared to the unexposed controls (8.7%), with the difference remaining significant even after adjusting for the pack-years of smoking and BMI (p = 0.009). According to the questionnaire, the number of physician-diagnosed cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or chronic bronchitis was unexpectedly low compared to the indications from the symptom questionnaire and lung function test results, suggesting a potential underdiagnosis. The prevalence of silicosis was low (0.8%) among current and ex-foundry workers. Respiratory symptoms are common among foundry workers. Current and ex-foundry workers exhibited lower lung function in spirometry compared to unexposed controls. There is a potential underdiagnosis of COPD and chronic bronchitis among foundry workers.

Mobile Phone Syndromic Surveillance for Respiratory Conditions in an Emergency (COVID-19) Context in Colombia: Representative Survey Design.

Syndromic surveillance for respiratory infections such as COVID-19 is a crucial part of the public health surveillance toolkit as it allows decision makers to detect and prepare for new waves of the disease in advance. However, it is labor-intensive, costly, and increases exposure to survey personnel. This study assesses the feasibility of conducting a mobile phone-based respiratory syndromic surveillance program in a middle-income country during a public health emergency, providing data to support the inclusion of this method in the standard infection control protocols at the population level. This study aims to assess the feasibility of a national active syndromic surveillance system for COVID-19 disease in Colombia. In total, 2 pilots of syndromic mobile phone surveys (MPSs) were deployed using interactive voice response technology in Colombia (367 complete surveys in March 2022 and 451 complete surveys in April and May 2022). Respondents aged 18 years and older were sampled using random digit dialing, and after obtaining consent, they were sent a 10-minute survey with modules on sociodemographic status, respiratory symptoms, past exposure to COVID-19 infection and vaccination status, preferences about COVID-19 vaccination, and information source for COVID-19. Pilot 1 used a nationally representative sample while pilot 2 used quota sampling to yield representative results at the regional level. In this work, we assessed the performance characteristics of the survey pilots and compared the demographic information collected with a nationally representative household survey. For both pilots, contact rates were between 1% and 2%, while participation rates were above 80%. The results revealed that younger, female, and higher educated participants were more likely to participate in the syndromic survey. Survey rates as well as demographics, COVID-19 vaccination status, and prevalence of respiratory symptoms are reported for both pilots. We found that respondents of the MPSs are more likely to be younger and female. In a COVID-19 pandemic setting, using an interactive voice response MPS to conduct syndromic surveillance may be a transformational, low-risk, and feasible method to detect outbreaks. This evaluation expects to provide a path forward to the inclusion of MPSs as a traditional surveillance method.

Impact of occupational lead exposure on the comprehensive health status of gas cutter workers

BackgroundOccupational exposure to hazardous substances, particularly in involving metal cutting and welding industries, poses critical public health concern. This study assesses the health status of gas cutter workers, focusing on Pb exposure. MethodIn this cross-sectional study, 40 participants with BLL ≥20 μg/dL were recruited from workers engaged in oxy-acetylene metal cutting. These workers were compared to an age-, sex-, and sociodemographic-matched control group (n = 42) from the same workplace. Health assessments including routine clinical and laboratory investigations along with BLL, and markers of calcium homeostasis were carried out. ResultsGas cutters exhibited significantly higher mean systolic BP and elevated SGOT levels, with similar prevalence of respiratory symptoms and musculoskeletal disorders in both groups. No significant differences were found in most hematological, liver, and renal parameters. However, gas cutters had significantly higher PTH levels and lower serum vitamin D levels. Pulmonary function tests indicated significantly reduced FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC ratio, FEF25-75 %, and PEFR in gas cutters, as well as markedly higher CRP levels. ConclusionGas cutters experience significant health impacts compared to controls, including elevated systolic BP, impaired pulmonary function, and disturbance in calcium homeostasis due to occupational Pb exposure. Higher CRP levels suggest notable inflammatory responses. These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted interventions and regular monitoring to mitigate health risks associated with Pb exposure among gas cutter workers.

Long-term respiratory consequences of prematurity.

Approximately 10% of all children worldwide are born preterm and respiratory consequences are amongst the most common sequelae of preterm birth. Except for a higher prevalence of respiratory symptoms and hospital admissions, preterm birth is associated with lower lung function that may track into adulthood. Lung function impairment is not restricted to extreme or very preterm-born subjects as also children born moderate-late preterm have lower Z-scores for lung function. Given the heterogeneity of prematurity-associated lung disease, phenotype-based, multidisciplinary management is needed to improve respiratory health in preterm-born subjects.

A detailed methodology for estimating health-related hazards of workplace exposure to indoor formaldehyde vapours

A comprehensive risk assessment method was applied to examine the risks associated with airborne formaldehyde occupational exposure among hospital laboratory staff. The method assessed exposure levels and health impacts by integrating area and personal air sampling, biological monitoring, and self-reported health data. Samples were collected from 74 workplaces across various departments using NIOSH method 3500 and were analyzed via UV-vis spectrophotometry. The data showed significant differences in exposure levels between departments (p≤0.05) and confirmed the efficacy of the method in identifying risk differences. Despite average personal exposure levels being measured lower than occupational limits, individual assessments indicated that some participants surpassed these limits, emphasizing the necessity of personal monitoring for workers with higher risks. The high prevalence of respiratory symptoms, such as cough and wheezing among staff, indicated the need for further investigation and targeted interventions. Although estimated cancer and non-cancer risks were within safe thresholds, the study emphasized the importance of continuous exposure monitoring and the implementation of effective control measures in hospital laboratory departments with formaldehyde emission. This integrated method improved the reliability and generalizability of formaldehyde exposure risk assessments and aided in the development of safe occupational health practices.•The method integrated personal and area sampling with advanced calibration for precise occupational exposure evaluation in laboratories.•The method used of biomarkers to assess formaldehyde absorption in the body estimating both cancerous and non-cancerous health risks associated with occupational exposure.•Addressed traditional method limitations and integrated risk components to improve data reliability for workplace safety and health risk management.

A cross-sectional study on domestic use of biomass fuel and the prevalence of respiratory illnesses in a rural community in Thaba-Tseka district of Lesotho

The domestic utilization of biomass fuel for purposes such as cooking, space heating, and water heating has been linked to a number of respiratory ailments, particularly when burned inefficiently. However, there is an existing knowledge gap on the impact of this practice on the health of Basotho. This study aims to explore the impact of biomass fuels use on the prevalence of respiratory illnesses among residents of two rural communities in Thaba-Tseka. A quantitative, cross-sectional design was adopted, using a structured questionnaire, to assess the correlation between biomass fuel use and the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and diseases. Data were collected from 326 randomly selected individuals aged 18 and above. The major source of fuel energy used was firewood (39.6 %), followed by paraffin (29.1 %) and animal dung (15.6 %). The most prevalent respiratory symptom reported was cough, among 27.6 % of participants (n = 326), followed by sneezing (n = 326, 23.0 %), and fever (n = 326, 17.5 %). The lowest prevalent respiratory disease was pneumonia (0.9 %) while lung cancer was not reported. The reporting of respiratory symptoms and diseases was most prevalent in January. A greater prevalence of cough was reported by participants with a higher level of education (r (5) = 1.746, p = 0.008). More male participants reported to have tuberculosis (7.8 %) compared to females (3 %) (r (1) = 3.809, p = 0.051). Asthma was noted to be more prevalent among high income earners (r (3) = 8.169, p = 0.043) and those reported to have an employment (r (1) = 4.277, p = 0.039). Surprisingly, there was no association between respiratory diseases and symptoms, and the type of domestic fuel used. In the rural communities of Thaba-Tseka, about 4 in 10 Basotho rural communities, relied on firewood for cooking, space heating and water heating. Respiratory symptoms and diseases were observed mostly in the month of January. Several factors, including education level, marital status, gender, and income level, were significantly associated with specific respiratory symptoms and diseases. Targeted public health interventions are urgently needed to mitigate respiratory symptoms and diseases in the rural communities of Lesotho. More focus should be directed to health behavioral change and provision of improved stoves for exposure reduction of biomass emissions.

Seasonal variations of size-classified aerosol-bound elements in school environments and risk factors for the prevalence of atopic diseases among pupils

Five-stage Sioutas impactors were used to collect particulate matter (PM) in 4 classrooms and the playground of a school with various educational levels near the largest industrial chemical complex in Portugal. Monitoring was carried out over a total period of 8 weeks split equally between winter and spring. Samples were analysed for its elemental composition by PIXE. The prevalence of respiratory symptoms in schoolchildren was assessed by applying the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) standardised questionnaire. The mass concentration of quasi-ultrafine particles (PM0.25) was higher in winter, but lower than those reported in other studies. Elements accounted for 15.3–17.3 % and 25.6–34.1 % of the total PM10 mass in winter and spring, respectively. Elements such as K, S, Zn, Cu and Br presented a dominant mode in PM0.25, while Al, Mg, Ca, Fe and Si peaked at 2.5 μm. Throughout the campaign, Cl was the main component of the mass of PM greater than 0.5 μm in the schoolyard, while in classrooms Ca constituted the most abundant element of PM2.5-10. The results indicate that soil dust, cleaning products, biomass burning, traffic, the chemical complex and railway affected PM levels at the school. Taking paracetamol and living near roads with intense traffic of heavy vehicles were found to be statistically significant predictors of asthma symptoms, while the frequent consumption of antibiotics and children exposure to parental smoking during the first year of their life were found to increase the odds of developing symptoms of rhinitis.

Chronic Airflow Limitation, Emphysema and Impaired Diffusing Capacity in Relation to Smoking Habits in a Swedish Middle-Aged Population.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) includes respiratory symptoms and chronic airflow limitation (CAL). In some cases, emphysema and impaired diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) are present, but characteristics and symptoms vary with smoking exposure. To study the prevalence of CAL, emphysema and impaired DLCO in relation to smoking and respiratory symptoms in a middle-aged population. We investigated 28,746 randomly invited individuals (52% women) aged 50-64 years across six Swedish sites. We performed spirometry, DLCO, high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and asked for smoking habits and respiratory symptoms. CAL was defined as post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second divided by forced expiratory volume (FEV1/FVC)<0.7. The overall prevalence was for CAL 8.8%, for impaired DLCO (DLCO<LLN) 5.7% and for emphysema 8.8%, with a higher prevalence in current smokers than in ex-smokers and never-smokers. The proportion of never-smokers among those with CAL, emphysema and impaired DLCO was 32%, 19% and 31% respectively. Regardless of smoking habits, the prevalence of respiratory symptoms was higher among people with CAL and impaired DLCO, compared to those with normal lung function. Asthma prevalence in never-smokers with CAL was 14%. In this group, asthma associated with lower FEV1 and more respiratory symptoms. In this large population-based study of middle-aged people, CAL and impaired DLCO were associated with common respiratory symptoms. Self-reported asthma was not associated with CAL in never-smokers. Our findings suggest that CAL in never-smokers signifies a separate clinical phenotype that may be monitored and, possibly, treated differently from smoking-related COPD. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

An Evaluation of the Prevalence of Respiratory and General Symptoms among Occupants of Households Affected by Flooding in Guyana: The Case of Cove &amp; John

This study attempted to determine the prevalence of respiratory symptoms amongst occupants of homes affected by flooding in Guyana focusing on the area of Cove &amp; John, East Coast Demerara. A total of 130 households representing 460 participants completed the questionnaire. This corresponds to a participation rate of 70% of households (n=130/185) and 82% of persons (n=460/562). The prevalence of upper respiratory symptoms stuffy nose, runny nose, sore or dry throat and sneezing was 5% amongst respondents. A positive association was found between the presence of less than 50% and more than 50% of mould inside the home and upper respiratory symptoms. There was an increased risk of stuffy nose odds ratio (OR): 3.86(1.34 – 11.17), itchy nose OR: 4.28(1.31 – 14.04), and sore throat OR: 6.15(2.35 – 16.15) for persons dwelling in homes with more than 50% coverage of mould compared to homes with less than 50%. A similar association was found between mould and lower respiratory symptoms; wheeze OR: 5.87(2.56 – 13.47), chest tightness OR: 4.72(1.59 – 13.97), shortness of breath OR: 4.55(2.02 – 10.23), and cough OR: 2.92(1.39 – 6.14). This study demonstrates statistically significant associations between home dampness and general symptoms and the presence of mould and upper and lower respiratory symptoms.

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Chronic Respiratory Symptoms among Street Sweepers in Bangkok, Thailand: A Cross-sectional Study.

Chronic respiratory diseases are becoming a more prominent cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Street sweepers are commonly found in low- and middle-income countries. This job involves outdoor work that exposes workers to various health hazards and air pollution, particularly affecting respiratory health. There is still limited research focusing specifically on street sweepers. The study aims to examine the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms and the associated factors in street sweepers in Bangkok, Thailand. We undertook a cross-sectional survey between February and April 2023. A multi-stage sampling technique was employed, stratifying the sample according to district locations within Bangkok, Thailand. Data were collected through a questionnaire assessing demographic characteristics, occupational and environmental factors, and respiratory symptoms using a modified version of the Medical Research Council questionnaire. Data analysis included bivariate analysis and multiple logistic regression. The response rate was 98.0% (n = 341). The prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms among street sweepers in Bangkok, Thailand, with at least one respiratory symptom was reported by 33.7% of the participants, specifically cough (22%), phlegm (20.2%), dyspnea (17.6%), and wheeze (7.0%). The average age of the sample group was 43.2 years, with a majority being female (85.9%). Among the participants, 88.3% were non-smokers, while 37.2% reported exposure to secondhand smoke. All participants reported the use of respiratory protective equipment, with face masks used at 78.9%. 7.3% of the participants lived near sources of pollution, and 12.0% were involved in household pollution activities. An average annual air quality index in the workplace area was categorized as 'good' at 57.8%. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed significant associations of chronic respiratory symptoms with the following factors: exposure to secondhand smoke [odds ratio (OR) =2.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3-4.2] and household activities (OR = 3.0, 95% CI 1.3-6.6). Exposure to secondhand smoke and indoor air pollutants in household environments are significant factors associated with the symptoms. Raising awareness about secondhand smoke hazards in household and environmental settings and promoting self-care practices related to various activities with potential exposure to indoor air pollution is crucial.

A Retrospective Analysis of Postmortem Salmonella Dublin Cases in Dairy Cattle in British Columbia

Salmonella Dublin is a bovine-adapted bacterial pathogen that primarily affects dairy cattle. The incidence of S. Dublin has been increasing across North America, including strains that are multidrug resistant. In British Columbia, the Ministry of Agriculture’s Animal Health Center (AHC) reported an increase in cases since 2015, warranting an investigation into how S. Dublin is spreading within the province. The objectives of this study were to make use of historical data collected from dairy farms across the province to (1) describe S. Dublin cases diagnosed at the AHC between 2007 and 2021, (2) identify risk factors for S. Dublin transmission across British Columbia dairy farms, and (3) identify any potential biases associated with passive laboratory-based data that may apply to our results. We found that S. Dublin cases diagnosed at the AHC have been increasing over time. Over half of the cases had respiratory symptoms; however, clinical signs tended to be highly variable. The prevalence of respiratory symptoms was mirrored by florfenicol treatment and was suggested to be due to using a first-line antibiotic for more common causes of pneumonia when presented with an S. Dublin case. Calves were 38 times more likely to have S. Dublin when compared to adults (odds ratio = 38.43, confidence interval = 7.26–203.64), and given the sample population (postmortem cases), it is reasonable to conclude clinical disease is most severe in this age group. Farm premise accounted for a large amount of variability within our model (92% of unexplained variance), suggesting that farm-level management practices may be the most important risk factor for S. Dublin infection. In total, only 54% of BC dairy farms submitted to the laboratory between 2007 and 2021; however, proximity to the laboratory did not appear to influence submissions as proportionally; farms within the Fraser Valley submitted as frequently as farms from other regions. We strongly suggest that future work explore factors associated with farm management practices, given our findings regarding the clustering by premises.

Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Receipt of a Breathing Test in 26 States and the District of Columbia, 2017–2018

Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Receipt of a Breathing Test in 26 States and the District of Columbia, 2017–2018

Association of antenatal or neonatal SARS-COV-2 exposure with developmental and respiratory outcomes, and healthcare usage in early childhood: a national prospective cohort study

Perinatal exposure to SARS-CoV-2 may affect neurodevelopment before 12 months of age, but longer-term outcomes remain unknown. We examined whether antenatal or neonatal SARS-CoV-2 exposure compared with non-exposure is associated with neurodevelopment, respiratory symptoms, and health care usage in early childhood. This prospective national population-based cohort study was conducted in England and Wales, United Kingdom. We enrolled term-born children (≥37 weeks' gestation) with and without antenatal or neonatal exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection by approaching parents of eligible children who were cared for in 87 NHS hospitals. Potential participants were identified through the national active surveillance studies of pregnant women and newborn infants hospitalised with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection conducted through the UK Obstetric Surveillance System and the British Paediatric Surveillance Unit. We defined antenatal and neonatal SARS-CoV-2 exposure as infants born to mothers hospitalised with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection between 14+0 and 36+6 weeks gestation and infants admitted to hospital with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection within the first 28 days after birth. Children born preterm or with major congenital anomaly or who were not residing in the UK were excluded. We assessed children's development (Ages and Stages Questionnaire 3rd Edition (ASQ-3); Ages and Stages Questionnaire Social-Emotional 2nd Edition (ASQ:SE-2)), respiratory symptoms (Liverpool Respiratory Symptom Questionnaire (LRSQ)) and health care usage (parent-completed questionnaire) at 21-32 months of age. Primary outcome: total ASQ-3 score, converted to z-scores. Secondary outcomes: ASQ:SE-2 z-scores; risk of delay in ASQ-3 domains; total LRSQ scores, converted to z-scores. Analyses were adjusted for children's age, sex, maternal ethnicity, parental education, and index of multiple deprivation. Between October 20, 2021 and January 27, 2023, we approached 668 and 1877 families out of 712 and 1917 potentially eligible participants in the exposed and comparison cohort. Of the 125 and 306 participants who were enrolled to the exposed and comparison cohort 121 and 301 participants completed the questionnaires and 96 and 243 participants were included in the analysis. In the age adjusted analysis, the mean total ASQ-3 z-score was lower in the exposed than the comparison cohort (-0.3, 95% CI:-0.6 to-0.05), however, when adjusted for sex, parental education, ethnicity and IMD quintile, there was no significant difference (difference in mean z-score=-0.2 95% CI:-0.5 to 0.03). SARS-CoV-2 exposure was associated with increased risk of delayed personal-social skills (odds ratio=3.81; 95% CI: 1.07-13.66), higher ASQ:SE-2 total z-scores (difference in mean z-score=0.4; 95% CI: 0.2-0.6) and increased risk of delayed social-emotional development (OR=3.58, 95% CI: 1.30-9.83), after adjusting for sex, age at assessment, parental education, ethnicity and IMD quintile. The exposed cohort had a higher mean total LRSQ z-score than the comparison cohort (0.3 95% CI: 0-0.6) and higher inpatient (38% vs. 21%, p=0.0001), outpatient (38% vs. 30%, p=0.0090), and General Practitioner appointments (60% vs. 50%, p=0.021) than the comparison cohort, after adjusting for sex, age at assessment, parental education, ethnicity and IMD quintile. No differences in other secondary outcomes between the exposed and comparison cohorts were found. Although the exposed cohort did not differ from the comparison cohort on the primary outcome, total ASQ-3 score, the exposed cohort were at greater risk of delayed social-emotional development, had a greater prevalence of respiratory symptoms and increased health care usage relative to the comparison cohort. The study is limited by the smaller sample size due to the low response rate and lack of clinical developmental assessments. Given the association of poor social-emotional development with antenatal or neonatal SARS-CoV-2 exposure, developmental screening, and follow-up of children with confirmed antenatal or neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infection may be warranted to identify those in need of early intervention. Action Medical Research for Children.

Exposures and Health Effects of Diacetyl and 2,3-Pentanedione in a Coffee Processing Facility

Diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione are alpha-diketones that are generated during the coffee roasting process and have been shown to be related to respiratory symptoms, abnormal lung function, and in rare cases, an irreversible disease called obliterative bronchiolitis. This study measured personal exposures in a coffee roastery in New Zealand using thermal desorption tubes and explored the prevalence of respiratory symptoms with a health questionnaire. Exposures from task samples were highest for grinding (Geometric Mean (GM): 22.5 ppb diacetyl; GM: 19.3 ppb 2,3-pentanedione), followed by packaging (GM: 10.8 ppb diacetyl; GM: 9.3 ppb 2,3-pentanedione) and then roasting (GM: 4.7 ppb diacetyl; GM: 4.1 ppb diacetyl). 8-h time-weighted average (TWA) diacetyl exposures exceeded the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) of 5 ppb for Roaster/Packager (GM: 6.6 ppb) and Grinder (GM: 5.3 ppb). 8-h TWA concentrations were below the NIOSH REL of 9.3 ppb for 2,3-pentanedione (Roaster/Packager, GM: 5.7 ppb; Grinder, GM: 4.6 ppb). Workers reported nose, eye symptoms and systemic symptoms (flu-like illness or achy joints, fever or chills, or unusual tiredness or fatigue). The results indicated that exposure was highest for tasks involving ground coffee beans and that coffee processing workers can be exposed to alpha-diketones above the NIOSH RELs. Further research into alpha-diketone exposure and health effects, and control measures to minimise exposure are recommended.

Outcome-based Definition of the Lower Limit of Normal in Spirometry: A Study of 26,000 Young Adult Men.

Rationale: The definition of the lower limit of normal (LLN) of spirometric variables is not well established. Objectives: To investigate the relationship between spirometric abnormalities defined with different thresholds of the LLN and clinical outcomes and to explore the possibility of using different LLN thresholds according to the pretest probability of disease. Methods: We studied the associations between prebronchodilator spirometric abnormalities (forced expiratory volume in the first second [FEV1] < LLN, forced vital capacity [FVC] < LLN, airflow obstruction, spirometric restriction) defined with different thresholds of the LLN (10th, 5th, 2.5th, 1st percentile) and multiple outcomes (prevalence of spirometric abnormalities, respiratory symptoms, all-cause and respiratory mortality) in 26,091 30- to 46-year-old men who participated in a general population survey in Norway in 1988-1990 and were followed for 26 years. Analyses were performed with both local and Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI)-2012 reference equations, stratified by pretest risk (presence or absence of respiratory symptoms), and adjusted for age, body mass index, smoking, and education. Results: In the total population, the prevalence of airflow obstruction was 11.6% with GLI-LLN10, 11.0% with Local-LLN5, 6.1% with GLI-LLN5, 7.6% with Local-LLN2.5, and 3.5% with GLI-LLN2.5. The prevalence of spirometric restriction was 5.9% with GLI-LLN10, 5.2% with Local-LLN5, and 2.8% with GLI-LLN5. Increasingly lower thresholds of the LLN were associated with increasingly higher odds of respiratory symptoms and hazard of mortality for all spirometric abnormalities with both reference equations. Spirometric abnormalities defined with Local-LLN2.5 in asymptomatic subjects were associated with lower hazard of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15-1.95 for FEV1 < LLN) than those defined with Local-LLN5 in the general population (HR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.50-1.87 for FEV1 < LLN) and symptomatic subjects (HR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.46-1.91 for FEV1 < LLN). Overall, the prevalence of spirometric abnormalities and associations with outcomes obtained with Local-LLN5 were comparable to those obtained with GLI-LLN10 and those obtained with Local-LLN2.5 to GLI-LLN5. Conclusions: There is a relationship between statistically based thresholds of the LLN of spirometric variables and clinical outcomes. Different thresholds of the LLN may be used in different risk subgroups of subjects, but the choice of the threshold needs to be evaluated together with the choice of reference equations.

Bridging the knowledge gap! Health outcomes in informal e-waste workers.

Although several studies analyzed the impact of e-waste recycling on human health, most publications did not differ between e-waste workers and bystanders, such as residents. This could lead to an underestimation of health effects in workers. In addition, frequently reported surrogate findings do not properly reflect clinical significant health outcomes. The aim of this review was to analyze the direct health effects of informal e-waste recycling in informal e-waste workers. According to PRISMA guidelines, we systematically searched 3 databases (Embase®, PubMed®, Web of Science) for studies from low- and middle-income countries published in German or English between 1980 and 1 November 2021. Of the 2613 hits, 26 studies (cross-sectional, longitudinal and case-control studies) met the specified criteria and were included. We categorized the results into hormonal, respiratory, renal, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal health and general symptoms in informal e-waste workers. Exposure to e-waste was associated with altered lipid metabolism, thyroid hormonal imbalances, impaired fertility, renal dysfunction, increased prevalence of respiratory symptoms, asthma, cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension, musculoskeletal pain, injuries in up to 89% and skin disorders in up to 87.5-100% of e-waste workers. Due to inconsistent findings, weak associations or poor study quality, it has rarely been possible to establish a causal relationship between informal e-waste work and health effects, except for injuries or skin conditions. Besides high-quality studies, a collective national and international political focus on e-waste disposal is needed.

Prevalence of Adverse Respiratory Symptoms Among E-Cigarette Users in Saudi Arabia – A Cross-Sectional Study

ABSTRACT Electronic cigarettes, frequently referred to as e-cigarettes, have emerged as a controversial and rapidly growing phenomenon in the realm of tobacco and nicotine consumption worldwide. This study reports the prevalence of respiratory symptoms among e-cigarette users. This study also helps to understand the potential harmful effects and importance of quitting e-cigarette smoking. An observational cross-sectional study was carried out in Saudi Arabia. The study period was from September 2022 to August 2023. The sample size was 447 participants. Among recent e-cigarette users in this Saudi study, usage varied, with 44.1% using 1–5 days, 33.6% using 6–30 days, and 22.4% using e-cigarettes previously but not in the previous month. Vape devices were predominant (42.7%). There were significant associations emerged between e-cigarette use frequency and symptoms such as fatigue, breathlessness, and shortness of breath. E-cigarette use was notably linked to asthma-related symptoms, underscoring its concerning impact on respiratory health (P &lt; 0.05). E-cigarette consumption has a significant impact on respiratory effects and specifically asthma-related symptoms among this Saudi population.

Respiratory Morbidity Among Seed-Processing Industry Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study in Rural West Bengal, 2022-2023.

Seed processing workers are exposed to dust particles generated during the processing of seeds, which can have adverse effects on their respiratory health. Aim: to estimate the prevalence and patterns of respiratory morbidity among seed processing workers in Hooghly district, West Bengal, India, and to explore their use of respiratory personal protective equipment (PPE). A cross sectional observational study was conducted in 5 seed processing plants from December 2022 to February 2023. A sample size of 129 workers was selected using probability proportionate to population size to select seed processing plants and simple random sampling to select workers at selected plants. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, occupational profile, substance use patterns, respiratory PPE use, and respiratory symptoms were collected through structured interviews. Spirometry was performed with a hand held tabletop spirometer (RMS Helios 401) to assess respiratory function. 52.7% of participants reported at least one chronic respiratory symptom, while 17.1% had evident respiratory morbidity based on spirometry results, with most having restrictive patterns (10.1%). Multivariable regression analysis revealed that factors associated with respiratory morbidity included increasing work years of exposure [1.10 (1.02 1.18)], irregular use of respiratory PPE [4.36 (1.22 15.57)], and primary or below education level [6.09 (1.38 26.98)]. The study highlights the high prevalence of respiratory symptoms and morbidity among seed processing workers. It emphasizes the importance of implementing effective respiratory protection measures and raising awareness about occupational lung diseases in this industry. Further research and interventions are needed to improve the respiratory health and well being of seed processing workers.

Chest Tightness and Chronic Cough; Respiratory Symptoms Among Home-Based Textile Industry Workers

Background: The textile industry, rooted in agriculture, stands as Pakistan's second-largest employer. Within this sector, home-based textile production plays a significant role, albeit largely unregulated and undocumented, resulting in substandard working conditions. Workers in this setting are frequently exposed to cotton dust, posing serious health risks alongside other occupational hazards. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of respiratory symptoms, particularly chest tightness and chronic cough, among home-based textile industry workers in Jhang, Pakistan, underscoring the importance of preventive measures. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 1, 2017, to February 28, 2018. A sample of 300 participants with over 20 years of work experience was selected from 10 home-based textile units. Data collection utilized a structured questionnaire and analysis was performed using SPSS 25. Results: The study revealed that 23% of workers reported chest tightness and 18.7% reported chronic cough. These symptoms were notably prevalent among workers aged 45 and above, those with limited formal education, non-users of masks during work, and those directly exposed to cotton dust. Conclusion: Workers in the home-based textile industry face respiratory symptoms due to exposure to cotton dust. This underscores the necessity of health education and the enforcement of protective measures, such as mask usage and dust control, to safeguard their respiratory health.

Welding fume exposure and prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms among welders in micro- and small-scale enterprise in Akaki Kality sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional study.

Exposure to welding fumes can lead to different respiratory health disorders, including lung cancer, due to long-term exposures. In Ethiopia, large numbers of people are engaged in the welding sector. Often, these workers are exposed to welding fumes at their workplaces, however, the level of exposure and its health effects have never been studied. To measure the level of personal welding fume exposure and assess chronic respiratory symptoms and associated factors, among micro and small-scale enterprise metal workshop workers, in Akaki Kality Sub city, Ethiopia. A comparative cross-sectional study involving 226 welders and 217 controls. Chronic respiratory symptoms were assessed using a standardized questionnaire adopted from the American Thoracic Society (ATS). Welding fumes were collected from the welder's breathing zone using 37mm close-faced plastic cassettes fitted with Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) filters connected to Casella pumps at an airflow rate of 2L/min. The overall prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms among welders and controls were 54 (23.9%) and 20 (9.2%) respectively. The geometric mean and geometric standard deviation (GSD) of personal welding fume exposure, among welders was 5.98 mg/m3 (± GSD = 1.54). In this study, 53.3% of the samples exceeded the Occupational Exposure Limit defined by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygiene. Chronic respiratory symptoms were significantly associated with educational status (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 5.11, 95% CI: 1.35, 19.33), respiratory protective equipment use (AOR: 3.33, 95% CI: 1.52, 7.31), safety training (AOR: 2.41, 95% CI: 1.10, 5.28), smoking (AOR:3.57, 95% CI: 1.54, 8.23), welding machine maintenance (AOR: 1.87, 95% CI: 1.01, 3.59) and welding site (i.e. indoors vs. outdoor) (AOR: 6.85. 95% CI: 2.36, 19.89). The prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms among welding workers was significantly higher than controls. More than half of the samples exceeded the Occupational Exposure Limit. Educational status, implementation of safety training, and welding sites were significantly associated with chronic respiratory symptoms. The results suggested a need to reduce welding fume exposure to improve the respiratory health of the workers.