Prevalence Of Reproductive Tract Infections Research Articles

Prevalence of Reproductive Tract Infections and Treatment Seeking Behavior among Women of 15–49 Years Age Group in Haldwani Block, District Nainital, Uttarakhand, India

Prevalence of Reproductive Tract Infections and Treatment Seeking Behavior among Women of 15–49 Years Age Group in Haldwani Block, District Nainital, Uttarakhand, India

Community based study of reproductive tract infections among women of the reproductive age group in a rural community of Eastern India

Background: RTI/STIs have a profound impact on sexual and reproductive health worldwide, the symptoms of which often goes unnoticed and women suffers from devastating consequences. The present study was conducted to analyse the prevalence of RTIs based on a syndromic approach among women of 15 to 49 years age, supported by both laboratory and clinical diagnosis to measure the actual magnitude of morbidity associated with RTIs among the study population. The objective of the study were to study the prevalence of reproductive tract infection among the women of reproductive age group (15-49 years), to find out the etiological diagnosis and to assess the socio-demographic profile of the study population.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 312 women aged 15-44 years in a rural area in West Bengal, using the WHO-Syndromic Approach for diagnosis and management of RTIs/STIs.Results: The prevalence of RTIs among the reproductive age group women was 43.6% based on their symptoms of RTI, with majority having abnormal vaginal discharge. According to laboratory investigations the most common cause of RTI was bacterial vaginosis which was 67.4% (using Amsel’s criteria) and 31.7% (as per Nugent’s score), followed by Vulvovaginal candidiasis which was found in 12.4%.Conclusions: RTI among women of reproductive age is quite a common morbidity.It is the need of the hour to educate women about reproductive health issues and encourage them to seek treatment for their problems and wherever possible both clinical and laboratory findings should corroborate self reported morbidity to know the exact prevalence of any disease in the community.

Impact of Socioeconomic and Demographic Factors on Reproductive Tract Infections during Reproductive Age Group (18–45 Years)

Introduction: The Aims of this study were to identify the prevalence of reproductive tract infection in married women of reproductive age group (18-45 years), to analyse the impact of socioeconomic and demographic factors on reproductive tract infections, to treat the underlying cause. Materials and Methods: Total of 500 women were examined, out of those 300 women was found to have reproductive tract infections and were enrolled for further study and evaluation. Appropriate antibiotics were given to them and then followed. Results: The study results showed a high prevalence of RTI (60%). The highest prevalence was found among the age group between 26-29years followed by 30-33years and 34-37 years. The most affected women were from rural population (80%), low socioeconomic group (63.4%) and illiterate (59%). Conclusion: The present study showed high prevalence of RTI. It needs further depth study on their literacy and economic factors to evaluate and analyse the impact of these factors on reproductive tract infections. Keywords: Reproductive tract infection, Socioeconomic, Demographic, Symptoms.

An epidemiological cross sectional study to assess the prevalence of reproductive tract infections and sexually transmitted infections among married women in the reproductive age group in urban slum of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Background: In developing countries reproductive tract infections (RTI) and sexually transmitted infections (STI) continue to present a major public health problem. Women in India had very low knowledge in sexually transmitted infections and HIV/AIDS. It is found that many of the RTI/STI is preventable and curable. The occurrence of STI/RTI among married women is quite high. Hence, this study will be carried out to assess prevalence of STI/RTI in the married women of reproductive age group in an urban slum.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the general OPD of Urban Health Centre, Mumbai during the period of 1st July 2015 to 31st July 2015. The data of 180 women in the reproductive age group of 15 to 49 years was collected by Pretested, semi structure interview schedule and statistically analyzed.Results: In the present study, the prevalence of STIs/RTIs symptoms was found to be 35.6%. Maximum prevalence of the symptoms among the study subjects found to be higher in the age group of 35 years and above (40.4%), in illiterate women (53.7%), women having one or two children (52.7%), women using IUD (50%) and women having per capita income <Rs. 5000/- (45.2%).Conclusions: There is a need for preventing new STI/RTI cases by educating people about the common symptoms, common methods of transmission, complications and preventive measures.

Reproductive tract infection and health seeking behaviour: a cross sectional community based study

Background: Women in India have multitude of health problem, which ultimately affect the economic output. The health of Indian women is intrinsically linked to their status in society. There is significant gap in understanding the reproductive tract infections as well as consequence for women lives. The objective of the study was to study the prevalence of reproductive tract infections and sociodemographic factors responsible among ever married women.Methods: Community based cross sectional study was carried out in the rural area near Mumbai city. List of villages in the study area was obtained from primary health centre (PHC). The prevalence of reproductive tract infections among ever married women was 20.7%. At 95% confidence level and 5% allowable error sample size is 262 (n=4*p*q/l2). So the sample size required to document RTI was 265 ever married women.Results: Prevalence of reproductive tract infections was 143(53.96%). Most common morbidity found was vaginal discharge 59 (22.26%). There was a significant difference between the proportions of study subjects with reproductive tract infection with respect to their educational status & occupation.Conclusions: There was high prevalence of reproductive tract infection among study subjects with only 13.74% visited a qualified medical practitioner for their complaints.

A Study on Prevalence of Reproductive Tract Infection Sexually Transmitted Infections and its Determinants in Adult Population of Kanpur Nagar

A Study on Prevalence of Reproductive Tract Infection Sexually Transmitted Infections and its Determinants in Adult Population of Kanpur Nagar

Reproductive tract infections: a self-reported community based study in urban training health centre area of a tertiary care hospital in Kottayam, Kerala, India

Background: The burden of reproductive tract infections (RTI) among urban women in the reproductive age group (15-49 years) is usually a hidden issue. Earlier studies from Kerala mainly focused on reproductive morbidity among commercial sex workers. A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of RTI and its association with potential socio-demographic risk factors, based on self reported symptoms among females in the age group 15- 49 years in the Urban training Health Centre field practice area of Government Medical College, Kottayam. Methods: The study was conducted among 643 women of the reproductive age group by single stage cluster sampling technique. A pretested semi structured interview schedule was used for collecting data on the socio demographic profile, clinical symptoms and associated factors after obtaining informed consent. Univariate analysis was done to find association of RTI with various factors followed by a bivariate analysis using binary logistic regression model. Results: The prevalence of RTI was 11.8%. RTI was significantly associated with age at marriage (p=0.02), age at first child birth (p=0.01), type of family (p=0.002), female education (p=0.001), socioeconomic status (p=0.007) and previous history of RTI in last one year (p<0.01) of which 84.1% women with symptoms of RTI had consulted a health personnel. Conclusions: A low prevalence of self reported symptoms of RTI with a high treatment seeking behavior was observed; attributed to the high female literacy. A comparable prevalence in younger age group of 15-24 years (10.9%) and 25-39 years (12.9%) suggesting equal susceptibility of adolescents to RTI was a notable finding.

A study on prevalence of reproductive tract infections among women in a rural area of Tamil Nadu

Background: Reproductive tract infections, adding burden to the morbidities in women especially in developing countries. Women, who are in reproductive age group, are at higher risk of contracting RTIs easily. Bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis and trichomoniasis are the commonly reported RTIs in India. Hence this study was planned to find the prevalence of self reported symptoms of RTIs and the prevalence of RTIs of public health importance in women of reproductive age group 15-49 years in a rural area.Methods: A community based, cross sectional study was conducted among 461 women, who gave written consent. Participants were interviewed and if they have more than two symptoms of RTIs, they were included for gynecological examination and laboratory investigations at the rural health center.Results: The prevalence of self reported RTIs was found to be 55.5% and 27.55% of participants had two or more symptoms of RTIs. Based on examination, Prevalence of cervisitis, vaginitis and pelvic inflammatory diseases were reported as 9.54%, 12.15% and 3.25% respectively. Based on laboratory investigation, candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis were reported as 6.075, 5.86% and 2.6% respectively.Conclusions: With the prevailing burden of RTIs, it is important to create awareness and to health educate all women to reduce increasing trend of RTIs. This is possible with proper planning and implementation of health programmes in such a way that it should reach every women residing in the rural areas also.

Prevalence of reproductive tract infections and sexually transmitted infections among married women in the reproductive age group in urban slum of Bidar, Karnataka

Background: Reproductive tract infections (RTIs) and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) represent a major public health problem in developing countries. The consequences of RTIs are numerous and potentially devastating. The present study was conducted to give some indication of the likely burden of RTIs in urban slum of Bidar and also highlight some associated factors.Methods: This study was conducted with the objective of assessing the prevalence of various RTIs among married women in the reproductive age group of 15-44 years in an urban slum of Bidar (Karnataka) during September 2015 to February 2016. Total 357 married women in the reproductive age group of 15-44 years were interviewed.Results: The prevalence of RTI was found 36.1% with maximum prevalence of 42% in the age group of 35 years and above. Also the prevalence was high in illiterate women (53.2%), women having one or two children (54.1%), women using IUD (54.5%) and women having per capita income <Rs. 1000/- (46.35%).Conclusions: The prevalence of reproductive tract infections was most commonly associated with increasing age, illiteracy, low income, use of contraceptive methods and higher parity. The commonest reported symptom of RTI/STI was vaginal discharge. The RTI services should be focused on low income groups and health education regarding prevention and control of RTIs should be widely disseminated.

To assess the prevalence of STI/RTI using syndromic case management in the urban health centre area of greater Visakhapatnam municipal corporation, Andhra Pradesh

Background: Sexually transmitted diseases remain a major public health problem in many parts of the world. 340 million new cases of curable STIS occur every year. 75 to 85% are seen in developing countries and rank second as the cause of healthy life lost among women of reproductive age group, after maternal morbidity and mortality. Methods: The study was conducted at Rama Murthy Pantulu Peta in the field area of urban health centre of greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation, Visakhapatnam during September 2015 to October 2016. The study design was a community based descriptive study. Based on the prevalence of STI as stated by National AIDS Control Organization, a sample of 1541 is calculated.Results: The overall prevalence of RTI/STI in our study is 18.88%. The prevalence of symptoms suggestive of STI/RTI among female respondents is found to be 27.97%. Majority of females complained of vaginal discharge (26.68%),vulvas itching (10%), lower abdominal pain (6.34%) followed by abnormal vaginal bleeding (5.91%).The prevalence of symptoms suggestive of RTI/STI is found to be 9.75% among male respondents and majority complained of Urethral Discharge (8.4%) followed by inguinal/scrotal swelling (5.2%). Conclusions: The prevalence of Reproductive tract infections is more in females when compared to males in our study. Health education regarding the sexual and personal hygiene should be targeted to both males and females so as to decrease the prevalence of Sexual transmitted diseases in the urban health centre areas of Visakhapatnam.

REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS (RTIS) AMONG MARRIED WOMEN OF THE REPRODUCTIVE AGE GROUP IN A LUOI DISTRICT, THUA THIEN HUE PROVINCE

Objectives: (1) To determine the prevalence, agents of RTIs among married women of the reproductive age group in A Luoi, Thua Thien Hue; (2) Tosurvey some factors influencing the occurrence of the disease. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 460 married women of the productive age group (18 – 49 years) in A Luoi district from 5/2015 to 5/2016. This was followed by interview, clinical examination and collection of samples for laboratory tests. Results: The prevalence of RTIs among the reproductive age group women was 37.6%, of which vaginitis 26.1%, vaginitis & cervicitis 11.5%. Pathogenic agents included: Bacteria 32.4%, Gardnerella vaginosis 35.3%, Candida 17.3%, Candida& bacteria 7.5%, pus-forming bacteria 7.5%. There was no case of Trichomonas Vaginalis. There is a link between RTIs and abortion history and sexual hygiene practices. Conclution: The prevalence of RTIs was 37.6%. The causative agent is Gardnerella vaginosis 35.3%, Candida infection 17.3%. There is a link between RTIs and abortion history and sexual hygiene practices. Key words: RTIs (Reproductive Tract Infections), A Luoi

Prevalence of Reproductive Tract Infections/ Sexually Transmitted Infections among Women in a Tertiary Care Hospital- An Observational Study

Prevalence of Reproductive Tract Infections/ Sexually Transmitted Infections among Women in a Tertiary Care Hospital- An Observational Study

Prevalence of reproductive tract infections and the predictive value of girls’ symptom-based reporting: findings from a cross-sectional survey in rural western Kenya

ObjectivesReproductive tract infections (RTIs), including sexually acquired, among adolescent girls is a public health concern, but few studies have measured prevalence in low-middle-income countries. The objective of this study was...

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Reproductive Tract Infections in Gongolia Village, Rupandehi District, Nepal

Objective. To determine the prevalence of reproductive tract infection (RTI) and its associated factors among married women of reproductive age group (15–49 yrs). Method. A cross sectional approach was employed. The study collected data of symptoms suggestive of RTI experienced in the previous six months according to World Health Organization (WHO) syndromic approach guideline. A structured interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect data and data were entered into EPI data and transferred into SPSS (16 version) for further analysis. Chi square was used for statistical analysis. Result. Among 258 married women the prevalence of symptoms suggestive of RTI was found to be 39.9%. Low back pain, vaginal discharge, and low abdominal pains were common symptoms reported in study. Irregular menstrual cycle, sexual contact during menstruation, marriage below 19 yrs, pregnancy below 20 yrs, high parity, delivery at home, and use of temporary family planning device were significant risk factors for prevalence of RTI symptoms. Conclusion. RTI still remains neglected by married women. Training and education session needs to be carried out to identify the early symptoms of RTI. Awareness about marriage and pregnancy after 19 yrs of age, sex education, delivery at health institution by health personnel, menstrual and personnel hygiene, and use of the condom are needed for prevention of RTI.

Prevalence of reproductive tract infections and their determinants in married women residing in an urban slum of North-East Delhi, India.

Background:Reproductive tract infections (RTIs) have adverse implications on the health of the women. Community-based studies in India have shown a high prevalence of RTIs but here is a lack of sizeable literature from urban slums and resettlement areas.Aims and Objectives:The objective was to document the prevalence and determinants of RTIs in married women (15-49 years) residing in an urban slum in Delhi, India.Materials and Methods:The study was conducted in an urban resettlement colony of Gokulpuri in the North-East district of Delhi. Systematic random sampling method was adopted to choose the study subjects, that is, married and non-pregnant women in the reproductive age group (15-49 years) residing in the study area. Data were collected using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire, through the house to house visits. The diagnosis of RTIs was made as per the World Health Organization syndromic approach. Data were analyzed in SPSS version 16 (Chicago, IL, USA).Results:A total of 802 women were interviewed. The mean age of study subjects was 30.79 ± 7 years. A total of 352 (43.9%) women currently had symptoms of RTIs. The most frequently reported symptoms included abdominal pain (68.2%), back pain (69.6%), and vaginal discharge (59.3%). Older women (≥25 years) (odds ratio [OR] 2.2, 95% confidence interval [CI]; 1.4-3.5), those belonging to the lower socioeconomic status (OR 2.1, 95% CI; 1.5-2.9), those using cloth during menses (OR 2.6, 95% CI; 1.6-4.3), those having more than three pregnancies (OR 1.8, 95% CI; 1.2-2.6) and those using an intrauterine contraceptive device (OR 11.8, 95% CI; 4.3-32.0) had higher odds of having RTIs.Conclusions:A high case load was found based on the syndromic approach. Generating community awareness, ensuring proper menstrual hygiene, and improving the socioeconomic status would help in reducing the cases of RTI.

A systematic review on the prevalence and utilization of health care services for reproductive tract infections/sexually transmitted infections: Evidence from India.

Several studies have reported prevalence rate of reproductive tract infections (RTIs) but very few studies have described health seeking behavior of patients. This paper critically looks at and summarizes the available evidence, systematically. A structured search strategy was used to identify relevant articles, published during years 2000-2012. Forty-one full-text papers discussing prevalence and treatment utilization pattern were included as per PRISMA guidelines. Papers examining prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases used biochemical methods and standard protocol for diagnosis while studies on RTIs used different methods for diagnosis. The prevalence of RTIs has not changed much over the years and found to vary from 11% to 72% in the community-based studies. Stigma, embarrassment, illiteracy, lack of privacy, cost of care found to limit the use of services, but discussion on pathways of nonutilization remains unclear. Lack of methodological rigor, statistical power, specificity in case definitions as well as too little discussion on the limitation of selected method of diagnosis and reliance on observational evidence hampered the quality of studies on RTIs. Raising awareness among women regarding symptoms of RTIs and sexually transmitted infections and also about appropriate treatment has remained largely a neglected area and, therefore, we observed absence of health system studies in this area.

Knowledge and practices related to reproductive health amongst adolescent girls

Objective: To assess knowledge and practices related to menstruation and reproductive health amongst college going adolescent girls. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study done on 323 adolescent girls admitted in the year 2012 to professional colleges belonging to the health sciences faculty of a private university in Pune, India, using self-administered proforma. Results: Mean age of onset of menarche was 13.35 years. Many girls (86.65%) had knowledge of menstruation prior to menarche. For 68% of girls, mother was a source of menstrual information. Half of the girls reported some form of restriction in activities during menstruation due to religious reasons. 11% girls suffered from some form of reproductive tract infections (RTIs). Practices related to menstruation revealed that cloth piece is used for menstrual protection by 3% of girls. Soaked sanitary pads were disposed sanitarily by 96% of girls. Adolescent of medical faculty had significantly more knowledge than nursing faculty adolescents regarding emergency contraceptives (P < 0.05). Only four girls reported a history of sexual contact, of these, three were aware of emergency contraceptives, while one used them to prevent pregnancy. Conclusions: Adolescent girls received knowledge of menstruation prior to menarche from their mothers. Restriction in activity during menstruation due to religious reasons is practiced by many girls. Sanitary pad was used by almost all girls, and all disposed the same in a sanitary manner. More than half of the girls were aware about emergency contraceptives. Prevalence of RTI was found to be low and very few girls reported history of sexual exposure.

A Study on Prevalence of Reproductive Tract Infections Amongst Women Attending in an Urban Clinic

Introduction: One element of reproductive health that directly concerns human well being is reproductive tract infections (RTI). The magnitude of the problem of RTIs is a growing public health concern in developing countries like Bangladesh. Aim: A study was carried out in the out patient department of a busy urban clinic with an attempt to study the Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs).Materials and Methods: A descriptive type of cross sectional study was carried out in the Gynaecology OPD of an urban clinic at Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh during the period from July 2007 to December 2007. The study population includes the women of reproductive age group (15-49 years). Among 1061 reported women 176 respondents were selected for the study with a systematic purposive sampling technique. Data were collected from prescription sheets of the concerned gynecologist, laboratory investigation reports and questionnaires used for interview.Results: Mean age of the respondents was 30.56+6.1. Among 176, 174 (98.86%) were married. Depending on clinical symptoms 32 (18.19%) were diagnosed as RTI, after clinical examinations 39 (22.16%) and while after laboratory investigations 42 (23.9%) were diagnosed as RTI. Among 39 provisionally diagnosed RTI cases 13 (33.33%) were diagnosed as PID, 10 (25.64%) as mixed infection and 05 (12.82%) as vulvovaginitis clinically. Among 42 confirmed RTI cases 16 (38.09%) were confirmed as bacterial vaginosis, 04 (9.52%) as trichomoniasis, 07 (16.66%) as candidiasis, 06 (14.28%) as mucopurulent cervicitis while 01 (2.38%) was diagnosed as syphilis. Among 28 abortion cases 10 (35.71%) developed RTI while among 38 MR cases 18 (46.36%) developed RTI. Among 34 IUD users 22 (64.7%) developed RTI while for other contraceptive method users only 19 (15.8%) developed RTI.Conclusion: Although the study was in a limited scale and the findings of it will not only serve as a guideline for taking preventive measures, but can be used as a basis for futureresearch and planning.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cmoshmcj.v13i1.19415

Prevalence and risk factors of reproductive tract infections in adult women at Fengshun County

Objective To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of reproductive tract infections (RTIs) in adult women at Fengshun County and to explore some preventive measures for RTIs.Methods 165 18 to 60 years old adult women not in menstrual period were selected using stratified cluster sampling.All the participators had completed the questionnaire surveys and routine gynecologic examinations.Results The prevalence of RTIs in adult women not in menstrual period was 69.70％,of whom 81.74％ suffered from one kind of RTIs,15.65％ two kinds,and 2.60％ three kinds or above.Among the RTIs,bacterial vaginitis had the highest prevalence,accounting for 63.64％,and vulva vaginal candidiasis came next,with a proportion of 47.88％.Conclusions The prevalence of RTIs in adult women in Fengshun County is relatively high,especially bacterial vaginitis.The occupation and level of education are the main influencing factors of RTIs. Key words: Adult female; Reproductive tract infection; Influential factors

An epidemiological study to find out the prevalence of RTI/STI and various factors associated with it among ever married women of reproductive age group in an urban slum community of Mumbai

Background and objectives : Reproductive tract infection presents a huge burden of disease and adversely impacts reproductive health. A broad based study conducted in different part of the country revealed a prevalence of reproductive tract infections varying from 19 to 71%. Marked variations have been found in terms of pattern and level of morbidity. The present study was undertaken with the following Objectives: (1) To assess the prevalence of various reproductive tract infections among ever-married women aged 15- 49 years based on laboratory diagnosis. (2) To understand the influence of various factors on reproductive tract infections in women. Material and methods: A Community based epidemiological study was undertaken over a period of 6 months from September 2007 to February 2008 in an urban slum, field practice area of Urban Health Centre (UHC), Total 500 ever married women of reproductive age group (15-49 years), residing in study area for more than 1 year, were selected by systematic sampling technique. Information was collected on preformed, pre tested interview schedule by investigator. At the end of the interviews, each woman was given an appointment card to visit at the clinic (Urban Health Centre) were Per speculum examination was carried out and Samples (vaginal and cervical swab) were collected for laboratory investigation of RTI/STI Result: 50% of women in the study reported one or more RTI related symptoms, the various symptoms reported by women were Vaginal discharge (44.2%) Lower abdominal pain (13.6%) Lesion over genital area (1.0%) Inguinal swelling (0.8) . Total 466 women had undergone gynaecological examination and laboratory investigations. The prevalence of women with at least one RTI, based on laboratory diagnosis, was found to be 67.81% (316/466). The total number of positive tests being 505. Thus, the number of RTIs per woman was 1.59 (505/316). On Logistic regression analysis, Among different variables, prevalence of RTI was influenced by gravida status, place of delivery, IUD use and with history of RTI/STI in last three months.