Prevalence Of Renal Insufficiency Research Articles

Renal Insufficiency in Cancer Patients and Associated Demographic, Clinical and Treatment Characteristics at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya

Renal insufficiency is sub-optimal kidney function, affecting approximately 10% of the world population. In sub-Saharan Africa, it is approximated at 14% of the population whereas the kidney disease burden in Kenya is estimated to be at 4%. Studies show that at least 27.1% of cancer patients are suffering from renal insufficiency and need some chemotherapeutic drug adjustment. The objective of this study was to establish the prevalence of renal insufficiency and the associated clinical, demographic and treatment factors among cancer patients at KNH. A cross-sectional study where data was collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire and hospital records. Systematic random sampling without replacement was used to select eligible 330 participants (patients) from Oncology wards and clinics at KNH. The information from the questionnaires was entered into a computer, cleaned, coded and loaded into R version 4.1.2 statistical software for analysis. Calculation of estimated GFR was done by CKD-Epi in micromole/l using a medical calculator to diagnose renal insufficiency and classify accordingly. The data was analyzed using both descriptive and bivariate/ multivariate regression analysis. All p-values were two-sided and the results were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. A total of 56.1% were females and others were male. Of the 330 study participants, 42.7% were aged between 41-60, 41.5% above 60 years and the rest below 41 years. The prevalence of renal insufficiency was 38% (95% CI 33, 44%). Age above 60 years and the use of taxanes were significantly associated with renal insufficiency before and after adjustment (p-values <0.05). In conclusion, the prevalence of renal insufficiency among patients with cancer was high in this study of which the majority had stage 2 renal failures. Patients aged above 60 years had significantly higher odds of renal insufficiency while patients on taxanes had significantly lower odds of renal insufficiency

Prevalence of renal insufficiency and factors associated among selected cancer patients on chemotherapy at Ocean Road Cancer Institute in Tanzania: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundCancer is among the leading cause of death worldwide. Chemotherapy is commonly used in cancer management and among the challenges in managing cancer patients is renal insufficiency (RI), which can be due to cancer or anticancer treatment and can be potentiated by different factors. Data regarding the prevalence of RI and associated factors in Tanzania is scanty. This study aims to assess the prevalence of RI and associated factors among selected cancer patients on chemotherapy.MethodsThis analytical cross-sectional study was conducted at Ocean Road Cancer Institute (ORCI) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, from March to May 2023. The study included cancer patients on chemotherapy. Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires whereby socio-demographics, clinical and laboratory data were recorded. Data was analyzed by using STATA version 15. Categorical data was presented as frequencies and percentages, and continuous data was summarized using means. A modified Poisson regression model was used to assess factors associated with RI. The p-values ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsOut of 354 patients, the majority (76.6%) were female. The enrolled patients’ mean age was 53 ± 13.19 years. The proportion of cancer patients with RI was 62.2% with most (60%) having stage 2 and stage 3 (37.7%). Age, hypertension (HTN), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), diabetes mellitus (DM) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) use were significantly associated with increased risk of RI (p ≤ 0.05).ConclusionThis study showed that RI is common among cancer patients on chemotherapy. Age, HTN, DM, HIV and NSAIDS use were associated with RI. Close monitoring of kidney function is necessary for cancer patients with other factors associated with RI. Use of creatinine clearance (CrCl) rather than serum creatinine in estimating kidney function is important.

Creatinine Clearance Measurement with Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Heart Failure Patients: Comparison with Estimated-Creatinine Clearance Formulas.

Kidney disease is common in patients with heart failure (HF). The Donadio equation combines plasma creatinine and bioimpedance vector analysis (BIVA) to estimate creatinine clearance. This study aimed to compare the Donadio formula to the Cockcroft-Gault (CG), Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study (MDRD-4), and Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equations in patients with HF. We analysed data from 900 patients (mean age: 76 ± 10 years) with HF. All of them underwent clinical, laboratory, BIVA, and echocardiographic evaluations. Donadio equation overestimated eGFR as compared to CG and CKD-EPI formulas (+6.8 and +12 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively) while computing similar results to MDRD-4 (overestimation: +0.1 mL/min/1.73 m2). According to the different formulas, the prevalence of renal insufficiency (eGFR< 30 ml/min/1.73 m2) in relation to the different formulas was as follows: 24% with Donadio, 21% with CG, 13% with MDRD-4, and 23% with CKD-EPI formulas. All the equations demonstrated a high precision rate (r>0.8 for all). There was a "good" agreement between the Donadio and CG/MDRD-4 formulas and "fair" with the CDK-EPI formula. The Donadio equation showed a high accuracy in predicting severe renal dysfunction (eGFR< 30 mL/min/1.73 m2) in patients with HF (AUC > 0.9), showing comparable performances to CG. The Donadio formula provided an estimation of GFR comparable to MDRD-4 in HF patients, independently from acute or chronic HF conditions. The use of BIVA in HF patients may be adopted both for HF management and for evaluating kidney function.

Do cobalt or chromium accumulate in metal-on-metal hip arthroplasty patients who have mild, moderate, or severe renal insufficiency?

To find out if there is an inverse association between estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and whole blood cobalt (Co) and chromium (Cr) levels in patients with metal-on-metal (MoM) hip arthroplasties and renal insufficiency, suggesting that renal insufficiency could cause accumulation of Co and Cr in blood. Out of 2,520 patients with 3,013 MoM hip arthroplasties, we identified 1,244 patients with whole blood Co, Cr, and creatinine measured within no more than a one-year interval. We analyzed the correlation of blood metal ion levels and eGFR to identify a potential trend of accumulating Co or Cr with decreasing eGFR. Of the 1,244 patients, 112 had normal renal function (eGFR > 90 ml/min/1.73 m2), 715 had mild renal insufficiency (eGFR 60 to 89), 384 had moderate renal insufficiency (eGFR 30 to 59), 27 had severe renal insufficiency (eGFR 15 to 29), and six had end-stage renal insufficiency (eGFR < 15). Median eGFR was 68 ml/min/1.73 m2 (interquartile range (IQR) 56 to 82), median whole blood Co was 3.3 µg/l (IQR 1.1 to 9.9), and median Cr was 2.0 µg/l (IQR 1.2 to 3.6). We did not observe an association between decreased eGFR and increased whole blood Co and Cr concentrations, but instead both increased Co and Cr were associated with higher eGFR, indicating better kidney function. As patients with MoM hip arthroplasties get older, the prevalence of renal insufficiency among them will increase, and orthopaedic surgeons will increasingly have to evaluate whether or not this affects patient follow-up. The USA Food and Drug Administration suggests that closer follow-up may be needed for MoM patients with renal insufficiency. We did not observe accumulation of blood Co or Cr in MoM hip arthroplasty patients with mild to severe renal insufficiency. Cite this article: Bone Joint J2021;103-B(7):1231-1237.

Prevalence and Correlates of Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Hypertension in Rural Malawi.

The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with hypertension is very high in Africa. We investigated the prevalence and correlates of CKD in patients with hypertension (defined as currently taking hypertension drugs at enrolment or systolic blood pressure ≥ 160 mmHg and / or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 110 mmHg) attending longitudinal care in rural Malawi, where currently no data on prevalence of CKD in patients with hypertension exists. We retrospectively reviewed medical records of all hypertensive patients who were screened for CKD between January 2018 and April 2019. Screening was done using serum creatinine, and CKD epidemiology formula was used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). We used Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes definitions of renal insufficiency and CKD. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the variables and logistic regression analysis was used to identify correlates of CKD. During the study duration, 1197 patients with hypertension were screened for CKD. The mean creatinine and eGFR was 0.90 mg/dl (Confidence Interval (CI) 0.85–0.94 mg/dl) and 84.1 ml/min/1.73m2 (CI 82.7–85.4 ml/min/1.73m2) respectively. About half of the patients had a normal eGFR (48.3%, n = 578) and 36.3% (n = 435) had mildly decreased eGFR. The prevalence of renal insufficiency was 15.4% (CI 13.4–17.5, 184/1197) and the prevalence of CKD was 7.1% (CI 5.7–8.7%). By eGFR category in the CKD patients, 41.2% (n = 35), 31.8% (n = 27), 24.7% (n = 21) and 2.3% (n = 2) had CKD stage 3a, 3b, 4 and 5 respectively. CKD was strongly associated with age and diabetes. We found moderately high renal insufficiency and CKD in this cohort. We propose investing in screening for CKD in patients with hypertension in other clinics in Malawi.

Serum Albumin Predicts Renal Dysfunction in Chronic Liver Disease

The prevalence of renal insufficiency in patients with chronic liver disease is unknown; furthermore, no specific etiology has been demonstrated to be the predominant cause of renal insufficiency in these patients, and no factors predicting it have been identified.

Parsimonious assessment for reoperative aortic valve replacement; the deterrent effect of low left ventricular ejection fraction and renal impairment.

Patient comorbidities play a pivotal role in the surgical outcomes of reoperative aortic valve replacement (re-AVR). Low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and renal insufficiency (Cr >2 mg/dL) are known independent surgical risk factors. Improved preoperative risk assessment can help determine the best therapeutic approach. We hypothesize that re-AVR patients with low LVEF and concomitant renal insufficiency have a prohibitive surgical risk and may benefit from transcatheter AVR (TAVR). From January 2002 to March 2013, we reviewed 232 patients who underwent isolated re-AVR. Patients older than 80 years were excluded to adjust for unobserved frailty. We identified 37 patients with a ≤35% LVEF (low ejection fraction group-LEF) and 195 patients with >35% LVEF (High ejection fraction group-HEF). The mean age was 68.4±11.5 years and there were more females (86.5% versus 64.1%, P=0.007) in the LEF group. The prevalence of renal insufficiency was higher in LEF patients (27% versus 5.6%, P=0.001). Higher operative mortality (13.5% versus 3.1%, P=0.018) was observed in the LEF group. Stroke rates were similar in both groups (8.1% versus 4.1%, P=0.39). Unadjusted cumulative survival was significantly lower in LEF patients (6.6 years, 95% CI: 5.2-8.0, versus 9.7 years, 95% CI: 8.9-10.4, P=0.024). In patients without renal insufficiency, LEF and HEF had similar survival (8.3 years, 95% CI: 7.1-9.5, versus 9.9 years, 95% CI: 9.1-10.6, P=0.90). Contrarily, in patients with renal insufficiency, LEF led to a significantly lower survival (1.1 years, 95% CI: 0.1-2.0, versus 4.8 years, 95% CI: 2.2-7.3, P=0.050). Adjusted survival analysis revealed elevations in baseline creatinine (HR =4.28, P<0.001) and LEF (HR =5.33, P=0.041) as significant predictors of long-term survival, with a significant interaction between these comorbidities (HR =7.28, P<0.001). In re-AVR patients, low LVEF (≤35%) is associated with increased operative mortality. Concomitant renal insufficiency in these patients results in a prohibitively low cumulative survival. These reoperative surgical outcomes should warrant expanding the role of TAVR for reoperative patients with LEF and renal impairment.

New directions in fetal surgery for myelomeningocele.

The treatment of children with myelomeningocele (MMC) has improved over time, from supportive management to early postnatal closure to prenatal repair of the defect. The Management of Myelomeningocele Study (MOMS) showed that prenatal repair of MMC resulted in improved neurological outcomes compared to postnatal closure. Follow-up studies showed that prenatal repair was, as with any other fetal intervention, associated with higher rates of obstetrical complications. There was no significant difference in urological outcomes. Long-term follow-up of ambulatory status, executive functioning, and urological outcomes is needed to determine the durable effects of fetal MMC repair on mobility, functional independence, and the prevalence of renal insufficiency in patients with MMC who survive to adulthood. The future of fetal MMC repair consists of developing strategies to reduce maternal morbidity and improve infant outcomes. Fetoscopic MMC repair has been suggested as an alternative to open repair that may reduce obstetrical complications and the need for cesarean delivery in subsequent pregnancies. Translational research using mesenchymal stromal cells to augment fetal repair of ovine MMC has shown improvement in motor function.

The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Renal Insufficiency among Korean HIV-Infected Patients: The Korea HIV/AIDS Cohort Study.

BackgroundRenal disease is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, there are very few published studies about renal insufficiency in HIV-infected persons in Asia, especially in South Korea.Materials and MethodsA cross-sectional study was performed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of renal insufficiency, defined as <60 mL/min/1.73 m2, in subjects in the Korea HIV/AIDS Cohort Study enrolled from 19 institutions between December 2006 and July 2013. Data at entry into the cohort were analyzed.ResultsOf 454 enrolled subjects, 24 (5.3%) showed renal insufficiency at entry into the cohort. The mean age of patients in the renal insufficiency group was 5.28 years and the majority were male subjects (91.7%). All the patients were receiving antiretroviral agents, mostly protease inhibitor-based regimens (76.4%), for an average of 19 months. In univariate analysis, older age (P = 0.002), diabetes mellitus (DM) (P = 0.0002), unknown route of transmission (P = 0.007), and taking indinavir (P = 0.0022) were associated with renal insufficiency. In multivariable analysis, older age [odds ratio (OR) 1.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–1.12, P = 0.002], DM [OR 3.03, 95% CI 1.17–7.82, P = 0.022], unknown route of transmission [OR 6.15, 95% CI 1.77–21.33, P = 0.004], and taking indinavir [OR 3.07, 95% CI 1.17–8.05, P = 0.023] were independent risk factors of renal insufficiency.ConclusionThe prevalence of renal insufficiency in HIV-infected subjects in this study was relatively low, similar to that in other countries. Aging, DM, and taking indinavir were significantly associated with decreased glomerular filtration rate. Furthermore, unknown route of transmission was an independent risk factor, which was interpreted as a reflection of patient compliance. Further studies on the incidence and risk factors of renal insufficiency during HIV infection using follow-up cohort data are necessary.

Evaluation of Basal Renal Function in Treatment-naïve Patients with Malignancy and Comparison with Age Matched Healthy Control.

There is a paucity of data regarding the prevalence of renal insufficiency in patients with malignancy at baseline before initiation of therapy. The published studies based on patient with prior exposure to cytotoxic therapy have reported a high prevalence of renal impairment. However, these studies have utilized creatinine-based glomerular filtration rate (GFR) prediction equations to assess the level of renal function. These equations are known to have some serious limitations in reliably predicting GFR. The aim of the study was to accurately document the state of renal function in treatment-naïve cancer patients and compare them against age-matched healthy controls using a reference “creatinine independent” GFR measurement technique. Age-matched comparison of GFR of 1,373 treatment-naïve cancer patients and 1,089 healthy controls were done retrospectively. There was no difference in GFR between cancer and healthy group when analyzed under various age groups, though the overall mean GFR in healthy controls was significantly higher compared to cancer group (80.14 ± 17.63 mL vs 74.43 ± 20.84, P 0≤ 0.01), whereas the mean age in control arm was significantly lower compared to cancer group (44.24 ± 17.63 years vs. 50.70 ± 20.84 years, P ≤ 0.01). Treatment-naïve cancer patients have identical renal function to their healthy age-matched peers. Malignancy per se does not directly lead to the decline in filtration capacity of the kidneys.

Renal Function and All-Cause Mortality Risk Among Cancer Patients.

Renal dysfunction predicts all-cause mortality in general population. However, the prevalence of renal insufficiency and its relationship with mortality in cancer patients are unclear.We retrospectively studied 9465 patients with newly diagnosed cancer from January 2010 to December 2010. Renal insufficiency was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation. The hazard ratio (HR) of all-cause mortality associated with baseline eGFR was assessed by Cox regression.Three thousand sixty-nine patients (32.4%) exhibited eGFR <90 mL/min/1.73 m2 and 3% had abnormal serum creatinine levels at the time of diagnosis. Over a median follow-up of 40.5 months, 2705 patients (28.6%) died. Compared with the reference group (eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2), an elevated all-cause mortality was observed among patients with eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 stratified by cancer stage in the entire cohort, the corresponding hazard ratios were 1.87 (95% CI, 1.41–2.47) and 1.28 (95% CI, 1.01–1.62) for stage I to III and stage IV, respectively. However, this relationship was not observed after multivariate adjustment. Subgroup analysis found that eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 independently predicted death among patients with hematologic (adjusted HR 2.93, 95% CI [1.36–6.31]) and gynecological cancer (adjusted HR 2.82, 95% CI [1.19–6.70]), but not in those with other cancer. Five hundred fifty-seven patients (6%) had proteinuria. When controlled for potential confounding factors, proteinuria was a risk factor for all-cause mortality among patients in the entire cohort, regardless of cancer stage and eGFR values. When patients were categorized by specific cancer type, the risk of all-cause death was only significant in patients with digestive system cancer (adjusted HR, 1.85 [1.48–2.32]).The prevalence of renal dysfunction was common in patients with newly diagnosed cancer. Patients with eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or proteinuria were associated with increased risk for all-cause mortality, this relation depended on cancer site.

Rapid High-resolution, Self-registered, Dual Lumen-contrast MRI Method for Vessel-wall Assessment in Peripheral Artery Disease:: A Preliminary Investigation

Contrast-enhanced angiographic evaluation by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) is the reference standard for assessing peripheral artery disease (PAD). However, because PAD and diabetes often coexist, the prevalence of renal insufficiency is a major challenge to contrast-based angiography. The objective of this work is to describe and demonstrate a new application of three-dimensional double-echo steady-state (3D DESS) as a noncontrast vascular MRI method for evaluating peripheral atherosclerosis at 3 Tesla (3T). A water-selective 3D DESS pulse sequence was designed to simultaneously collect two steady-state free-precession signals (free induction decay and Echo) yielding "black blood" (BB) and "gray blood" (GB) images. For completeness Bloch equation, simulations were performed to characterize DESS signals of various tissues including blood at different velocities and to assess two healthy subjects for the purpose of pulse sequence optimization. Exploratory studies were performed as an add-on protocol to an existing study involving patients with PAD. To evaluate the method's specificity for detecting calcification, images from select patients were compared against CT angiography. Simulations agreed qualitatively with in vivo images supporting DESS' potential for generating distinct lumen contrast (GB vs BB). Lesions representing calcium were easily identifiable on the basis of signal void occurring on both image types and were confirmed by CT angiography. Further, BB allowed visualization of stent restenosis, and data suggest its ability to visualize acute thrombus by virtue of T2 weighting. Preliminary investigation and results suggest noncontrast 3D DESS to have the potential to improve diagnosis of PAD patients by providing detailed structural assessment of vessel-wall architecture.

Renal impairment in patients with thromboembolic event: prevalence and clinical implications. A systematic review of the literature

The assessment of the renal function of patients with a deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism (VTE patients) is of utmost importance for the selection/dosage of an agent in the initial anticoagulation management of these patients because the majority of available anticoagulants are cleared renally. Specifically, there is a high risk of drug accumulation and subsequent bleedings in patients with severe renal insufficiency. Consequently, specific recommendations have been made for the initial anticoagulation management of these patients in both product labels and AWMF treatment recommendations: some drugs should not be used in these patients, for other drugs a careful use, intensified screening (anti-Xa), or, in the case of enoxaparin, a dose-adjustment are recommended.This literature review aimed to answer the following questions: · What is the prevalence of renal insufficiency in VTE patients?. · Which data are available with regard to the real-world initial anticoagulation management and corresponding clinical outcomes (recurrent VTE events, bleedings, mortality) of these patients? We did a systematic review of existing publications in german or english published in 2004-2014. Only quantitative analyses have been included in the review. We identified 1,135 publications, 37 of them were included in our review. The prevalence of renal insufficiency in VTE patients, defined as CrCl < 60 ml / min, was reported to be 12.3 %-71.9 % related to all VTE patients. The prevalence of severe renal insufficiency, defined as CrCl < 30 ml / min, was reported to be 3,3 %-13,6 %. The substantial ranges in reported prevalences are mainly due to differences in the characteristics of patients addressed in the different publications.A CrCl < 30 ml / min is an independent predictor for both mortality and lethal recurrent pulmonary embolism, possibly also for severe bleedings in VTE patients. In addition to that, a severe renal insufficiency may also be a predictor for the probability that a first VTE event occurs.Several anticoagulants approved for the initial anticoagulation management of VTE patients face the risk of drug accumulation in renally insufficent patients. So, for example, a standard enoxaparin dosage was shown to be associated with elevated bleeding risk compared to adjusted enoxaparin dosage in renally insufficient patients. However, similar data do not exist for other low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) or unfractioned heparins (UFHs). Only for two LMWHs, Certoparin and Tinzaparin, safety data with regard to renally insufficient patients have been published so far.None of the included studies showed advantages of UFH therapy in comparison to LMWH therapy in initial anticoagulation management of VTE patients. In contrast to that, available evidence shows disadvantageous efficacy/safety of UFH in comparison to LMWH treatment. However, this evidence is not based on head-to-head comparisons but is derived from registry and observational study data only. A detailed knowledge of product labels is of utmost importance in the inital anticoagulation treatment of VTE patients because several agents may not be used in the addressed patients with severe renal insufficiency at all while others may be used based on specific dosage/surveillance schemes only. We also recommend to critically appraise the current AWMF treatment guideline because it still recommends initial anticoagulation management with UFHs in VTE patients with severe renal insufficiency. Available data do not support that recommendation.

Non-contrast 3D radial and QISS MRA for transcatheter aortic valve replacement planning

Background Because of the high prevalence of renal insufficiency in patients eligible for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), a non-contrast evaluation of the aortic root complex along with the entire vascular access route is desirable for pre-procedural evaluation. In this pilot study we proposed to test two novel investigational, non-contrast MRA techniques to develop a protocol for TAVR planning.

Prevalence of renal insufficiency in hospitalised patients with venous thromboembolic events: A retrospective analysis based on 6,725 VTE patients

Renal impairment (RI) is an important factor in the selection of anticoagulant therapy in venous thromboembolic event (VTE) patients. In particular, the risk of bleeding events is higher for VTE patients with a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) below 30mL/min. The aim of this study was to collect data on the prevalence of RI in hospitalised VTE patients in Germany. Furthermore, we investigated how renal function changed during inpatient treatment.We conducted a retrospective chart review in six German hospitals. All patients with a VTE diagnosis who were treated as inpatients from 2007–2011 were included. Patients were categorised according to their renal function. RI was estimated from serum creatinine values. Persistent RI was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of <30mL/min over at least 72hours.Renal function could be determined for 5,710 VTE patients. Of these 21.4% had an eGFR>90mL/min, 38.1% had an eGFR of 60–89mL/min, 17.3% had an eGFR of 45–59mL/min, 12.5% had an eGFR of 30–44mL/min, 7.2% had an eGFR of 15–29mL/min and 3.6% of the VTE patients had end-stage renal disease. Persistent severe RI was observed in 74.8% of patients with an eGFR <30mL/min. Overall, 40.6% of the VTE patients investigated had an eGFR <60mL/min; 10.8% had an eGFR <30mL/min. Almost three quarters of RI-VTE patients suffered from persistent severe RI. These results suggest that more than one in ten VTE patients is exposed to a high risk of accumulating anticoagulants; most of these RI patients also face an increased risk of mortality.

Prevalence of renal insufficiency in elderly cancer patients in a tertiary cancer center.

Objective To estimate the prevalence of abnormal glomerular filtration rate in elderly patients with solid tumors.Methods A retrospective study with patients aged >65 years diagnosed with solid tumors between January 2007 and December 2011 in a cancer center. The following data were collected: sex, age, serum creatinine at the time of diagnosis and type of tumor. Renal function was calculated using abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formulae and then staged in accordance with the clinical practice guidelines published by the Working Group of the National Kidney Foundation.Results A total of 666 patients were included and 60% were male. The median age was 74.2 years (range: 65 to 99 years). The most prevalent diagnosis in the study population were colorectal (24%), prostate (20%), breast (16%) and lung cancer (16%). The prevalence of elevated serum creatinine (>1.0mg/dL) was 30%. However, when patients were assessed using abbreviated MDRD formulae, 66% had abnormal renal function, stratified as follows: 45% with stage 2, 18% with stage 3, 3% with stage 4 and 0.3% with stage 5.Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this was the first study to estimate the frequency of renal insufficiency in elderly cancer patients in Brazil. The prevalence of abnormal renal function among our cohort was high. As suspected, the absolute creatinine level does underestimate renal function impairment and should not be used as predictor of chemotherapy metabolism, excretion and consequent toxicity.

The role of vitamin D in the health of Hispanic adults with diabetes.

The highest prevalence of low vitamin D levels are among Hispanics and non-Hispanic Blacks. Evidence suggests that low vitamin D levels may contribute to increased risk for diabetes and its complications. Hispanics are at greater risk for vitamin D deficiency. To address the relationship between vitamin D, diabetes, and Hispanics, this research is described. Evidence supports an association between low vitamin D and risk for diabetes, but there remains insufficient evidence to suggest whether treatment of low vitamin D can prevent or improve diabetes. In addition, there is limited research regarding vitamin D deficiency in the Hispanic population. Factors such as obesity, dark skin pigmentation, northern geographical latitude, and prevalence of renal insufficiency may place Hispanics at greater risk for low vitamin D levels. Nurses need to understand the signs and symptoms of vitamin D deficiency and treatment recommendation guidelines, which are also described. This information will allow nurses to improve the health outcomes and decrease the disparities amongst adult Hispanics with diabetes.

Diagnóstico y prevención de la Enfermedad Renal Crónica

La Enfermedad Renal Crónica (ERC) es un problema de salud pública que se asocia a una importante morbimortalidad cardiovascular y a costes elevados. Pese a que numerosos estudios afi rman que aproximadamente el 11% de la población adulta sufre algún grado de ERC1, se suele considerar una patologia rara y compleja. Afortunadamente solo una pequeña proporción de enfermos evoluciona hacia la insuficiencia renal terminal que necesite de tratamiento sustitutivo. Para evitar esta progresión es necesaria una actuación precoz sobre sus principales causas: hipertensión arterial y diabetes mellitus, pues en pacientes seguidos en atención primaria con estas enfermedades, la prevalencia de insuficiencia renal puede alcanzar cifras del 35-40%. Un número importante de pacientes con ERC están sin diagnosticar y se estima que alrededor del 20% de la población con más de 60 años tiene una ERC avanzada, es decir insufi ciencia renal.

Prevalence of renal insufficiency in elderly cancer patients in a tertiary cancer center in Sao Paulo-Brazil

Prevalence of renal insufficiency in elderly cancer patients in a tertiary cancer center in Sao Paulo-Brazil

GW24-e3068 The risk factors analysis and follow-up study of prehypertensive diabetic patients

ObjectivesTo analyse the prevalence and risk factors of prehypertension among normal blood pressure diabetic patients. To assess the renal function of prehypertensive diabetic patients. To compare the cumulative incidence of...