Prevalence Of Psychiatric Disorders Research Articles

Prison mental health in South-East Asia: A narrative review.

South-East Asia is a densely populated region with a considerable, however, under-prioritized mental health burden. Little is known about the mental health burden and services status in the prisons of the region. We aimed to investigate the individual country-wise prison mental health status in South-East Asian region. We performed a narrative review based on the evidence available in PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, Google, and Google Scholar considering the review objectives. We highlighted country perspectives on total population, prison numbers, prisoner numbers, the prevalence of psychiatric disorders and suicide among prisoners, prison mental health services, current challenges, and ways ahead. We discussed the prison mental health of five countries (Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Nepal, and Sri Lanka). We found overcrowding (131.4%-215.6%) in the prisons, a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders in the prisons (40%-100%), negligible prison mental health services, and a lack of data on prison suicide with some variations among the five countries. Among the countries, Bangladesh has the highest prevalence (66.4%-100%) of psychiatric morbidity with an absence of a mental health system. Prison mental health in tSouth-East Asia is a neglected domain and warrants attention regarding ensuring adequate mental health services to the prisoners as there are high unmet mental health needs and an absence of poorly supported mental health needs.

Seasonal variations in psychiatry outpatient service utilization in a tertiary health care center in subtropical arid regions of northwestern India

Background: Research on climatic parameters contributing to psychiatric disorder seasonality is limited, particularly in subtropical, arid climates like Rajasthan, necessitating investigation into seasonal variations in psychiatric disorder incidence in the region. This study investigates seasonal variations in psychiatric disorder prevalence over 2 years at a Rajasthan tertiary healthcare center, aiming to uncover links with climatic factors. Aims: To investigate seasonal variations in the utilization of outpatient psychiatry services and elucidate potential determinants contributing to these temporal variations. Settings and Design: This is a hospital-based study. A retrospective chart review of all new patients who utilized psychiatry outpatient services from July 2021 to July 2023 was conducted. Methods and Material: Data were gathered from psychiatric outpatient records of adults (July 2021 to July 2023), diagnosed using ICD-10. Seasons were categorized: winter (November–January), spring (February–April), summer (May–July), and rainy (August–October). Meteorological data, temperature, and day length were obtained. Statistical analyses, including Pearson correlation and Chi-square fitness, assessed seasonal associations with psychiatric disorders. Results: A total of 29,164 patient records were observed. Depression correlated with temperature and photoperiod. Mania peaked in August, linked to day length. Schizophrenia showed seasonal variation without environmental correlation. Anxiety peaked in March with no statistical significance. Obsessive compulsive disorder cases spiked in June, moderately correlated with temperature and photoperiod. Alcohol-related disorders peaked in December, while opioid dependence remained steady. Cannabis-induced psychosis peaked in summer, strongly correlated with temperature and day length. Headaches surged in August, positively correlated with temperature and day length. Conclusions: This study reveals complex relationships between seasonality, environmental factors, and psychiatric disorders, emphasizing their importance in mental health research and practice.

Association of psychiatric and substance use disorders with cannabis use and cannabis use disorder during early pregnancy in northern California.

To estimate the strength of association between psychiatric disorders and substance use disorders (SUD), and cannabis use and cannabis use disorder (CUD)during early pregnancy. Observational study. Kaiser Permanente Northern California, USA. 299 496 pregnancies from 227 555 individuals screened for cannabis use by self-report and a urine toxicology test at entrance to prenatal care in Kaiser Permanente Northern California during January 2011-December 2021 (excepting year 2020). The sample was 62.5% non-White, with a mean (standard deviation) age of 31.1 (5.5) years; 6.8% used cannabis; 0.2% had a CUD. Exposure variables included electronic health record-based psychiatric diagnoses of attention deficit hyperactivity, anxiety, bipolar, depressive, personality, posttraumatic stress and psychotic disorders; and alcohol, opioid, stimulant and tobacco use disorders, during the two years prior to pregnancy up to the day before the prenatal substance use screening date. Outcome variables were any cannabis use, frequency of self-reported cannabis use and CUD during early pregnancy. Psychiatric disorder prevalence ranged from 0.2% (psychotic) to 14.3% (anxiety), and SUD ranged from 0.3% (stimulant/opioid) to 3.8% (tobacco). Psychiatric disorders were associated with cannabis use and CUD, with the strongest association for any use found for bipolar disorder (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.83; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.53-3.17) and the strongest association for CUD found for psychotic disorders (aOR = 10.01, 95% CI = 6.52-15.37). SUDs were associated with cannabis use and CUD, with the strongest association for any use found for tobacco use disorder (aOR = 4.03, 95% CI = 3.82-4.24) and the strongest association for CUD found for stimulant use disorder (aOR = 21.99, 95% CI = 16.53-29.26). Anxiety, bipolar, depressive disorders and tobacco use disorder were associated with greater odds of daily than monthly or less cannabis use. Psychiatric disorders and substance use disorders appear to be associated with elevated odds of any and frequent cannabis use as well as cannabis use disorder during early pregnancy. In most cases, the associations with cannabis outcomes were stronger for substance use disorders than other psychiatric disorders.

The Prevalence and Burden of Psychiatric Disorders in Primary Health Care Visits in Asir Region Saudi Arabia.

Psychiatric disorders encompass a wide range of conditions that affect an individual's mental health and well-being. These disorders can manifest in various ways. The recognition, diagnosis, treatment, and referral of psychological conditions heavily rely on general practitioners, who handle consultations that involve a psychological aspect in at least one third of cases. To assess the prevalence and burden of common psychiatric disorders at primary health care centers (PHCs) using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6) in the general population, aged 18-65, and examine their symptom patterns and comorbidity. A descriptive online cross-sectional survey was conducted over a one-month period, spanning from September to October 2023. The survey targeted the population living in the Asir region. To fulfill the objectives, the K6 scale was used. Data analysis was carried out using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. P values were considered statistically significant when they were ≤0.05. The survey included a total of 1,595 participants. Of these, 21.3% of respondents were male, while 78.7% were female. The majority of respondents fall within the 18-25 age group, accounting for 50.5% of the total. A significant portion of the population experiences some form of psychological distress, with 4.6% reporting low psychological distress, 36.1% reporting mild psychological distress, and a substantial 59.2% reporting severe psychological distress. Age (p-value=0.024), gender (p-value=0.001), educational level (p-value=0.001), occupation (p-value=0.008), and monthly income (p-value=0.001) had significant associations with the psychological distress score of psychiatric disorders. The prevalence and burden of psychiatric disorders in primary health care visits in Saudi Arabia is a significant public health concern. Our findings showed that the majority of participants reported having severe to mild psychological distress.

Psychiatric Disease as a Potential Risk Factor for Dementia: A Narrative Review.

Neurodegenerative disease is a major global health problem with 150 million people predicted to have dementia by 2050. Genetic factors, environmental factors, demographics, and some diseases have been associated with dementia. In addition to associations between diseases such as hypertension and cerebrovascular disease and dementia, emerging findings associate some psychiatric disorders with incident dementia. Because of the high and increasing global prevalence of dementia and the high worldwide prevalence of psychiatric disorders, the primary objective of this narrative review was to evaluate published findings that evaluate the association between bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia and other psychosis syndromes, and personality disorders and personality traits and incident dementia. Here, we highlight findings indicating possible associations between these psychiatric disorders and subsequent dementia and suggest that some psychiatric disorders may be risk factors for incident dementia. Further research, including more large longitudinal studies and additional meta-analyses, however, is needed to better characterize the associations between psychiatric disorders and incident dementia, to identify possible mechanisms for these putative associations, and to identify risk factors within psychiatric disorders that predispose some people with a psychiatric disorder but not others to subsequent dementia. Additional important questions concern how the treatment of psychiatric disorders might affect the risk of incident dementia.

Age of onset of major depressive episode and association with lifetime psychiatric disorders, health-related quality of life and impact of gender: A cross sectional and retrospective cohort study

ObjectiveTo assess the long-term impact of the age of onset (AOO) of the first major depressive episode (MDE) according to 3 age groups and considering gender. MethodsData were extracted from NESARC III, a representative U.S. sample. We included 8053 participants with an MDE history in a cross-sectional and retrospective cohort study. We defined 3 AOO groups: childhood-onset (< 13 yo), adolescence-onset (13–18 yo), and adult-onset (> 18 yo). We compared sociodemographic characteristics, lifetime psychiatric disorders per DSM-5 criteria, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in each group and performed gender-stratified analyses. ResultsPrevalence of childhood-onset MDE was 10.03 %, adolescence-onset was 14.12 %, and adult-onset was 75.85 %. Suicide attempts (AOR = 3.61; 95 % CI 2.90–4.50), anxiety disorders (AOR = 1.92; 95 % CI 1.62–2.27), and personality disorders (AOR = 3.08; 95 % CI 2.56–3.71) were more frequent in the childhood-onset than in the adult-onset one. Adolescence-onset group showed similar results. Physical Disability scale (p < 0.001) and Mental Disability scale (p < 0.001) were significantly lower in the childhood-onset group. Results were more nuanced in the adolescence-onset group. Women in childhood-onset and adolescence-onset groups had poorer outcomes than the adult-onset group. Differences were less pronounced in men. LimitationsRecall and classification biases inherent to survey design. ConclusionIndividuals, particularly women, who experienced their first MDE during childhood or adolescence exhibit higher lifetime psychiatric disorder prevalence and poorer HRQOL than those with adult-onset MDE. These findings highlight the importance of preventive measures, early diagnosis, and treatment of youth depression.

Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders - An Evaluation from a Psychiatric Outdoor Department with ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria for Research (DCR)

Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders - An Evaluation from a Psychiatric Outdoor Department with ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria for Research (DCR)

Efficacy of MRI-guided rTMS for post-traumatic stress disorder by modulating amygdala activity: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

IntroductionPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent and severe psychiatric disorder. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex provides limited relief for symptoms of PTSD. This study...

Burden of depression and its associated factors among older people living in Gondar town, Ethiopia: a community based cross-sectional study

Objectives Depression is one of the main causes of disability worldwide and makes a major contribution to the global disease burden, especially in developing countries. It is also one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders in the older people and a significant risk factor for both disability and death. Despite the fact that little research has been done on it among those who live in sub-Saharan Africa, especially Ethiopia, the aim of this study was to fill the above-mentioned gap among older people. Method A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April to June 2023. A total of 607 older people were included using the multistage sampling technique. An interview-administered questionnaire was used to assess depression using the Geriatric Depression Scale item 15 with a cut-off ≥5. For statistical analysis, the binary logistic regression model was employed. Results The mean age of the study participants was 72.45 (SD ±9.08) years. The prevalence of depression was found to be 45%. Age 80 years and above, 70–79 years, widowed, retired, known chronic disease, and poor social support were associated factors with depression. Conclusion Compared to other studies conducted in different regions of Ethiopia, the prevalence of depression in this study was found to be high, at 45%. The results of this study may be taken as providing health professionals, health policymakers, and other pertinent stakeholders’ early warning signs and guidance on how to take efficient control measures and conduct periodic monitoring among older people.

Personality disorders among a sample of Egyptian patients with major depressive disorder and their association with suicide

BackgroundDepression is a prevalent psychiatric disorder that can arise at any age and is often present as a co-occurring illness in different illnesses. There is a high comorbidity rate between major depressive disorder and personality disorders (PDs). The current study aimed to investigate the significant impact of personality disorders on depression severity, functional impairment, and suicidal tendencies in individuals with depression.MethodsThe researchers conducted a cross-sectional observational study involving 120 patients, with an age range from 18 to 56 years of both genders, recruited from Okasha’s Institute of Psychiatry in Cairo, Egypt. Their major depressive disorder diagnosis was verified through the use of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I). Participants underwent evaluations using the SCID-II to evaluate personality disorders, the Hamilton Depression-Rating Scale (HAM-D) to assess the severity of depression, the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) to investigate suicidal ideation, and the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF) to determine functional level.ResultsBorderline personality disorder and narcissistic personality disorder were the predominant personality disorders in the sample, with prevalence rates of 55.8% and 40.8%, respectively. Sixty-six percent of the participants reported experiencing suicidal thoughts at some point in their lifetime, whereas only 17.5% had actually attempted suicide. Borderline personality disorder showed a strong correlation with more severe depression (P value 0.043), a decline in functioning (P value 0.001), the existence of suicidal thoughts (P value 0.001), and a past of suicide attempts (P value 0.038).ConclusionsPersonality disorders are highly prevalent in patients with depression, borderline PD, and narcissistic PD were the most common PDs. Borderline PD showed a significant effect on depression severity. PDs, mainly borderline, avoidant, depressive, and narcissistic PDs contribute to more impairment of functioning of the MDD patients. There is a significant effect of the presence of co-morbid personality disorder on suicidal thoughts and suicidal attempts, mainly depressive and borderline PDs.

Patterns of substance use and initiation timing in adults with substance abuse: a comparison between those with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent psychiatric disorder in childhood and adolescence, persisting into adulthood in 60% of cases, with an adult age prevalence rate of 4%. substance use disorder (SUD) is a recognized comorbidity with significant social and financial implications, necessitating detailed investigation. This longitudinal study focused on adults with SUD in addiction detention in two camps including Toska and Chitgar in the west and south of Tehran during 2021-2022. Participants underwent assessment using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID) to identify individuals with SUD, excluding those with major mental problems. The remaining subjects were assessed by Conner's questionnaire. And positive cases underwent a comprehensive ADHD interview. The study comprised 50 individuals with ADHD and 90 without ADHD, allowing for a comparative analysis of the onset age of substance use and patterns across both groups. The substances examined included alcohol, cannabis, crack, methamphetamine, tramadol, methadone, opium, ecstasy, morphine, and hypnotics. The study revealed a lower age of onset of substance use in the ADHD group. Furthermore, individuals with ADHD exhibited higher rates of alcohol, cannabis, methamphetamine, and tramadol use, while the non-ADHD group showed elevated usage of Ritalin, methadone, ecstasy, morphine, and hypnotics. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of ADHD regarding the lower onset age of substance use and a further range of high-risk substances, such as alcohol, methamphetamine, and crack, would be crucial. Additionally, based on these findings, policy recommendations should emphasize early ADHD screening and intervention strategies to mitigate the risk of substance use disorders, thereby addressing the associated social and financial burdens.

Characteristics of Patients Attending the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Outpatient Clinic of a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India

Background: The psychiatric morbidity profile of children and adolescents is very different from that of adults. Failure of early identification and timely intervention of psychiatric disorders adversely affects the developmental trajectory of children to becoming a healthy adult. Objectives: To study the clinico-demographic profile of patients attending the child &amp; adolescent psychiatric OPD and to estimate the frequency of various psychiatric disorders among them. Methodology: In this retrospective file review study, all patients attending the child and adolescent psychiatry clinic of a tertiary care hospital between Jan 2018- June 2022 were taken. Data collection was done using a semi-structured proforma and ICD-10 was used to make psychiatric diagnoses. Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS 16 (Version 25.0). Results: The total number of cases visiting child psychiatry OPD during the study period was 1199 with an average of 240 cases per year. The mean age was found to be 12 years, with gender distribution revealing male preponderance (58.4%). Around 64% of the participants were 63.8%) were in the age range 10 to 15 years. Most subjects (59.4%) were Hindu by religion and hailed from urban areas (52.4%). Epilepsy (23.9%) was the most prevalent psychiatric disorder, followed by intellectual disability (16.8%), anxiety disorder (14.1%), hyperkinetic and conduct disorder (8.8%), and schizophrenia &amp; other psychotic disorders (10.3%). Conclusion: This study is one of the few ones conducted in a tertiary care hospital in North India. Children in poor nations receive less mental health and psychiatric care than adults do. Our research indicates that Indian clinics may need to improve their offerings for conditions like depression, specific learning disorders, communication disorders, and hyperkinetic disorders. The study also emphasizes the need for more child psychologists special educators, and strengthened counseling services in schools

Prophylactic nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) mitigates CSDS-induced depressive-like behaviors in mice via preserving of ATP level in the mPFC

Depression is a prevalent psychiatric disorder with accumulating evidence implicating dysregulation of extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). It remains unclear whether facilitating endogenous ATP production and subsequently increasing extracellular ATP level in the mPFC can exert a prophylactic effect against chronic social defeat stress (CSDS)-induced depressive-like behaviors and enhance stress resilience. Here, we found that nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) treatment effectively elevated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) biosynthesis and extracellular ATP levels in the mPFC. Moreover, both the 2-week intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection and 3-week oral gavage of NMN prior to exposure to CSDS effectively prevented the development of depressive-like behavior in mice. These protective effects were accompanied with the preservation of both NAD+ biosynthesis and extracellular ATP level in the mPFC. Furthermore, catalyzing ATP hydrolysis by mPFC injection of the ATPase apyrase negated the prophylactic effects of NMN on CSDS-induced depressive-like behaviors. Prophylactic NMN treatment also prevented the reduction in GABAergic inhibition and the increase in excitability in mPFC neurons projecting to the lateral habenula (LHb). Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the prophylactic effects of NMN on depressive-like behaviors are mediated by preventing extracellular ATP loss in the mPFC, which highlights the potential of NMN supplementation as a novel approach for protecting and preventing stress-induced depression in susceptible individuals.

Psychiatric Diagnoses and Their Treatment in Women With Breast Cancer: A Latent Class Analysis of 1062 Inpatients

IntroductionPsycho-oncological support (POS) and psychopharmacological interventions are effective in treating psychiatric symptoms in patients with breast cancer. However, despite high prevalences of psychiatric disorders in patients with breast cancer, a significant proportion remains untreated. MethodsData from 1062 breast cancer patients who had been diagnosed and treated at a Comprehensive Cancer Center between 2012 and 2019 were analyzed retrospectively. We descriptively evaluated the number of patients with a psychiatric diagnosis, POS and psychiatric medication. Latent class analysis was used to examine the relationship between ICD-10 coded psychiatric diagnoses, POS, psychiatric medication, and, as important prognostic factors, tumor stage and somatic comorbidity. Results31.5% of all patients had a psychiatric diagnosis, 20% received POS and up to 60% received psychiatric medication. Latent class analysis revealed three subgroups: 1) patients with a low cancer stage, low somatic comorbidity, no psychiatric diagnosis, no POS and no psychiatric medication; 2) patients with a low cancer stage, low somatic comorbidity, a psychiatric diagnosis, and a higher probability of POS and psychiatric medication than class 1 and class 3; 3) patients with advanced cancer stage, high somatic comorbidity, a higher probability of a psychiatric diagnosis and POS than class 1, and no psychiatric medication. ConclusionThis study indicated a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders among patients with breast cancer and a discrepancy between the number of patients having a psychiatric disorder and those receiving psychiatric medication. The identification of subgroups might contribute to better tailored treatment for those patients whose needs are insufficiently met.

Homelessness, psychiatric disorders, and violence in Denmark: a population-based cohort study

Homelessness is associated with adverse health and social outcomes. People experiencing homelessness have been found to have a high risk of violent crime victimisation as well as high prevalence of psychiatric disorders. It is poorly understood whether experiencing homelessness is associated with additional risks of violent offending and whether psychiatric disorders contribute to these risks. We examined the association between homelessness, psychiatric disorders, and first violence offence leading to conviction. We did a nationwide, register-based cohort study of all Danish residents who were alive at least 1 day during the study period, born between Jan 1, 1980, and Dec 31, 2006, and aged 15 years or older retrieved from the Danish Civil Registration System, which was linked to registers with information on homelessness, health care, and criminality. The exposure was any experience of homelessness, which was defined as having at least one contact with a homeless shelter during the study period. The outcome was first violent offence leading to a conviction. We calculated incidence rates per 10 000 person-years, incidence rate ratios (IRRs) using Poisson regression analysis, and probability of conviction of a violent offence using an Aalen-Johansen estimator. Analyses were stratified by sex and adjusted for calendar year of the study period, age, other sociodemographic factors, and psychiatric disorders. The study cohort included 1 786 433 Danish residents aged 15-42 years living in Denmark at some point from Jan 1, 2001, to Dec 31, 2021, contributing to 21 336 322 person-years at risk, of whom 57 084 (3·2%) individuals had their first violent offence leading to conviction during follow-up. 10 years after their first contact with a homeless shelter, 22·9% (95% CI 21·6-24·2) of men and 7·7% (6·8-8·7) of women had committed at least one violent crime leading to conviction. The fully adjusted IRRs of a violent offence leading to conviction were 4·8 (4·5-5·1) in men and 6·3 (5·6-7·2) in women experiencing homelessness compared with individuals who had not experienced homelessness. The IRR for a violent offence leading to conviction was highest in individuals experiencing homelessness and having co-occurring psychiatric disorders compared with those not experiencing homelessness and without co-occurring psychiatric disorders, especially drug use disorders (IRR in those experiencing homelessness and having a drug use disorder: 15·3 [14·1-16·7] in men and 40·1 [33·9-47·5] in women compared with individuals not experiencing homelessness and having no drug use disorder). Individuals experiencing homelessness had higher risks of a violent offence leading to conviction than those who had not experienced homelessness. In addition to preventing homelessness, public health and policy should consider how to reduce the risk of adverse outcomes in people experiencing homelessness. Lundbeck Foundation.

Leveraging interindividual variability in threat conditioning of inbred mice to model trait anxiety.

Trait anxiety is a major risk factor for stress-induced and anxiety disorders in humans. However, animal models accounting for the interindividual variability in stress vulnerability are largely lacking. Moreover, the pervasive bias of using mostly male animals in preclinical studies poorly reflects the increased prevalence of psychiatric disorders in women. Using the threat imminence continuum theory, we designed and validated an auditory aversive conditioning-based pipeline in both female and male mice. We operationalised trait anxiety by harnessing the naturally occurring variability of defensive freezing responses combined with a model-based clustering strategy. While sustained freezing during prolonged retrieval sessions was identified as an anxiety-endophenotype biomarker in both sexes, females were consistently associated with an increased freezing response. RNA-sequencing of CeA, BLA, ACC, and BNST revealed massive differences in phasic and sustained responders' transcriptomes, correlating with transcriptomic signatures of psychiatric disorders, particularly post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Moreover, we detected significant alterations in the excitation/inhibition balance of principal neurons in the lateral amygdala. These findings provide compelling evidence that trait anxiety in inbred mice can be leveraged to develop translationally relevant preclinical models to investigate mechanisms of stress susceptibility in a sex-specific manner.

#1022 Vulnerability in onconephrology: women and people who live alone are at greater risk of depression and anxiety

Abstract Background and Aims Cancer is a common entity that after the new therapeutic advances is becoming chronic disease. For that reason, kidney disease prevalence is increasing in cancer patients. Consequently, Onconephrology is becoming an essential subspecialty. Psychiatric disorders are prevalent in both cancer and kidney patients. The impact of such disorders has not been studied in onconephrology patients. Our aim is to study the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Onconephrology patients and their impact in the survival and quality of life of patients. Method This is a prospective study including all patients visited in the Onconephrology Unit in our center from November-2021 to February-2023. The following questionaries were evaluated at the first visit, 6 months and 12 months: sleep disorders (Epworth scale), depression (Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and Patient Questionnaire Health (PHQ)), cognition (Montreal scale) and anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). Clinical and analytical characteristics of the patients were collected. Results A total of 182 patients were included, mean age 68 (±11) years, 70 (38.5%) women, 56 (30.8%) diabetes mellitus, mean creatinine 1.7 (±0.88) mg/dL, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 44 (±21) ml/min. A total of 18 (9.9%) patients lived alone, 152 (83.5%) lived accompanied and 4 (2.2%) in residence. The most common neoplasm was lung (n = 38; 20.9%) and the reason for referral to Onconephrology was chronic kidney disease (n = 94; 51.6%). At the first visit, 81 patients (44.5%) had sleep disorder, 32.7% (n = 59) had depression, 72 (39.6%) had cognitive impairment and 14 (7.7%) had anxiety. In the univariate analysis we evidenced that patients who lived in residence presented more prevalence of depression (p = 0.013). Patients with cognitive impairment had a higher prevalence of DM (p = 0.003), worse kidney function and were older (p &amp;lt; 0.001). Patients who had sleep disorders were older (p = 0.01) and women had more prevalence of anxiety (p &amp;lt; 0.001). At six months of follow-up, women presented anxiety with more prevalence (p = 0.03) as well as those who presented oncological progressive disease (p &amp;lt; 0.001). Patients who lived alone presented more depression compared to patients lived accompanied (p = 0.002). At twelve months of follow-up, oncological progression was associated with depression (p = 0.034). In the multivariate analysis, age was identified as a risk factor for cognitive impairment (OR: 1.1; p &amp;lt; 0.001) and female sex for depression (OR: 3.39; p = 0.001). At 6 months of follow-up woman sex for anxiety disorder (OR:8.6;p = 0.01) and patients who lived alone were identified as risk factors for depression (OR: 10.8; p &amp;lt; 0.001). A total of 30 patients (16.5%) died during the follow-up. In the Kaplan-Meier analysis, more mortality was observed in patients with sleep disorders (p = 0.039), worse kidney function (p = 0.003) and oncological progressive disease (p = 0.028). These were not confirmed in multivariate analysis Conclusion Onconephrology patients had a high prevalence of depression and anxiety, especially female and patients who live alone. Therefore, it is essential to perform a comprehensive approach and to have tools to detect the vulnerable population to improve their survival and quality of life.

Parvalbumin interneuron mGlu5 receptors govern sex differences in prefrontal cortex physiology and binge drinking.

Despite established sex differences in the prevalence and presentation of psychiatric disorders, little is known about the cellular and synaptic mechanisms that guide these differences under basal conditions. The proper function of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is essential for the top-down regulation of motivated behaviors. The activity of the PFC is tightly controlled by parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (PV-INs), a key subpopulation of fast-spiking GABAergic cells that regulate cortical excitability through direct innervations onto the perisomatic regions of nearby pyramidal cells. Recent rodent studies have identified notable sex differences in PV-IN activity and adaptations to experiences such as binge drinking. Here, we investigated the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie sex-specific regulation of PFC PV-IN function. Using whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology and selective pharmacology, we report that PV-INs from female mice are more excitable than those from males. Moreover, we find that mGlu1 and mGlu5 metabotropic glutamate receptors regulate cell excitability, excitatory drive, and endocannabinoid signaling at PFC PV-INs in a sex-dependent manner. Genetic deletion of mGlu5 receptors from PV-expressing cells abrogates all sex differences observed in PV-IN membrane and synaptic physiology. Lastly, we report that female, but not male, PV-mGlu5-/- mice exhibit decreased voluntary drinking on an intermittent access schedule, which could be related to changes in ethanol's stimulant properties. Importantly, these studies identify mGlu1 and mGlu5 receptors as candidate signaling molecules involved in sex differences in PV-IN activity and behaviors relevant to alcohol use.

Predictive Models for Suicide Attempts in Major Depressive Disorder and the Contribution of EPHX2: A Pilot Integrative Machine Learning Study

Suicide is a major public health problem caused by a complex interaction of various factors. Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the most prevalent psychiatric disorder associated with suicide; therefore, it is essential to prioritize suicide prediction and prevention within this population. Integrated information from different dimensions, including personality, cognitive function, and social and genetic factors, is necessary to improve the performance of predictive models. Besides, recent studies have indicated the critical roles for EPHX2/P2X2 in the pathophysiology of MDD. Our previous studies found an association of EPHX2 and P2X2 with suicide in MDD. This study is aimed at (1) establishing predictive models with integrated information to distinguish MDD from healthy volunteers, (2) estimating the suicide risk of MDD, and (3) determining the contribution of EPHX2/P2X2. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 472 prospectively collected participants. The machine learning (ML) technique using Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) classifier was employed to evaluate the performance and relative importance of the extracted characteristics in recognising patients with MDD and depressed suicide attempters (DSA). In independent validation set, the model with clinical and cognitive information could recognise MDD with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.938 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.898–0.977), and genetic information did not improve classification performance. The model with clinical, cognitive, and genetic information resulted in a significantly higher AUC of 0.801 (95% CI, 0.719–0.884) for identifying DSA than the model with only clinical information, in which the three single nucleotide polymorphisms of EPHX2 showed important roles. This study successfully established step-by-step predictive ML models to estimate the risk of suicide attempts in MDD. We found that EPHX2 can help improve the performance of suicidal predictive models. This trial is registered with NCT05575713.

Cold hypersensitivity in the hands and feet is associated with erectile dysfunction in young Taiwanese men

Cold hypersensitivity in the hands and feet (CHHF) is a protective or predisposing factor for many diseases; however, the relationship between CHHF and erectile dysfunction (ED) remains unclear. We aimed to investigate associations between CHHF and ED among young men of Southeast Asian origin. In this cross-sectional study, sexually active Taiwanese men aged 20–40 years were enrolled via an online questionnaire comprising general demographic information, comorbidities, subjective thermal sensations of their hands and feet in the past 6 months, and their erectile function using the International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5). Participants who reported cold sensation of hands and feet were classified to have CHHF; those with IIEF-5 score ≤ 21 were considered to have ED. Total 54.2% and 27.9% of participants had ED and CHHF, respectively. Men with CHHF were significantly younger, had lower body mass index and IIEF-5 scores (p < 0.001), and a lower prevalence of diabetes mellitus (p = 0.033) along with higher prevalence of ED, psychiatric disorders, and insomnia (p < 0.001). After adjusting for predisposing factors of ED, CHHF (odds ratio 1.410, 95% confidence interval 1.159–1.714; p = 0.001) remained an independent predictor of ED. Thus, CHHF is independently associated with ED, affecting more than a quarter of young Taiwanese men. Autonomic dysregulation and subclinical endothelial dysfunction may be common pathophysiologies of CHHF and ED.