Prevalence Of Psychiatric Disorders Research Articles

Predictive Models for Suicide Attempts in Major Depressive Disorder and the Contribution of EPHX2: A Pilot Integrative Machine Learning Study

Suicide is a major public health problem caused by a complex interaction of various factors. Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the most prevalent psychiatric disorder associated with suicide; therefore, it is essential to prioritize suicide prediction and prevention within this population. Integrated information from different dimensions, including personality, cognitive function, and social and genetic factors, is necessary to improve the performance of predictive models. Besides, recent studies have indicated the critical roles for EPHX2/P2X2 in the pathophysiology of MDD. Our previous studies found an association of EPHX2 and P2X2 with suicide in MDD. This study is aimed at (1) establishing predictive models with integrated information to distinguish MDD from healthy volunteers, (2) estimating the suicide risk of MDD, and (3) determining the contribution of EPHX2/P2X2. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 472 prospectively collected participants. The machine learning (ML) technique using Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) classifier was employed to evaluate the performance and relative importance of the extracted characteristics in recognising patients with MDD and depressed suicide attempters (DSA). In independent validation set, the model with clinical and cognitive information could recognise MDD with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.938 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.898–0.977), and genetic information did not improve classification performance. The model with clinical, cognitive, and genetic information resulted in a significantly higher AUC of 0.801 (95% CI, 0.719–0.884) for identifying DSA than the model with only clinical information, in which the three single nucleotide polymorphisms of EPHX2 showed important roles. This study successfully established step-by-step predictive ML models to estimate the risk of suicide attempts in MDD. We found that EPHX2 can help improve the performance of suicidal predictive models. This trial is registered with NCT05575713.

Cold hypersensitivity in the hands and feet is associated with erectile dysfunction in young Taiwanese men

Cold hypersensitivity in the hands and feet (CHHF) is a protective or predisposing factor for many diseases; however, the relationship between CHHF and erectile dysfunction (ED) remains unclear. We aimed to investigate associations between CHHF and ED among young men of Southeast Asian origin. In this cross-sectional study, sexually active Taiwanese men aged 20–40 years were enrolled via an online questionnaire comprising general demographic information, comorbidities, subjective thermal sensations of their hands and feet in the past 6 months, and their erectile function using the International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5). Participants who reported cold sensation of hands and feet were classified to have CHHF; those with IIEF-5 score ≤ 21 were considered to have ED. Total 54.2% and 27.9% of participants had ED and CHHF, respectively. Men with CHHF were significantly younger, had lower body mass index and IIEF-5 scores (p < 0.001), and a lower prevalence of diabetes mellitus (p = 0.033) along with higher prevalence of ED, psychiatric disorders, and insomnia (p < 0.001). After adjusting for predisposing factors of ED, CHHF (odds ratio 1.410, 95% confidence interval 1.159–1.714; p = 0.001) remained an independent predictor of ED. Thus, CHHF is independently associated with ED, affecting more than a quarter of young Taiwanese men. Autonomic dysregulation and subclinical endothelial dysfunction may be common pathophysiologies of CHHF and ED.

Epidemiology of DSM-5 psychiatric disorders in Kenyan youth with low and high psychosis risk

IntroductionThere are few psychiatric epidemiology studies among Kenyan youth and fewer among those at high psychosis risk (HR). MethodsThis study assessed the epidemiology of DSM-5 psychiatric disorders in HR and low-risk (LR) individuals to inform research and mental health services. 567 participants (aged 15–25) in HR (n = 246) and LR (n = 260) groups based on Washington Early Recognition Center Affectivity and Psychosis (WERCAP) Screen scores. Diagnostic Interview Schedule, version 5 (DIS-5) assessed DSM-5 psychiatric disorder prevalence. Diagnostic comorbidity and demographic relationships were investigated. ResultsA higher prevalence was observed for all DSM-5 disorders in the HR group, significantly for gambling disorder (13% vs. 5.8%), major depressive disorder (9.8% vs. 3.8%), antisocial personality disorder (5.7% vs. 2.3%), general anxiety disorder (4.9% vs. 0.4%), oppositional defiant disorder (3.3% vs. 0.4%), panic disorder (2.8% vs. 0.8%), and anorexia nervosa (2.8% vs. 0%). Gambling disorder was the most prevalent and showed significant gender effects (males>females). DiscussionPsychiatric disorders occur at increased rates among HR compared to LR. Prevalence rates found are lower than in US studies, except for gambling disorder which was highly prevalent. Large-population-based epidemiology studies in Africa are needed to estimate rates, particularly of disorders such as schizophrenia, accurately.

The Psychiatric Disorders and Cannabis Use

Introduction: Cannabis is the most widely used of illicit substances. It is a public health problem for the most vulnerable populations, and in particular; adolescents. Cannabis is the subject of much debate in its links with psychiatric disorders where it appears to be a risk factor and a worsening factor, as all psychoactive substances. Objective: Determine the hospital prevalence of psychiatric disorders among patients who use cannabis and establish a correlation between cannabis use and psychiatric disorders. Method: This is a prospective study of 100 patients, consuming or having consumed cannabis, hospitalized at Ibn NAFISS hospital over a 6-month period from February 24, 2021 to August 24, 2021. The statistical study was carried out with the SPSS software version 25.0 and in bivariate analysis, and the comparison of the qualitative variables appealed to the statistical test of Chi2. Results: The average age of our patients is 32 years old, a clear predominance of men (95%), 73% of patients are single, 85% of patients have a low socio-economic level and 40% have a secondary education level. Psychiatric evaluation of our patients revealed that psychotic disorders (schizophrenia, acute psychotic attack, etc.) are found with a rate of 85% followed by bipolar (34%) and anxiety disorders (34%) and lastly depressive disorders (13%). The correlation between psychiatric disorders and the cannabis behaviour of our patients has objected that an early age of onset of use, heavy use, regular use and an unfavourable socio-economic level are all risk factors for psychiatric disorders in patients of cannabis users, especially psychotic disorders (schizophrenia, acute psychotic attack, etc...) Conclusion: The association between cannabis and psychiatric disorders is reported in numerous studies. These results found that cannabis-dependent subjects more frequently presented with psychiatric disorders and personality disorders than in the general population. This high .........

Human Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies for Psychiatric Disorders: The Current Progress and Future Directions.

With the prevalence of psychiatric disorders and the limitations of the diagnostic scheme and treatment options of these disorders, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies play a significant role in uncovering the pathological basis of psychiatric disorders and potentially using biological markers in clinical settings. The use of MRI in clinical research has grown over the past three decades, and current MRI research continues to provide an avenue to guide the development of diagnostic approaches and therapeutic solutions. However, the current shortcomings of MRI studies derive not only from technical limitations (i.e., the range of contrasts that MRI probes or sensors can create) but also from confounding factors in the current methodological approaches of case-control studies for psychiatric disorders. Thus, by reviewing the recent literature on MRI research on psychiatric disorders, we explain the current progress and limitations of brain MRI methodologies used to study psychiatric disorders. We consider the growing use of cross-disorder methods to identify shared and disease-specific pathological features across psychiatric disorders. In addition, we need to outline healthy developmental and aging changes of the brain and investigate the disorder difference as a deviation of the trajectory. Although these methods have provided us with new insights, the demarcation between psychiatric disorders based on a definitive set of pathologies remains limited. This challenge of disease stratification is further complicated by the presence of multiple different sets of disorder pathologies within a single disorder and the different progressive timelines of different disorders. As such, we introduce the ongoing research projects in Japan, namely, the Brain Mapping by Integrated Neurotechnologies for Disease Studies (Brain/MINDS) and the Strategic International Brain Science Research Promotion Program (Brain/MINDS Beyond). These collaborative research initiatives across Japan use neuroimaging and travel-subject harmonization to conduct nationwide MRI studies capable of providing large-scale coherent results, which may address the current limitations of MRI psychiatric disorder research.

Psychiatric Influences on Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Call for Help.

Background Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is associated with a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders. However, no studies examine how psychiatric disorders influence surgical and financial outcomes. This study aimed to assess impact of a psychiatric diagnosis on patients treated for HS. Methods Patients with HS were retrospectively identified at a single institution from 2010 to 2021. Cohorts were stratified by the presence of a psychiatric disorder. Demographics, comorbidities, and disease characteristics were collected. Outcomes assessed included the procedural interventions and emergency department (ED) visits. Financial distress was assessed via the COST-FACIT Version 2 survey. Results Out of 138 patients, 40 (29.0%) completed the survey of which 19 (47.5%) had a preexisting psychiatric diagnosis. No demographic differences were found between cohorts. Mean follow-up was 16.1 ± 11.0 months. The psychiatric cohort had a higher median number of surgeries received (7.0 vs. 1.5, p < 0.001), a higher median number of ED visits (1.0 vs. 0, p = 0.006), and a similar hospital length of stay ( p = 0.456). The mean COST-FACIT score of the overall study population was 19.2 ± 10.7 (grade 1 financial toxicity). The psych cohort had a lower mean COST-FACIT score (16.8 vs. 21.3, p = 0.092) and reported greater financial hardship (3.3 vs. 1.7, p < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, a psychiatric diagnosis was predictive of lower credit scores, more ED visits, and a higher number of surgeries. Conclusion Preexisting psychiatric conditions in patients with HS are associated with increased health care utilization and surgical intervention with substantial financial distress. Plastic surgeons should be cognizant of such comorbid disorders to facilitate holistic care addressing all patient needs.

Psychiatric Burden in Chronic Sinonasal Diseases: A Single-Center Cross-Sectional Observational Study.

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and nasal septum deviation (SD) are two widely diffused clinical conditions in otorhinolaryngology clinical practice. Albeit nasal symptoms are the most commonly referred by patients affected by both conditions, recent evidence has exploredthe impairment of nasal function beyond its local implication. Indeed, the prevalence of psychiatric disorders, specifically anxiety and depression, was found higher in patients suffering from SD or CRS than in the general population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychiatric burden of these conditions in terms of anxiety and depression and to assess its relationship with clinical phenotype and age. Monocentric cross-sectionalobservational study. Consecutive patients affected by CRS withor without nasal polypsor by SD were considered eligible. At referral, each patient underwent nasal endoscopy for clinical diagnosis and had to fill in the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), theSinonasal Outcome Test-22 (SNOT-22), and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for global nasal symptoms. The population was grouped according to disease and age. One hundred fifty patients were enrolled. We observed a statistically significant difference in mean HADS score between patients affected by CRS with nasal polypsand those suffering from CRS withoutnasal polyps or SDboth in the overall population and by age groups. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in the HADS score between younger patients affected by CRS and SD. The mean HADS score was significantly higher in younger patients affected by SDcompared to older.Furthermore, we observed an inverse correlation between age and HADS score in each disease group, statistically significant for SD. On the contrary, in the overall population, HADS score and patient-related outcomes (PROs) were directly correlated. Conclusions: In the era of personalized medicine, our work remarks on the critical impact of anxiety and depression on the quality of life(QoL) of patients affected by sinonasal conditions. According to our results,age affects patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and should, therefore, be enhanced in the therapeutic decision process.

A Cross-Sectional Study On Psychiatric Disorders among Poor Academic Performance Primary School (6-12 Years) Children with Substance Use Disorders in Their Parents

Abstract Background: Psychiatric disorders are more prevalent among children with poor academic performance. There is limited literature on the impact of substance use disorders (SUD) in parents on psychiatric symptoms of these children. Objectives: (1) To assess the psychiatric disorders in primary school (6–12 years) children with poor academic performance. (2) To assess the prevalence and type of SUD in parents of these children. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on children with poor academic performance. Simple randomization was adopted and 115 children and their parents were included in the study. Mini International Neuropsychiatry Interview-Kid (M.I.N.I. Kid) was used to screen psychiatric symptoms and various scales were used to assess the severity of symptoms. Parents of these children were interviewed for the presence of SUD. The diagnosis was made as per the International Classification of Diseases tenth revision (ICD-10). The association between psychiatric disorders and parental SUD was assessed using Chi-square test. Results: The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was 54.78% and most prevalent disorder was emotional disorders with onset specific to childhood with prevalence of 21.74%. Prevalence of SUD among parents of these children was found to be 18.26% and alcohol dependence syndrome (ADS) was more common type (12.17%). There was no significant association between psychiatric disorders in these children and SUD in their parents (χ2-2.93, df-10, P = 2013-.98). Conclusion: Emotional disorders with onset specific to childhood are more commonly prevalent psychiatric disorders among children with poor academic performance. A study found no significant association between SUD among parents of these children and psychiatric symptoms.

Évaluation des échanges professionnels entre médecins généralistes et psychiatres

ObjectivesThere is in France a higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders and higher than average psychotropic consumption in the general population. Considering these elements and the need to involve two complementary medical specialities to manage these disorders, general practice and psychiatry, the necessity for optimal professional exchanges is a major public health concern. In the French public health system, primary care is overseen by self-employed general practitioners. The French psychiatric public sector is said to be “sectorised”, i.e. organised in specific sectors. These sectors include in-patient care entities and out-patient services. The private sector in psychiatry is not sectorised and is mainly composed of self-employed psychiatrists and private clinics. A 2004 law designed to govern who is authorized to refer patients to specialists, stipulated that general practitioners were the only authorized referring doctors for primary care. In the meantime, the number of general practitioners being consulted for cases of depression has doubled between 2005 and 2010. Less than a quarter of these patients were referred to a psychiatrist. Our main objective is to assess the satisfaction with and the efficiency of exchanges between psychiatrists and general practitioners. We also endeavour to identify the main channels through which collaborative care involving these two specialists can be improved. Materials and methodsOur work is an observational, transverse, monocentric and descriptive study carried out using analogous feedback forms mailed by post from June to September 2016. The feedback forms were designed to be analysed both separately and comparatively. Two hundred and ninety nine self-employed general practitioners and 46 psychiatrists employed in the public sector returned the forms. The psychiatric private sector was excluded. All of these doctors worked within three specific geographical treatment zones: Saint-Étienne, Ondaine and Pays de Gier (350,000 inhabitants). The results were treated anonymously via Microsoft Excel® and IBM Corporation SPSS Statistics®. This study was approved by the ethics committee of the university hospital center (CHU) of Saint-Étienne. The doctors’ registers were retrieved via the databases of the Departmental Council of Doctors (CDOM) of the Loire and that of the CHU of Saint-Étienne. ResultsOne hundred and twenty four general practitioners and 30 psychiatrists responded to the feedback form completely. Response rates were 41.4 % for the family physicians and 65.2 % for the psychiatrists. Respectively, 57 % and 70 % knew the identity of their counterpart. A public sector psychiatrist saw 91.9 % of the patients also treated by general practitioners. Of the attending doctors, 79.8 % reported a one third or less return rate of follow-up information from the psychiatrist for the patients they treated together. Similarly, 76.7 % of the psychiatrists reported a return rate of one third or less. One hundred percent (p<0.05) of the general practitioners who did not know the psychiatrists were dissatisfied with their collaboration. Likewise, 98.9% (p<0.05) of the general practitioners who rarely or never received correspondence from the psychiatrists were dissatisfied. Respectively, 77.7% (p>0.05) and 69.5% (p>0.05) of the psychiatrists were dissatisfied. In favor of participating in a standard addressing and return letter process, were 53.4% of the psychiatrists. On the contrary, 64.9% of the general practitioners were against such a process. Willing to receive additional medical training in the psychiatric field were 74.5 % of the family physicians. One out of five psychiatrists considered it a high priority for general practitioners to receive additional training in the psychiatric field. Sharing hospitalisation and consultation reports, along with general practitioners continuous medical training, were considered to be the top priorities for any approach for improving communication. ConclusionsWe observed a high level of dissatisfaction among the participants as a result of the lack of communication. As mentioned above, the field of psychiatry is compartmentalised, psychiatrists are less available for general practitioners. General practitioners are not sufficiently trained but are willing to take more training to improve their practice in the psychiatric field. The results of this study show that first and foremost there is a need to systematise mailings, to simplify phone-based opinion sharing, and to increase the frequency of cross-field training among general practitioners. All of the above could improve exchanges and the management of patients suffering from psychiatric disorders.

The potential of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine in the treatment of alcohol use disorder: A first look at therapeutic mechanisms of action.

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) remains one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders worldwide with high economic costs. Current treatment options show modest efficacy and relapse rates are high. Furthermore, there are increases in the treatment gap and few new medications have been approved in the past 20 years. Recently, psychedelic-assisted therapy with psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide has garnered significant attention in the treatment of AUD. Yet, they require significant amounts of therapist input due to prolonged subjective effects (~4-12 h) leading to high costs and impeding implementation. Accordingly, there is an increasing interest in the rapid and short-acting psychedelic 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT). This paper offers a first look at potential therapeutic mechanisms for AUD by reviewing the current literature on 5-MeO-DMT. Primarily, 5-MeO-DMT is able to induce mystical experiences and ego-dissolution together with increases in psychological flexibility and mindfulness. This could decrease AUD symptoms through the alleviation of psychiatric mood-related comorbidities consistent with the negative reinforcement and self-medication paradigms. In addition, preliminary evidence indicates that 5-MeO-DMT modulates neural oscillations that might subserve ego-dissolution (increases in gamma), psychological flexibility and mindfulness (increases in theta), and the reorganization of executive control networks (increases in coherence across frequencies) that could improve emotion regulation and inhibition. Finally, animal studies show that 5-MeO-DMT is characterized by neuroplasticity, anti-inflammation, 5-HT2A receptor agonism, and downregulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 with clinical implications for AUD and psychiatric mood-related comorbidities. The paper concludes with several recommendations for future research to establish the purported therapeutic mechanisms of action.

Assessment of mental health and quality of life among children with congenital heart disease.

The current study aimed to determine the prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders, identify predictors associated with these disorders, and assess the quality of life (QoL) among children with congenital heart disease. This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in the National Heart Institute outpatient clinics. It included 204 children with structural congenital heart defects (CHD). In addition to assessing QoL with the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory scale, the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents was utilized to identify psychiatric disorders in the children studied. Children with CHD were at increased risk for mood and anxiety disorders. They were also more susceptible to obsessive-compulsive disorder than the comprative healthy group. In children with CHD, the cyanotic group demonstrated a greater decrease in QoL than the acyanotic group. Children with CHD have an increased risk of psychiatric disorders and a lower overall QoL score.

Markers of intestinal barrier damage in patients with chronic insomnia disorder.

Insomnia disorder stands out as one of the prevalent clinical sleep and psychiatric disorders. Prior research has unequivocally demonstrated variations in the diversity and abundance of gut microbiota among individuals with insomnia disorder. These alterations may play a direct or indirect role in the onset and progression of insomnia disorder by compromising the integrity of the intestinal barrier. This study aims to evaluate the impairment of the intestinal barrier in individuals with insomnia disorder by scrutinizing the serum functionality of this barrier. 45 patients with chronic insomnia disorder and 30 matched healthy volunteers were meticulously selected based on inclusion criteria. ELISA technology was employed to measure serum levels of diamine oxidase (DAO), D-lactic acid (D-LA), intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP), and endothelin (ET). Spearman correlation analysis was used to explore the relationship between intestinal mucosal markers and clinical characteristics. Data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0. Compared to the healthy control group, the insomnia disorder group exhibited significantly elevated scores on subjective mood and sleep scales (GAD-7, PHQ-9, HAMA, HAMD, PSQI, and ISI) (P < 0.05). Overnight PSG indicated a notable increase in bed time, total wake time, sleep onset latency, and wake after sleep onset in individuals with insomnia disorder. Additionally, there was a decrease in sleep efficiency and alterations in sleep structure (increased proportion of N1 and N3 stages, prolonged N1 stage) (P < 0.05). The chronic insomnia disorder group displayed significantly reduced concentrations of serum DAO, D-LA, I-FABP, and ET (P < 0.05). Furthermore, significant positive correlations were identified between intestinal epithelial barrier markers and sleep efficiency, while negative correlations were found with wake after sleep onset, total wake time, PSQI, HAMA, and HAMD. Additionally, D-LA levels were significantly positively correlated with ET concentrations. Individuals with chronic insomnia disorder manifest disruptions in sleep structure, heightened susceptibility to anxiety and depressive moods, and impaired intestinal barrier function. These findings suggest that the occurrence and development of insomnia disorder may be linked to the impairment of the intestinal barrier.

Comparing the Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders in Cohorts of Children Born Extremely Preterm in 1995 and 2006: The EPICure Studies

Comparing the Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders in Cohorts of Children Born Extremely Preterm in 1995 and 2006: The EPICure Studies

Microalgae-Based Hydrogel for Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Its Associated Anxiety and Depression.

Patients diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) exhibit a notable prevalence of psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety and depression. Nevertheless, the etiology of psychiatric disorders associated with IBD remains uncertain, and an efficacious treatment approach has yet to be established. Herein, an oral hydrogel strategy (SP@Rh-gel) is proposed for co-delivery of Spirulina platensis and rhein to treat IBD and IBD-associated anxiety and depression by modulating the microbiota-gut-brain axis. SP@Rh-gel improves the solubility, release characteristics and intestinal retention capacity of the drug, leading to a significant improvement in the oral therapeutic efficacy. Oral administration of SP@Rh-gel can reduce intestinal inflammation and rebalance the disrupted intestinal microbial community. Furthermore, SP@Rh-gel maintains intestinal barrier integrity and reduces the release of pro-inflammatory factors and their entry into the hippocampus through the blood-brain barrier, thereby inhibiting neuroinflammation and maintaining neuroplasticity. SP@Rh-gel significantly alleviates the colitis symptoms, as well as anxiety- and depression-like behaviors, in a chronic colitis mouse model. This study demonstrates the significant involvement of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in the development of IBD with psychiatric disorders and proposes a safe, simple, and highly efficient therapeutic approach for managing IBD and comorbid psychiatric disorders.

Disparities in the Prevalence of Psychiatric Illness in Hawaii's Houseless Population: A Retrospective Chart Review.

In the State of Hawaii, previous research has suggested that minority groups such as Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders are disproportionately affected by mental health disorders and have less access to mental health services. The purpose of this study was to determine if similar disparities in the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among different ethnic groups are also present among Hawaii's houseless population. A retrospective chart review of records from one of Oahu's major houseless outreach clinics was performed to gather patient demographics and reported histories of psychiatric diagnoses. Reported disease prevalence rates were compared between larger ethnic categories as well as ethnic sub-groups. Results demonstrated higher rates of certain serious mental illnesses among the houseless; however, several other psychiatric diagnoses were unexpectedly found to be less prevalent than in the general population. Additionally, houseless Pacific Islander groups were unexpectedly found to often have disproportionally lower rates of psychiatric diagnoses despite being identified as high risk by other studies. Overall, our findings may indicate unique ethnic trends in the prevalence of mental health disorders among the houseless in Hawaii or may suggest increased social and/or cultural barriers to diagnosis among certain groups that will require more diligent screening and culturally competent care from providers.

Prevalence of Psychiatric and Mental Health Disorders among Population in Mosul City for the Period (2018-2022)

Background: Most people on the planet suffer from mental and psychiatric illnesses. Finally, because of Iraq's lengthy history of terrorist attacks and conflicts that have severely impeded progress, little research has been done on the incidence of psychiatric and mental health diseases. The study's goals were to identify the top 6 instances for both genders and to paint a comprehensive picture of the psychiatric and mental health disorders cases that were recorded in Mosul city between 2018 and 2022. Methods and Materials: The current retrospective investigation was conducted in Mosul City's teaching hospitals that house psychiatric units. The current study was carried out between March 1st, 2023 and May 31st, 2023. For the previous five years, from 2018 to 2022, the data was collected from official records of teaching hospitals with mental units located in Mosul City. Results: A total of 2550 cases of all psychiatric and mental health disorders in Mosul city were recorded from 2018 to 2022. Of these, 65.3 % were females and 34.7 % were males. The mean of age for the study sample is 40.40 "(SD= ±5.60)". Results also showed that the maximum percentage of the sample (23.8 %) are in the age group of (27-34) years old, though the lowest percentage of the study sample (7.4%) are at the age group of (51-58) years old. For both genders, depression was the most common psychiatric disorder, it is accounted for (850) cases, followed by anxiety disorders. Conclusion: Depression is on the top of six psychiatric and mental health disorders and is on the rising trend.

Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Psychiatric Traits and Diagnoses within a Community-based Sample of Children and Youth: Disparités raciales/ethniques dans les traits et diagnostics psychiatriques au sein d'un échantillon communautaire d'enfants et de jeunes.

Racial/ethnic disparities in the prevalence of psychiatric disorders have been reported, but have not accounted for the prevalence of the traits that underlie these disorders. Examining rates of diagnoses in relation to traits may yield a clearer understanding of the degree to which racial/ethnic minority youth in Canada differ in their access to care. We sought to examine differences in self/parent-reported rates of diagnoses for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and anxiety disorders after adjusting for differences in trait levels between youth from three racial/ethnic groups: White, South Asian and East Asian. We collected parent or self-reported ratings of OCD, ADHD and anxiety traits and diagnoses for 6- to 17-year-olds from a Canadian general population sample (Spit for Science). We examined racial/ethnic differences in trait levels and the odds of reporting a diagnosis using mixed-effects linear models and logistic regression models. East Asian (N = 1301) and South Asian (N = 730) youth reported significantly higher levels of OCD and anxiety traits than White youth (N = 6896). East Asian and South Asian youth had significantly lower odds of reporting a diagnosis for OCD (odds ratio [OR]East Asian = 0.08 [0.02, 0.41]; ORSouth Asian = 0.05 [0.00, 0.81]), ADHD (OREast Asian = 0.27 [0.16, 0.45]; ORSouth Asian = 0.09 [0.03, 0.30]) and anxiety (OREast Asian = 0.21 [0.11, 0.39]; ORSouth Asian = 0.12 [0.05, 0.32]) than White youth after accounting for psychiatric trait levels. These results suggest a discrepancy between trait levels of OCD, ADHD and anxiety and rates of diagnoses for East Asian and South Asian youth. This discrepancy may be due to increased barriers for ethnically diverse youth to access mental health care. Efforts to understand and mitigate these barriers in Canada are needed.

Semi-solid extrusion 3D printing of functionalized polyethylene oxide gels loaded with 1,2,3-triazolo-1,4-benzodiazepine nanofibers and valine-modified motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca L.) dry extract

Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent psychiatric disorders and are associated with a high burden of illness. Combining synthetic and native-origin compounds in treating such disorders could provide true benefits in terms of therapeutic efficacy. In the present study, we combined triazolobenzodiazepine and motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca L.) dry extract for such applications.&#x0D; The aim. The aim of this study was to develop aqueous polyethylene oxide (PEO) composite gels loaded with 1,2,3-triazolo-1,4-benzodiazepine nanofibers and a valine-modified motherwort herb dry extract for semi-solid extrusion (SSE) 3D printing. The printability of such gels and the physicochemical properties of the final 3D-printed drug preparations were investigated.&#x0D; Materials and methods. A new drug substance, 1,2,3-triazolo-1,4-benzodiazepine (MA-253) was synthesized and used to formulate oleogels and electrospun nanofibers for 3D printing. The plant-origin dry extract was prepared from a motherwort tincture and valine. The aqueous PEO gels loaded with a synthetic drug (MA-253) containing nanofibers and a valine-modified motherwort extract were prepared and subsequently used in the SSE 3D printing experiments. The homogeneity, viscosity and 3D printability of composite PEO gels were verified. The phytochemical assay of flavonoids in the 3D-printed drug preparations was conducted with the European pharmacopoeia spectrophotometric method.&#x0D; Research results. Three experimental gel formulations loaded with 1,2,3-triazolo-1,4-benzodiazepine nanofibers and a valine-modified motherwort dry extract were developed and tested for the SSE 3D printing applications. The present three gels showed good SSE 3D printability without any significant printing flaws. The SSE 3D-printed lattices prepared from the aqueous PEO gels containing 100 mg/ml of motherwort extract showed the most promising 3D printing performance. The 3D-printed drug preparations were entirely dissolved in purified water (22±2 °C) within 20 minutes, thus suggesting their applicability in oral administration.&#x0D; Conclusions. Novel aqueous PEO gel formulations loaded with nanofibrous 1,2,3-triazolo-1,4-benzodiazepine nanofibers and valine-modified motherwort herb extract are feasible for pharmaceutical SSE 3D printing. The present composite PEO gels enable the preparation of printed oral immediate-release drug delivery systems for new triazolobenzodiazepine derivatives and a drug therapy supportive plant extract

Understanding mechanisms of depression prevention: study protocol of a randomized cross-over trial to investigate mechanisms of mindfulness and positive fantasizing as intervention techniques for reducing perseverative cognition in remitted depressed individuals

BackgroundMajor Depressive Disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders, and involves high relapse rates in which persistent negative thinking and rumination (i.e., perseverative cognition [PC]) play an important role. Positive fantasizing and mindfulness are common evidence-based psychological interventions that have been shown to effectively reduce PC and subsequent depressive relapse. How the interventions cause changes in PC over time, is unknown, but likely differ between the two. Whereas fantasizing may change the valence of thought content, mindfulness may operate through disengaging from automatic thought patterns. Comparing mechanisms of both interventions in a clinical sample and a non-clinical sample can give insight into the effectivity of interventions for different individuals. The current study aims to 1) test whether momentary psychological and psychophysiological indices of PC are differentially affected by positive fantasizing versus mindfulness-based interventions, 2) test whether the mechanisms of change by which fantasizing and mindfulness affect PC differ between remitted MDD versus never-depressed (ND) individuals, and 3) explore potential moderators of the main effects of the two interventions (i.e., what works for whom).MethodsIn this cross-over trial of fantasizing versus mindfulness interventions, we will include 50 remitted MDD and 50 ND individuals. Before the start of the measurements, participants complete several individual characteristics. Daily-life diary measures of thoughts and feelings (using an experience sampling method), behavioural measures of spontaneous thoughts (using the Sustained Attention to Response Task), actigraphy, physiological measures (impedance cardiography, electrocardiography, and electroencephalogram), and measures of depressive mood (self-report questionnaires) are performed during the week before (pre-) the interventions and the week during (peri-) the interventions. After a wash-out of at least one month, pre- and peri-intervention measures for the second intervention are repeated.DiscussionThis is the first study integrating self-reports, behavioural-, and physiological measures capturing dynamics at multiple time scales to examine the differential mechanisms of change in PC by psychological interventions in individuals remitted from multiple MDD episodes and ND individuals. Unravelling how therapeutic techniques affect PC in remitted individuals might generate insights that allows development of personalised targeted relapse prevention interventions.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov: NCT06145984, November 16, 2023.

Cerebrolysin potentiates the antidepressant effect of lithium in a rat model of depression

RationaleDepression is the most prevalent psychiatric disorder worldwide. Although numerous antidepressant treatments are available, there is a serious clinical concern due to their severe side effects and the fact that some depressed patients are resistant to them. Lithium is the drug of choice for bipolar depression and has been used as adjunct therapy with other groups of antidepressants. ObjectivesThe present study aims to investigate the effect of lithium augmentation with cerebrolysin on the neurochemical, behavioral and histopathological alterations induced in the reserpine model of depression. MethodsThe animals were divided into control and reserpine-induced model of depression. The model animals were further divided into rat model of depression, rat model treated with lithium, rat model treated with cerebrolysin and rat model treated with a combination of lithium and cerebrolysin. ResultsTreatment with lithium, cerebrolysin, or their combination alleviated most of the changes in behavior, oxidative stress parameters, acetylcholinesterase and monoamines in the cortex and hippocampus of the reserpine-induced model of depression. It also improved the alterations in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and histopathology induced by reserpine. ConclusionsThe augmentation of lithium with cerebrolysin showed a clear beneficial effect in the present model of depression suggesting the use of cerebrolysin as an adjuvant in antidepressant treatment.