Prevalence Of Psychiatric Disorders Research Articles

A Review on Exploring the Potential of Vincamine and Melatonin as an Effective Anti-depressant Agent.

Depression is a prevalent psychiatric disorder and one of the leading causes of disability around the world. Herbal and synthetic medications used to treat depression, may interrupt the therapy process and cause adverse effects. Currently, the use of medicinal and phytochemical plants, which have various therapeutic effects and has potential strategy for treating depression. According to the studies, medicinal plants have a variety of effects on the brain system and have antidepressant properties such as synaptic modulation of serotonin, noradrenalin and dopamine as well as inflammatory mediators. According to the literature review, Vinca Rosea extract has a variety of pharmacological activities, but there is no evidence of its antidepressant properties. The main aim of the present study is to gather data from the literature review regarding the antidepressant activity of vincamine alone and along with melatonin. According to the review antidepressant activity of various medications can be tested using two different types of studies, including in-vivo and in-vitro. Clinical and preclinical research suggests that one of the main mediators in the pathophysiology of depression seems to be stress. Depression can be evaluated using experimental methods based on a variety of physical indicators, including locomotor activity, rearing, faeces, and the quantity of entries in the centre square (in-vivo and in-vitro). Biological conditions can be used to find it as well. It has been successfully concluded that vincamine, either alone or in combination with melatonin, may provide a potential role as an antidepressant. According to the Globe Health Organization, depression will become the most common cause of loss of interest in working in the world. As a result, depression research is one of the most significant ways in which we might create new treatments in the form of vincamine and combination with melatonin for depression and improve existing therapies to make them work better for depressed people. It will also aid in the development and creation of novel ways for the better treatment of depression.

Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among the adult population in a rural community of Jammu, India: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundMental health is crucial for overall well-being, but rural areas often face difficulties in accessing mental health services and understanding psychiatric disorders.AimThis study aimed to address these issues by assessing the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among adults in rural Jammu and examining how socio-cultural and demographic factors are related to these disorders.MethodsA sample of 1,016 adults from rural Jammu was surveyed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Data were collected through house-to-house visits conducted by trained investigators. Descriptive and inferential statistics, including frequency distribution and odds ratio, were employed to analyze the data respectively.ResultsOverall, 20.67% of the participants had a psychiatric disorder. Alcohol dependence was the most common condition, affecting 12.30% of the individuals, followed by generalized anxiety disorder at 3.14%. The study found significant associations between psychiatric disorders and several factors. Specifically, older people were more likely to have psychiatric disorders, with an odds ratio of 3.7 [2.07-6.59]. Married individuals also had a higher likelihood of experiencing psychiatric disorders (OR: 2.3 [1.55-3.54]). Those with less schooling were at an increased risk, with an odds ratio of 7.77 [2.31-26.09], and people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds were more likely to have these disorders as well (OR: 5.1 [2.4-10.5]).Discussion and conclusionThe findings underscore the complex association between socio-demographic factors and mental health outcomes in rural areas of Jammu region. Addressing these disparities requires targeted interventions and policies that account for the unique socio-cultural contexts of rural populations. By understanding the specific challenges faced by these communities, policymakers and healthcare providers can develop more effective strategies to enhance mental health services and promote well-being.

Unraveling the brain dynamics of Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder: a dynamic functional network connectivity analysis

BackgroundDepersonalization-Derealization Disorder (DPD), a prevalent psychiatric disorder, fundamentally disrupts self-consciousness and could significantly impact the quality of life of those affected. While existing research has provided foundational insights for this disorder, the limited exploration of brain dynamics in DPD hinders a deeper understanding of its mechanisms. It restricts the advancement of diagnosis and treatment strategies. To address this, our study aimed to explore the brain dynamics of DPD.MethodsIn our study, we recruited 84 right-handed DPD patients and 67 healthy controls (HCs), assessing them using the Cambridge Depersonalization Scale and a subliminal self-face recognition task. We also conducted a Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) intervention to understand its effect on brain dynamics, evidenced by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) scans. Our data preprocessing and analysis employed techniques such as Independent Component Analysis (ICA) and Dynamic Functional Network Connectivity (dFNC) to establish a comprehensive disease atlas for DPD. We compared the brain's dynamic states between DPDs and HCs using ANACOVA tests, assessed correlations with patient experiences and symptomatology through Spearman correlation analysis, and examined the tDCS effect via paired t-tests.ResultsWe identified distinct brain networks corresponding to the Frontoparietal Network (FPN), the Sensorimotor Network (SMN), and the Default Mode Network (DMN) in DPD using group Independent Component Analysis (ICA). Additionally, we discovered four distinct dFNC states, with State-1 displaying significant differences between DPD and HC groups (F = 4.10, P = 0.045). Correlation analysis revealed negative associations between the dwell time of State-2 and various clinical assessment factors. Post-tDCS analysis showed a significant change in the mean dwell time for State-2 in responders (t-statistic = 4.506, P = 0.046), consistent with previous clinical assessments.ConclusionsOur study suggests the brain dynamics of DPD could be a potential biomarker for diagnosis and symptom analysis, which potentially leads to more personalized and effective treatment strategies for DPD patients.Trial registrationsThe trial was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry on 03/01/2021 (Registration number: ChiCTR2100041741, https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=66731) before the trial.

The Association and Prognostic Implications of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Major Psychiatric Disorders, Alzheimer's Diseases and Parkinson's Diseases: A Systematic Review.

The prevalence of psychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative diseases is steadily increasing, placing a significant burden on both society and individuals. Given the intricate and multifaceted nature of these diseases, the precise underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Consequently, there is an increasing imperative to investigate the mechanisms, identify specific target sites for effective treatment, and provide for accurate diagnosis of patients with these diseases. Numerous studies have revealed significant alterations in the expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in psychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting their potential to increase the probability of these diseases. Moreover, these findings propose that lncRNAs could be used as highly valuable biomarkers in diagnosing and treating these diseases, thereby offering novel insights for future clinical interventions. The review presents a comprehensive summary of the origin, biological functions, and action mechanisms of lncRNAs, while exploring their implications in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative diseases and their potential utility as biomarkers.

Contrastive Functional Connectivity Defines Neurophysiology-informed Symptom Dimensions in Major Depression.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent psychiatric disorder characterized by substantial clinical and neurobiological heterogeneity. Conventional studies that solely focus on clinical symptoms or neuroimaging metrics often fail to capture the intricate relationship between these modalities, limiting their ability to disentangle the complexity in MDD. Moreover, patient neuroimaging data typically contains normal sources of variance shared with healthy controls, which can obscure disorder-specific variance and complicate the delineation of disease heterogeneity. We employed contrastive principal component analysis to extract disorder-specific variations in fMRI-based resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) by contrasting MDD patients (N=233) with age-matched healthy controls (N=285). We then applied sparse canonical correlation analysis to identify latent dimensions in the disorder variations by linking the extracted contrastive connectivity features to clinical symptoms in MDD patients. Two significant and generalizable dimensions linking distinct brain circuits and clinical profiles were discovered. The first dimension, associated with an apparent "internalizing-externalizing" symptom dimension, was characterized by self-connections within the visual network and also associated with choice reaction times of cognitive tasks. The second dimension, associated with personality facets such as extraversion and conscientiousness typically inversely associated with depression symptoms, is primarily driven by self-connections within the dorsal attention network. This "depression-protective personality" dimension is also associated with multiple cognitive task performances related to psychomotor slowing and cognitive control. Our contrastive RSFC-based dimensional approach offers a new avenue to dissect clinical heterogeneity underlying MDD. By identifying two stable, neurophysiology-informed symptom dimensions in MDD patients, our findings may enhance disease mechanism insights and facilitate precision phenotyping, thus advancing the development of targeted therapeutics for precision mental health.

Proactive Psychiatric Consultation and Hospital Length of Stay in Adults: A Review of the Literature

According to a 2022 systematic review on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in general hospitals, it was estimated that approximately one-third of medical inpatients present with a coinciding psychiatric condition. However, other studies have reported that a low rate of patients actually obtain an inpatient psychiatric consult; and even fewer patients receive a consultation when it would not be traditionally indicated. Therefore, we have seen an emergence of the use of Proactive Consultation-Liaison (C-L) Psychiatry across many hospital settings. This model of care utilizes systematic screening for active mental health concerns, proactive interventions tailored to individual patients, team-based delivery, and care integration with primary services to provide psychiatric consultation earlier. This study conducted a focused PubMed search to review the research to date on proactive C-L psychiatry and its impact on hospital length of stay (LOS) in patients over 18 years old. Results show a consequential reduction in average hospital LOS when proactive C-L psychiatry services are used compared to reactive, on-request consultation services. A shortened LOS is seen with this practice when there is a quicker time for consultation or referral. Thus, there is evidence of proactive C-L psychiatry’s success in decreasing average hospital LOS and improving patient care. Additional studies are necessary to determine its significance, as little research to date has been completed on the topic. It is recommended to expand the scope of investigation to different patient populations, including but not limited to pediatrics and patients without an underlying mental health illness.

Sociodemographic Characteristics Of Rural And Urban School-Going Children With Behavioral And Emotional Disorders

Background: The prevalence of behavioral and emotional disorders among school-going children is a significant public health concern, particularly in developing countries like Bangladesh. This study aimed to explore the socio-demographic characteristics influencing these disorders in rural and urban settings in the Meherpur District of Bangladesh. Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study was conducted from January 2007 to December 2009, involving 435 school-going children aged 5 to 18 years from both rural (n=214) and urban (n=221) areas of Meherpur District. Participants were selected through purposive sampling, and data were collected using the Development and Well-being Assessment (DAWBA) tool, validated in Bangla, to diagnose emotional and behavioral disorders based on ICD-10 criteria. Results: The study found significant disparities in socio-demographic factors between rural and urban groups. Rural children were more likely to have illiterate parents, with 37.85% of fathers and 61.21% of mothers being illiterate. Family income was significantly lower in rural areas, with 94.86% of rural families earning less than 10,000 Tk per month. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was slightly higher in rural areas (15.89%) compared to urban areas (14.03%). Major depressive disorder was the most common emotional disorder, while hyperkinetic disorder was the most prevalent behavioral disorder, with no significant differences between rural and urban groups. Conclusion: The study highlights the critical role of socio-demographic factors in the prevalence of behavioral and emotional disorders among children in Bangladesh. The findings suggest a need for targeted interventions in rural areas to address educational and mental health disparities, contributing to more equitable health outcomes.

High Somatization Rates, Frequent Spontaneous Recovery, and a Lack of Organic Biomarkers in Post-Covid-19 Condition.

Many patients report neuropsychiatric symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Data on prevalence of post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) vary due to the lack of specific diagnostic criteria, the report of unspecific symptoms, and reliable biomarkers. PCC patients seen in a neurological outpatient department were followed for up to 18 months. Neurological examination, SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, Epstein-Barr virus antibodies, and cortisol levels as possible biomarkers, questionnaires to evaluate neuropsychiatric symptoms and somatization (Patient Health Questionnaires D [PHQ-D]), cognition deficits (Montreal Cognitive Assessment [MoCA]), sleep disorders (ISS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale [ESS]), and fatigue (FSS) were included. A total of 175 consecutive patients (78% females, median age 42 years) were seen between May 2021 and February 2023. Fatigue, subjective stress intolerance, and subjective cognitive deficits were the most common symptoms. Specific scores were positive for fatigue, insomnia, and sleepiness and were present in 95%, 62.1%, and 44.0%, respectively. Cognitive deficits were found in 2.3%. Signs of somatization were identified in 61%, who also had an average of two symptoms more than patients without somatization. Overall, 28% had a psychiatric disorder, including depression and anxiety. At the second visit (n=92), fatigue (67.3%) and insomnia (45.5%) had decreased. At visit three (n=43), symptom load had decreased in 76.8%; overall, 51.2% of patients were symptom-free. Biomarker testing did not confirm an anti-EBV response. SARS-CoV-2-specific immune reactions increased over time, and cortisol levels were within the physiological range. Despite high initial symptom load, 76.8% improved over time. The prevalence of somatization and psychiatric disorders was high. Our data do not confirm the role of previously suggested biomarkers in PCC patients.

Differential prevalence of psychiatric disorders and mental health characteristics associated with lifetime suicide attempts in the Asian American and Pacific Islander adult population

BackgroundAsian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) adults are an understudied group in terms of their mental health and mental healthcare needs. This has been complicated by the difficulty of recruiting adequate national samples of AAPI adults for research. ObjectiveThis study aimed to analyze national data to examine the lifetime prevalence of major psychiatric disorders among AAPI adults relative to non-AAPI adults, as well as to identify and compare sociodemographic and clinical characteristics associated with lifetime suicide attempts among AAPI and non-AAPI adults. MethodsCross-sectional data on 36,109 adults, including 1801 AAPI adults, from the National Epidemiological Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (NESARC-III), were analyzed with a series of chi-square and logistic regression analyses. ResultsWe found a significantly lower lifetime prevalence of mental health disorders in the AAPI versus the non-AAPI population nationally, including 2% of AAPI adults reporting lifetime suicide attempts as compared to about 5% of non-AAPI adults. Female sex and a history of major depressive disorder diagnosis were associated with lifetime suicide attempts in the AAPI and non-AAPI populations. Several unique factors were associated with having a history of suicide attempts in only the AAPI population, including a military service history and a diagnosis of panic disorder. DiscussionOur analysis demonstrated the significant sectors of the AAPI population that merit research, support, and intervention, including the AAPI veteran population. This study identifies several characteristics among AAPI adults that may make them particularly vulnerable to psychiatric problems and suicide risk, which may inform targeted prevention and efforts to provide culturally competent care to this population.

Association between retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and psychiatric disorders: a mendelian randomization study

BackgroundRetinal nerve fiber layer thickness, as a new visual indicator that may help diagnose mental disorders, is gaining attention from researchers. However, the causal relationship between retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and mental disorders is still to be effectively proved.MethodsA bidirectional Two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis was utilized to analyse aggregated data from large-scale genome-wide association studies, we selected genetic loci for retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in independent retinal abnormalities and three prevalent psychiatric disorders (schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder) as instrumental variables. The Two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis was mainly performed by inverse variance weighting and weighted median method. The Cochran Q test and leave-one-out sensitivity were used to ensure the robustness of the results. The Mendelian random polymorphism residuals and outliers were used to detect single nucleotide polymorphism outliers, and MR-Egger intercept test was used to test single nucleotide polymorphism horizontal pleiotropy.ResultsIVW showed that retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was positively associated with schizophrenia (OR = 1.057, 95%CI: 1.000-1.117, P < 0.05), in the study of bipolar disorder, MR analysis also suggested a positive causal relationship between retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and bipolar disorder (OR = 1.025, 95%CI: 1.005–1.046, P < 0.05), which indicated possible causal relationships between retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and these two diseases. Depression (OR = 1.000143, 95%CI: 0.9992631–1.001024, P = 0.74) indicated no significant causal association. No reverse causal effects of psychiatric disorders on retinal nerve fiber layer thickness were found.ConclusionsA statistically significant causal relationship between retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and schizophrenia and bipolar disorder has been supported by genetic means, indicating RNFL has potential to aid in the diagnosis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

Electroencephalographic changes in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

BackgroundAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most prevalent psychiatric disorder in children who experience delayed language development. This work aimed to study electroencephalographic (EEG) changes in children with ADHD and establish a strategy for prompt identification and suitable management in the future.MethodsThis descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 children aged between 5 and 12 years old, both sexes, diagnosed with ADHD according to DSM-V Criteria, diagnosed as ADHD children with the Arabic version of Conner’s Parent Rating Scale. Psychometric evaluation by intelligence quotient (IQ) using Stanford Binet Intelligence test. The Receptive Expressive Arabic Language Scale was used to assess language profile.ResultsThere was a significant negative correlation between the severity of ADHD and IQ scores. There was an insignificant negative correlation between ADHD and scaled receptive language score and scaled expressive language score. There was an insignificant positive correlation between ADHD and scaled expressive language score. There was a significant difference between EEG changes and combined subtype of ADHD and scaled score of receptive language (P < 0.05). There was an insignificant difference between (EEG changes and language development), the scaled score of expressive, total language, and the scaled score of language.ConclusionsEEG has clinical utility in the diagnosis of ADHD. The results of EEG analysis in children with ADHD have been quite important, and this novel methodology could offer supplementary factors to strengthen its diagnostic impact.

Investigation the effect of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) training on stigma and family functioning in family members of patients with psychiatric disorders: a randomized controlled clinical trial

BackgroundRegarding the prevalence and pervasiveness of psychiatric disorders, which significantly affect not only the patients themselves, but also their families, family therapy has emerged as a promising intervention. This research examined the effects of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on stigma and family functioning in family members of patients with psychiatric illnesses, demonstrating effectiveness in improving family functioning and coping strategies in the face of mental illness.MethodsThis randomized controlled clinical trial without blinding. Forty family members of patients with psychiatric disorders were randomly assigned to an intervention group (N = 20) or a control group (N = 20). The intervention group received ACT in eight weekly sessions, each lasting 90 min, while control group remained on a waiting list. Both groups were assessed at three time points: pre-intervention, post-intervention, and at a one-month follow-up. Data collection instruments included a demographic information questionnaire, a stigma assessment, and a family functioning measure. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 23.ResultsA statistically significant difference was observed between the mean post-test and follow-up stigma scores of the intervention and control groups (P < 0.05). The intervention group’s mean scores showed a rising trend, whereas the control group’s mean scores showed a declining trend. This was evident from within-group comparisons of the mean post-test and follow-up stigma scores. Repeated measures ANOVA indicated that the pattern of change in stigma for the intervention group was significant, in contrast to control group, suggesting a reduction in stigma (P < 0.001).ConclusionIn light of the findings presented in this study, ACT emerges as a promising intervention for mitigating stigma, and enhancing the family functioning of individuals afflicted with mental disorders. To improve the generalizability of the study results, comparable studies using this therapy method should be undertaken on family caregivers of patients with mental illnesses.Iranian Registry of Clinical TrialsIRCT registration number: IRCT20190917044802N10.Registration date14/9/2023.

Depression detection based on the temporal-spatial-frequency feature fusion of EEG

Depression is a prevalent affective psychiatric disorder projected to be the leading contributor to the world’s disease burden by 2030. Due to its high prevalence and low recognition rate, an objective and effective detection method is urgently needed. Deep learning methods based on electroencephalography (EEG) have shown significant potential in depression detection. However, excessive channels can increase redundancy and computational complexity in EEG, while irrelevant channels may reduce accuracy. Additionally, existing models often overlook the complementarity between the temporal-, spatial-, and frequency-domain features of EEG, limiting their detection capabilities. To address these issues, we propose a method that fuses the temporal, spatial, and frequency domain features of EEG to enhance the detection accuracy while eliminating redundant channels. We introduce an EEG channel selection method based on frequency domain weighting that automatically adjusts the channel weights to select the EEG channels that best capture spatial information across the delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma bands, thereby optimizing the extraction of spatial-frequency features. In addition, we designed a multiscale spatiotemporal convolutional attention network to extract the spatiotemporal features of EEG. In this network, the multiscale convolutional attention module enhanced the model’s ability to capture spatial features, whereas the temporal trend-aware self-attention module extracted long-term temporal features by analyzing global correlations across different time points. Experimental results on the MODMA dataset show that our method achieved a 97.24% detection accuracy, surpassing current state-of-the-art models. This study offers a novel approach for constructing depression detection models, providing a foundation for future research and application.

Psychiatric phenotype in neurodevelopmental myoclonus-dystonia is underpinned by abnormality of cerebellar modulation on the cerebral cortex

Psychiatric symptoms are common in neurodevelopmental movement disorders, including some types of dystonia. However, research has mainly focused on motor manifestations and underlying circuits. Myoclonus-dystonia is a rare and homogeneous neurodevelopmental condition serving as an illustrative paradigm of childhood-onset dystonias, associated with psychiatric symptoms. Here, we assessed the prevalence of psychiatric disorders and the severity of depressive symptoms in patients with myoclonus-dystonia and healthy volunteers (HV). Using resting-state functional neuroimaging, we compared the effective connectivity within and among non-motor and motor brain networks between patients and HV. We further explored the hierarchical organization of these networks and examined the relationship between their connectivity and the depressive symptoms. Comparing 19 patients to 25 HV, we found a higher prevalence of anxiety disorders and more depressive symptoms in the patient group. Patients exhibited abnormal modulation of the cerebellum on the cerebral cortex in the sensorimotor, dorsal attention, salience, and default mode networks. Moreover, the salience network activity was directed by the cerebellum in patients and was related to depressive symptoms. Altogether, our findings highlight the role of the cerebellar drive on both motor and non-motor cortical areas in this disorder, suggesting cerebellar involvement in the complex phenotype of such neurodevelopmental movement disorders.

Psychiatric disorder and life-event in self harm: A cross-sectional study among clinical population in Bangladesh

BackgroundMental illness is an important risk factor for self-harm behavior. However, the association between self-harm behavior and psychiatric disorders has been poorly studied in Bangladesh. AimsTo determine the prevalence of psychiatric disorders and life-events among patients with a self harm behavior. MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted between March 2022 and November 2023. We collected data from 100 patients with self harms from two tertiary care hospital of Dhaka by semi-structured interviews. ResultsOf the 100 cases, 72 were females, 63 % came from semi-urban background. Hanging was the commonest method (31 %) followed cutting and piercing instrument (22 %), and ingestion of Benzodiazepines (20 %). Among the cases, 71 % had at least one psychiatric disorder (Axis I 49 % and Axis II 35 %). In case of life events, 52 % had life-events within immediate 48 h, 15 % in the last one month and 17 % in the last year. Family conflict (30 %) was the commonest risk factor and increased argument with resident family members (38 %) was the commonest life event. ConclusionsThis study revealed a similar proportion of psychiatric disorders revealed in previous studies among suicide attempts. It also unveiled life events in suicide attempts indicating a potential role of life events in suicide attempts in Bangladesh. However, a prudential interpretation is warranted while considering the study results as it was conducted among clinical samples.

The safety and efficacy of N-acetylcysteine as an augmentation in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) ranks as the fourth most prevalent psychiatric disorder, with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) as its mainstay pharmacological treatment. However, approximately 40 to 60% of patients do not adequately respond to initial treatment, highlighting the need for alternative options. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is one of the several medications that have been used in augmentation with SSRIs to enhance their efficacy. We aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of NAC, a glutamate-modulating agent, as an augmentation in the treatment of moderate to severe OCD. We conducted a thorough search across PubMed, Scopus, Web of science, and ProQuest to identify relevant trials published until December 2023. The primary outcome of interest was the mean difference between the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) scores before and after administrating augmented NAC among patients with moderate to severe OCD. Furthermore, we compared the occurrence of adverse drug events between the experimental and control groups. We included six randomized controlled trials with 195 patients. The results of our study indicated a positive outcome for the experimental group in terms of the total Y-BOCS score when using the medication for a period of five to eight weeks (p-Value = 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed for durations shorter than five weeks or longer than 12 weeks. Additionally, no significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of the obsession and compulsion Y-BOCS scores. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed in terms of adverse events. Augmentation of NAC with SSRIs may benefit patients with moderate to severe OCD. However, it is necessary to conduct additional multi-center trials over extended periods to develop a comprehensive strategy for action. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42023463683.

Prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities among adult out-patients living with HIV/AIDS in a tertiary care center, North-Central Nigeria: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundPsychiatric disorders had been reported with higher prevalence among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), [PLWHA] than the general population and its presence could confer poorer prognosis on infected individuals. However, there is limited research on the above subject matter in the North-Central part of Nigeria. Thus, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of common psychiatric disorders (CPD) among adult out-patients PLWHA at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (UITH), Ilorin, North-Central Nigeria.MethodsIt was a hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study, conducted among 363 respondents attending the UITH Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) clinic between March and May 2019. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to collect data. Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) was used to assess the prevalence of CPD among respondents. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21 and p value of < 0.05 was taken as statistically significant.ResultsThe prevalence of depression was 24.5%, anxiety disorder (AD) was 16.8% and alcohol use disorder (AUD) was 0.6%. Respondents from the extended family type were more depressed 70.4% and about half 43.3% of the nuclear family had AD while a 1.6% prevalence of AUD was found among the nuclear family. The association was statistically significant with a p value of 0.001.ConclusionCPD exist among PLWHA with increasing prevalence therefore screening for these disorders should be encouraged during routine management of PLWHA to improve their psychological well-being.

Cutting-Edge iPSC-Based Approaches in Studying Host-Microbe Interactions in Neuropsychiatric Disorders.

Gut microbiota (GM), together with its metabolites (such as SCFA, tryptophan, dopamine, GABA, etc.), plays an important role in the functioning of the central nervous system. Various neurological and psychiatric disorders are associated with changes in the composition of GM and their metabolites, which puts them in the foreground as a potential adjuvant therapy. However, the molecular mechanisms behind this relationship are not clear enough. Therefore, before considering beneficial microbes and/or their metabolites as potential therapeutics for brain disorders, the mechanisms underlying microbiota-host interactions must be identified and characterized in detail. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of GM alterations observed in prevalent neurological and psychiatric disorders, multiple sclerosis, major depressive disorder, Alzheimer's disease, and autism spectrum disorders, together with experimental evidence of their potential to improve patients' quality of life. We further discuss the main obstacles in the study of GM-host interactions and describe the state-of-the-art solution and trends in this field, namely "culturomics" which enables the culture and identification of novel bacteria that inhabit the human gut, and models of the gut and blood-brain barrier as well as the gut-brain axis based on induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and iPSC derivatives, thus pursuing a personalized medicine agenda for neuropsychiatric disorders.

Typologies of Psychiatric Diagnoses Among Inpatients with Recent Suicide Attempts

Objective Psychiatric multimorbidity is a well-documented risk factor for suicide. However, diagnostic heterogeneity and patterns of comorbidity likely exists within the population of those who attempt suicide. Person-centered statistical approaches, such as latent class analysis (LCA), extract distinguishable groups differentiated by prevalence and comorbidity of psychiatric disorders. Method The present study used LCA to identify typologies of psychiatric heterogeneity in a sample of 213 inpatients (M age = 33.04 [SD = 12.67]; 57.3% female; 62.4% White; 23.9% Hispanic/Latino) with a history of suicide attempt who were recruited for a suicide prevention clinical trial. Class differences in suicide history characteristics; demographic characteristics; and cognitive-affective and behavioral risk factors, obtained from an initial evaluation involving the administration of a semi-structured diagnostic interview, suicide risk assessment, and battery of self-report measures, were explored. Results LCA identified three classes in the best-fitting solution: Depressive-High Comorbidity (n = 68), Depressive-Low Comorbidity (n = 86), and Bipolar (n = 59). The Depressive-Low Comorbidity class reported less severe suicidal ideation (p < .001), anxiety (p < .001), stress (p < .001), unlovability beliefs (p = .006), and impulsivity (p < .001). The Depressive-Low Comorbidity class also reported fewer actual attempts than the Bipolar class (p = .001) and fewer interrupted attempts than the Depressive-High Comorbidity class (p = .004). Conclusions The Depressive-High Comorbidity and Bipolar classes consistently endorsed higher levels of suicide risk factors. These findings may help to illuminate typologies of suicide attempters with unique clinical needs, which is an essential step toward personalized medicine.

Practice-Based Management Data of Consecutive Subjects Assessed for the Median Arcuate Ligament Syndrome at a Single Tertiary Institution.

The pathophysiology of median arcuate ligament syndrome (MALS) is poorly understood. The diagnostic process remains inadequately standardized, with an absence of precise criteria to guide therapeutic management. We studied consecutive subjects referred to the Department of Angiology at the University Hospital of Zurich over the past 17 years due to suspected MALS. We focused on (1) the imaging criteria that led to diagnosis, notably the results of color duplex ultrasound and the consistency with different imaging tests; (2) the clinical consequences focusing on symptom resolution. We included 33 subjects; in 8 subjects (24.2%), the diagnosis of MALS was retained. The median expiration peak systolic velocity (PSV) on ultrasound was 3.05 (Q1; 2.1-Q3; 3.3). To confirm the sonographic results, either a CT or MRI was performed on all patients, with consistent findings confirming a significant stenosis. Seven patients underwent surgery, all involving arcuate ligament release. Four procedures were laparoscopic, one was via laparotomy, and two were robot-assisted. Additionally, two patients required angioplasty with stenting as a secondary intervention. Only two (28.6%) of the seven operated patients experienced a relief of symptoms. None experienced a relief of symptoms following secondary angioplasty, despite stent patency. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was comparable between patients with retained and rejected diagnoses, 38% and 36%, respectively. Our study confirmed sonography and CT/MRI consistency. However, most patients with MALS did not benefit from invasive treatment. The majority (83%) of patients without MALS were diagnosed with alternative conditions, mainly functional disorders.