Prevalence Of Prostate Cancer Research Articles

Bilateral Pelvic Lymphadenectomy in Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Prostatectomy of Renal Transplant Recipients

Background: With a rise in age and number of renal transplant recipients, prostate cancer (PC) prevalence in this population is increasing. Surgical management of PC traditionally includes radical prostatectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND). However, patients with indwelling renal transplants are often managed nonoperatively or spared of a lymph node dissection ipsilateral to the transplanted kidney out of concern for transplant vascular or ureter injury. Case Presentation and Methods: We report two cases of robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP) with bilateral PLND in a 69-year-old (Patient A) and 73-year-old (Patient B) African American renal transplant recipient. Both patients had extraperitoneal placement of their renal transplants adjacent to the right iliac vessels. Patient A had Gleason 4 + 4 cT1c disease in 12/12 cores with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) of 22.8. Patient B had left-sided Gleason 3 + 3 with 50% involvement of 3/6 cores as well as 50% involvement in 6/6 right-sided cores and PSA of 8.0. In both patients, bone scan was completed and did not show metastases. Ports on the patients' right sides were adjusted in a cephalad direction so as to avoid the transplanted kidney. The remaining ports were otherwise placed in the standard manner. Transplanted ureters were identified and dissected as a first step before proceeding with the prostatectomy. Bilateral PLND was possible in both cases without any vascular or ureteral injury. Notwithstanding PLND, prostatectomy, reconstruction technique, and postoperative care were otherwise unchanged. Immunosuppressant regimens continued throughout hospitalization. Results: Robotic console operative time and estimated blood loss was 3 hours 49 minutes and 200 mL for Patient A and 2 hours 48 minutes and 300 mL for Patient B. Patient A had bilateral obturator and internal iliac lymphadenectomy with eight negative lymph nodes harvested on the right side. Patient B received a bilateral obturator lymphadenectomy with two negative lymph nodes dissected on the right side. No intraoperative complications occurred for either patient. Patient A required fluid resuscitation for a creatinine bump that resolved and was safely discharged on POD 2. Patient B was discharged on POD 1. Both patients were prescribed a 60- to 90-day course of penile rehab with a PDE-5 inhibitor (tadalafil 5 mg). At 8 weeks follow-up, Patient A had a PSA of <0.1, was nonadherent on tadalafil, lacked erectile function, and continued having urinary incontinence, saturating two pads per day with nocturia. At 10- and 24-week follow-ups, Patient B maintained continence with partial return of erectile function on tadalafil, although not sufficient for penetration. His PSAs at 8- and 20-week follow-up were 0.036 and 0.102, respectively. At follow-up, neither patient had symptoms (abdominal pain and unilateral edema), suggestive of lymphocele formation. Conclusion: In our limited experience with two patients, RALP and bilateral PLND can be safely achieved in renal transplant recipients. D.D.E. is a proctor/lecturer for Intuitive Surgical and consultant for Medtronic. J.K., J.G.R., and B.W. declare that no competing financial interests exist. Runtime of video: 5 mins 2 secs

Effects of testosterone therapy on prostate cancer

The field of clinical prostate cancer research is an exercise in balance. Functional outcomes—such as erectile dysfunction and urinary incontinence—are weighed against oncologic outcomes. In deciding whether to recommend active surveillance versus active treatment, we balance the patient’s age, comorbidity, the severity of their cancer, and their personal preferences. Likewise, in considering whether to give testosterone therapy to men with both hypogonadism and prostate cancer, we navigate the tightrope with extreme caution. As men age, the prevalence of both hypogonadism and prostate cancer both increase and seeing men in the clinic with both conditions is not uncommon. Due to the long-believed notion that testosterone therapy would cause treated prostate cancer to recur and untreated disease to flare, many hypogonadal men have gone untreated throughout the years.

878 - Current and projected prevalence of prostate cancer according to risk-categories. A nation-wide and population-based study

878 - Current and projected prevalence of prostate cancer according to risk-categories. A nation-wide and population-based study

Abstract P2-02-05: Comparison of non-breast and ovarian cancer phenotypes of BRCA1/2 mutation carriers across multi-gene panels

Abstract Background: BRCA1/2 germline mutations account for the majority of hereditary breast and ovarian cancers. Until 2013, the only way to identify individuals with BRCA mutations was through single gene testing. With multi-gene panel testing (MGPT) including BRCA1/2, BRCA mutations are being identified at an increased rate. To date, the phenotype of BRCA1/2 mutation carriers includes an increased prevalence of breast, ovarian, prostate, and pancreatic cancer, as well as melanoma. The phenotype, however, of mutation carriers identified by panel testing is not well understood. Methods: All sequential cases submitted to our laboratory for MGPT including BRCA1/2 between June 2013 and June 2015 and BRCA1/2 single gene testing between June 2013 and February 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. Data from 77,345 test request forms were reviewed; probands with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation were selected and analyzed. Probands with no personal history of cancer/not provided (n=528) were excluded. Results: Of 2,967 BRCA1/2 positive probands, 2,439 (82.2%) had a personal history of cancer, with 2,794 cancers reported. On all tests completed, with the exception of a pancreatic cancer focused panel, breast and/or ovarian cancer were the most commonly observed cancer types (n=2,364, 84.6%). On single gene testing (n=739), prostate (n=16, 2.2%), colorectal (n=8, 1.1%), and pancreatic (n=7, 0.9%) cancers were the other most frequent cancers reported. Across all MGPT cases (n=1,700), additional observed cancers included uterine (n=48, 2.8%), colorectal (n=46, 2.7%), pancreatic (n=37, 2.2%), melanoma (n=29, 1.7%), and thyroid (n=27, 1.6%). For breast cancer-specific gene panel cases (n=934), additional cancers included thyroid (n=12, 1.3%) and uterine cancer (n=10, 1.1%). For gynecologic cancer gene panel cases (n= 482), additional cancers included uterine (n=21, 4.4%), colorectal (n=11, 2.3%), and melanoma (n=11, 2.3%). Cases tested via a pancreatic cancer gene panel (n=25,) had pancreatic cancer (n=17, 68%) reported most frequently, followed by breast (n=6, 24%), colorectal (n=3, 12%), and melanoma (n=3, 12%). For comprehensive cancer gene panel cases (n=254), colorectal (n=28, 11.0%), uterine (n=17, 6.7%), pancreatic (n=14, 5.5%), prostate (n=10, 3.9%), thyroid (n=10, 3.9%), and a variety of rare tumor types (n=15, 5.9%) were among the additional cancers reported. Discussion: As expected, the majority of cancers reported on almost all tests were breast and/or ovarian cancer. More specifically, the observed cancers for tumor specific cancer panels, matched the relevant cancer type (i.e. pancreatic cancer most commonly reported in those tested via a pancreatic cancer panel). However, on the comprehensive cancer panels, other than breast and ovarian cancer, there appears to be a more even distribution of various cancer types, including rare tumors, in probands who have a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. Further studies should be conducted to examine the phenotypes of BRCA mutation carriers identified via comprehensive cancer panels to determine the association and prevalence of unexpected cancer types with BRCA1/2 mutations. This could have important implications for determining the most appropriate genetic test and management of BRCA mutation carriers. Citation Format: Jackson M, Yusuf A, Espenschied C, Paudyal T, Profato-Partlow J. Comparison of non-breast and ovarian cancer phenotypes of BRCA1/2 mutation carriers across multi-gene panels [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-02-05.

Phase of care prevalence for prostate cancer in New South Wales, Australia: A population-based modelling study.

ObjectiveTo develop a method for estimating the future numbers of prostate cancer survivors requiring different levels of care.Design, setting and participantsAnalysis of population-based cancer registry data for prostate cancer cases (aged 18–84 years) diagnosed in 1996–2007, and a linked dataset with hospital admission data for men with prostate cancer diagnosed during 2005–2007 in New South Wales (NSW), Australia.MethodsCancer registry data (1996–2007) were used to project complete prostate cancer prevalence in NSW, Australia for 2008–2017, and treatment information from hospital records (2005–2007) was used to estimate the inpatient care needs during the first year after diagnosis. The projected complete prevalence was divided into care needs-based groups. We first divided the cohort into two groups based on patient’s age (<75 and 75–84 years). The younger cohort was further divided into initial care and monitoring phases. Cause of death data were used as a proxy for patients requiring last year of life prostate cancer care. Finally, episode data were used to estimate the future number of cases with metastatic progression.ResultsOf the estimated total of 60,910 men with a previous diagnosis of prostate cancer in 2017, the largest groups will be older patients (52.0%) and younger men who require monitoring (42.5%). If current treatment patterns continue, in the first year post-diagnosis 41% (1380) of patients (<75 years) will have a radical prostatectomy, and 52.6% (1752) will be likely to have either active surveillance, external beam radiotherapy or androgen deprivation therapy. About 3% will require care for subsequent metastases, and 1288 men with prostate cancer are likely to die from the disease in 2017.ConclusionsThis method extends the application of routinely collected population-based data, and can contribute much to the knowledge of the number of men with prostate cancer and their health care requirements. This could be of significant use in planning future cancer care services and facilities in Australia.

Abstract C40: A biopsy-focused approach to molecular studies of prostate cancer in African Americans: the Birmingham Alabama Prostate Cancer Consortium (BAPrCa)

Abstract Cancer health disparities can arise from research studies in which the study subjects are not representative of the populations affected by the disease. In prostate cancer (PrCa) biorepositories, most of the frozen samples collected for molecular analyses are obtained from radical prostatectomy (RP) specimens. However, tissue collections based on RP specimens do not include patients who are diagnosed with relatively advanced disease and treated with first-line hormonal and/or radiation therapy rather than surgery; African Americans (AA) are more likely than European Americans (EA) to be diagnosed with this type of advanced prostate cancer. With support from the DOD Prostate Cancer Research Program, our research team has established the Birmingham Alabama Prostate Cancer Consortium (BAPrCa) with a major focus on studies that use prostate biopsies for the molecular analysis of PrCa in AAs. To ensure that there is no compromise of biopsy diagnosis, we use innovative tissue print technologies to obtain snap frozen nitrocellulose blots from each of the prostate biopsy cores. These biopsy tissue prints provide high quality RNA and DNA for molecular and genetic studies. Our biopsy-based analysis of high risk cancers has revealed PrCa subtypes that were either unrecognized or significantly underestimated in previous prostatectomy-based studies. As of June 2016 more than 250 prostate biopsy patients have been prospectively enrolled in the BAPrCa prostate biopsy tissue print study; just under half (48%) of these study subjects self-identify as AA. Each biopsy from each study subject was tissue printed to generate more than 3000 unique pairs of high quality RNA and DNA samples. AA men were enrolled from two study sites in Birmingham Alabama, an academic medical center (University of Alabama at Birmingham, UAB) and a large urology private practice (Urology Centers of Alabama, UCA). The prevalence of prostate cancer diagnosed in our AA study subjects undergoing standard biopsies was 51%, with 30% showing cancer of Gleason 7 or more. A higher proportion of AA subjects were diagnosed with PrCa at UAB (61% cancer positive; 45% with Gleason 7 or more) compared to UCA (44% cancer positive; 20% with Gleason 7 or more). The difference between AA cancer diagnoses observed between our two study sites may in part result from differences in the criteria for biopsy; pre-biopsy PSA was less than 4 ng/ml for 25% of UCA subjects but for only 2% of UAB subjects. PSA criteria for prostate biopsy may have a significant and unrecognized impact on the detection of prostate cancer in contemporary AA populations. The BAPrCa study cohort provides a unique opportunity to evaluate the PrCa subtypes diagnosed in AAs using different PSA criteria for biopsy, especially in a deep south AA population. Citation Format: Sandra M. Gaston, Dennis Otali, James Kearns, Kerry Dehimer, George W. Adams, Soroush Rais-Bahrami, Jeffrey Nix, James E. Bryant, Peter Kolettis, William E. Grizzle. A biopsy-focused approach to molecular studies of prostate cancer in African Americans: the Birmingham Alabama Prostate Cancer Consortium (BAPrCa). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Ninth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2016 Sep 25-28; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017;26(2 Suppl):Abstract nr C40.

Lower Urinary Tract Infection and Subsequent Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study.

PurposeWe investigated whether lower urinary tract infection (LUTI), including cystitis or urethritis, is associated with an increased risk of developing prostate cancer (PCa), in a nationwide population-based cohort study.MethodsWe identified 14,273 men newly diagnosed with LUTI (9347 with cystitis, and 4926 with urethritis) between 1998 and 2011, from the Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000. Each patient was randomly frequency-matched with 4 men without LUTI, based on age and index year of diagnosis. Cox’s proportional hazard regression analysis was performed to estimate the effect of LUTI on the PCa risk.ResultsThe risk of developing PCa was significantly higher in the cystitis cohort (adjusted HR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.20–1.78) and in the urethritis cohort (adjusted HR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.26–2.34) than in the group without LUTI. Further analyses indicated that patients with more than 5 medical visits for LUTI per year had a significantly greater risk of developing PCa.ConclusionWe found that cystitis or urethritis may play an etiological role in the development of PCa in Taiwanese men, particularly in those with repeated medical visits for cystitis or urethritis. Further studies are warranted on the association between LUTI and PCa in other countries, particularly where the prevalence of PCa is high.

No change in the prevalence of latent prostate cancer over the last 10 years: a forensic autopsy study in Japan.

Although the morbidity rate of prostate cancer has increased with 2.3 times in these 10 years in Japan, little is known about the changes in the prevalence of latent prostate cancer. To understand changes in the prevalence of latent prostate cancer, a retrospective analysis was performed. Forensic autopsy findings from Tochigi Prefecture between September 2012 and February 2014 were collected. Two cross sections, from the base and apex of the prostate, were examined histopathologically. The prevalence of latent prostate cancer was compared with findings from forensic autopsies performed between August 2002 and July 2005 in the same region. The prevalence of latent prostate cancer in both groups was similar, showing an overall prevalence of 13.6% and 12.2% and a Gleason score >6 of 6.2% and 7.1%, respectively. When prevalence was compared by cause of death, the values were similar for both groups. The prevalence of latent prostate cancer in this Japanese population did not show any significant change over the past 10 years. The dramatic increase in morbidity rate for prostate cancer could be from the increase in prostate-specific antigen screening and subsequent referral to urologists.

КОМПЬЮТЕРНАЯ ТОМОГРАФИЯ В ДИАГНОСТИКЕ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЙ И НОВООБРАЗОВАНИЙ ПРЕДСТАТЕЛЬНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЫ

Prostate cancer prevalence is in fourth place in the overall structure of tumors and in second place among malignant diseases in older men. The cancer detection rate of preventive inspections using traditional research methods remains very low, and the timeliness of early diagnosis of tumors of the prostate gland determine the modern methods of X-ray imaging. The aim of this study was to estimate the role of computed tomography as a method of Xray imaging, in identifying the various prostate neoplasia with specification of semiotics, diagnostic criteria of various tumors. Research conducted at multispiral 128-slice CT scanner OPTIMA 660 produced by General Electric (United States). The study involved 66 patients aged 38-79 years with various diseases of the prostate. The fact of referral to the computed tomography was preceded by a primary appointment at urology specialist followed by rectal finger study positive or dubious reaction to prostate specific antigen, by transrectal ultrasound. The study showed that CT is not a universal method of diagnosis, excluding other imaging techniques, especially multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging. But that method has a number of incontestable advantages that allow to remain indispensable in the algorithm integrated diagnostic approach. First of all, it is an extensive long area of scanning combined with small thickness of the layer to be allocated. And, in the case of some phase strengthening of the gland tissues the technique, in some cases, allows to trace a malignant neoplastic process. But in general, its differential diagnosis with benign regeneration nodes in the gland tissue is usually difficult and requires further modification.

Alarmingly High Rate of Prostate Cancer Detected by Routine Prostate-Specific Antigen Screening in a County HIV Clinic

Background Routine prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening in the general population and in HIV-infected men is controversial. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of prostate cancer (PC) among patients living with HIV (PLWH).MethodsAfter an index case of PC was detected by sporadic PSA screening, we performed a prospective (2/2010–10/2016) cohort study following PSA levels and biopsies of African-American (AA) men ≥45 years and non-AA men ≥50 years. Screening was done at the discretion of the provider.ResultsOf the 124 men (82 AA, 17 Hispanic, 16 Caucasian, 7 Asian, 2 other) who received PSA screening, 7 (5.6%) had a PSA > 5 and underwent prostatic biopsy. Five patients (4%) were found to have PC, all of whom had a history of good long-term HIV virologic control. Mean age of PC patients was 60 years vs. non-PC patients (55 years) (P = 0.031). Mean years of HIV in PC patients was 18 years vs. non-PC patients (14 years) (P = 0.068).CaseAgeRacePSA Value (ng/mL)Stage/ Glisson ScoreRisk FactorsTreatment1 index case68AA133 + 3 = 6aTransplant recipientradiation258AA6.23 + 3 = 6aNoneProstatectomy pending364AA143 + 5 = 8a mets to nodesPaternal history PCRadical prostatectomy; hormone treatment458Caucasian7.64 + 3 = 7aNoneRadical prostatectomy560Caucasian9.93 + 3 = 6aNoneTransferred care aAll specimens positive for PC.ConclusionPSA screening is controversial and not universally recommended. Other retrospective studies of PLWH have shown equally high rates of PC. Compared with the general population (1/1,000 non-AA and 1.7/1,000 AA), men in our cohort had a 25 times higher rate (4%)of PC. All patients had aggressive tumors and required surgery, including one patient with metastasis to regional nodes. As expected, age was a significant risk factor for PC. We recommend implementing routine cohort PSA screening in PLWH.Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Higher Prevalence of Prostate Cancer among Veterans with Type 2 Diabetes

Background: Diabetes mellitus and cancer are common conditions. Based on epidemiological evidence, American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the American Cancer Society (ACS) concluded that patients with diabetes are at a higher risk for cancers in their joint position statement. That statement includes a meaningful association between cancer and diabetes; common risk factors for both; possible biological links between the two and also whether the diabetes therapy alters risk or prognosis of cancer. Additional comments included lack of association or evidence between diabetes and cancers such as lung cancer and lymphomas; and reduced risk of prostate cancer among subjects with type 2 diabetes. It was also stated that some cancers such as liver, pancreas, colon and rectum, breast, bladder and endometrial cancers. Since prevalence of diabetes is more than 25% among Veterans, our aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of various cancers among Veterans with type 2 diabetes at Albany, NY. Methods: In a single center, retrospective chart review study was carried out using computerized patient records, after the Institutional Review Board and Research and development review board at Veterans health administration at Stratton VA MC at Albany, New York. Using CPT codes and verification by review of clinical and laboratory information, the study was carried out. The information collected include the BMI, smoking status, duration of diabetes, medications used, other medical problems such as hypertension, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, various cancers; laboratory data included HbA1C, eGFR, Creatinine and lipid parameters. Results: The study identified 6777 subjects with type 2 diabetes with a mean age of 61 ± 10 and BMI of 32.6 ± 6. Total of 1046 subjects identified with cancers, after exclusion of skin cancers. The most common cancers among Veterans with type 2 DM are prostate cancer, colon cancer, bladder cancer and Lung Cancer. Other cancers include renal cell cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, lymphomas and breast cancer. Conclusion: It is worth considering the causes why prostate and bladder cancers are so common among subjects with diabetes using national database.

Molecular basis for prostate cancer racial disparities.

Prostate cancer (PCa) remains the most common cancer in American men. African-American (AA) men continue to have higher PCa prevalence and mortality rates compared to men in other populations. In addition to socioeconomic factors and lifestyle differences, molecular alterations contribute to this discrepancy. We summarize molecular genetics research results interrelated with the biology of PCa racial disparity. Androgen and androgen receptor (AR) pathways have long been associated with prostate growth. Racial differences have also been found among variants of genes of the enzymes involved in androgen biosynthesis and metabolism. Growth factors and their receptors are a potential cause of the disparity in PCa. Recent molecular and biotechnological approaches in the field of proteomics and genomics will greatly aid the advancement of translational research on racial disparity in PCa, which may help, in finding new prognostic markers and novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of PCa in AA.

Prostate Cancer Detected by Screening in a Semi Urban Community in Southeast Nigeria: Correlations and Associations between Anthropometric Measurements and Prostate-specific Antigen.

Context:Prostate cancer (PCa) is frequently diagnosed at advanced stages in Nigeria.Aims:To determine the screen detected PCa prevalence in a suburban community and explore any relationships between prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and anthropometric measurements.Settings and Design:Nsukka is a town and local government area (LGA) in Southeast Nigeria in Enugu State. Towns that share a common border with Nsukka are Edem Ani, Alor-uno, Opi, Orba, and Ede-Oballa. Nsukka LGA has an area of 1810 km2 and a population of 309,633 at the 2006 census. All consecutive responders who met the inclusion criteria were recruited.Subjects and Methods:A screening outreach was conducted in one location in Nsukka. PSA testing and digital rectal examinations were performed. Height and weight were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated.Statistical Analysis Used:Results were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS 20 (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0. Armonk, NY, USA). Categorical data were analyzed using the Chi-square test, with significance level set at P < 0.05. Pearson's correlation was conducted for interval data (P < 0.05).Results:One-hundred and sixty men met the inclusion criteria and were screened. Age range was 40–81 years; PSA range was 1.20–33.9 ng/ml. Digital rectal examinations (DREs) was abnormal in 17 men. Median BMI was 27.49. A Pearson's correlation coefficient showed a significant correlation between age and PSA, r = 0.127; P ≤ 0.05, and DRE findings and PSA, r = 0.178; P ≤ 0.05. There was no significant correlation between height and PSA, r = −0.99; P = 0.211; weight and PSA, r = −0. 81 P = 0.308; and BMI and PSA, r = −0.066; P = 0.407. 8/21 men consented to prostate biopsy with three positive, giving a screen detected PCa prevalence of 1.875%.Conclusions:Screen detected PCa prevalence in high this population and efforts to improve early detection may be of value in improving treatment outcomes.

Incidence of Carcinoma Prostate in Transurethral Resection Specimen in a Teaching Hospital of Nepal

Introduction: As suggested through several autopsy studies there is a high prevalence of latent prostate cancer in the population. A much smaller proportion of prostate cancer is detected because of clinical symptoms. This study was done to identify the rates of incidentally detected prostate cancer in patients undergoing surgical management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) in our centre.&#x0D; &#x0D; Methods: A retrospective review was done on all transurethral resections of the prostate (TURP) cases from May 2014 to May 2015 at a single tertiary care institution. One hundred and three men, aged 40 to 88 year, underwent TURP and their specimens were sent for the histopathological analysis.&#x0D; &#x0D; Results: Five (4.85%) patients were diagnosed with the prostate cancer. All the five patients had Gleason score of seven or more. Two patients had moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma with Gleason score of seven. Three patients had poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with Gleason score of eight or above. The Prostate cancer was seen only in the age group above 65 years but it was not statistically significant.&#x0D; &#x0D; Conclusion: Our series demonstrated that 4.85% of patients had latent prostate cancer. It occurs mainly in men above 65 years of age though this was not statistically significant.

Is alcohol consumption a risk factor for prostate cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BackgroundResearch on a possible causal association between alcohol consumption and risk of prostate cancer is inconclusive. Recent studies on associations between alcohol consumption and other health outcomes suggest these are influenced by drinker misclassification errors and other study quality characteristics. The influence of these factors on estimates of the relationship between alcohol consumption and prostate cancer has not been previously investigated.MethodsPubMed and Web of Science searches were made for case–control and cohort studies of alcohol consumption and prostate cancer morbidity and mortality (ICD–10: C61) up to December 2014. Studies were coded for drinker misclassification errors, quality of alcohol measures, extent of control for confounding and other study characteristics. Mixed models were used to estimate relative risk (RR) of morbidity or mortality from prostate cancer due to alcohol consumption with study level controls for selection bias and confounding.ResultsA total of 340 studies were identified of which 27 satisfied inclusion criteria providing 126 estimates for different alcohol exposures. Adjusted RR estimates indicated a significantly increased risk of prostate cancer among low (RR = 1.08, P < 0.001), medium (RR = 1.07, P < 0.01), high (RR = 1.14, P < 0.001) and higher (RR = 1.18, P < 0.001) volume drinkers compared to abstainers. There was a significant dose–response relationship for current drinkers (Ptrend < 0.01). Studies free from misclassification errors produced the highest risk estimates for drinkers versus abstainers in adjusted models (RR = 1.22, P < 0.05).ConclusionOur study finds, for the first time, a significant dose–response relationship between level of alcohol intake and risk of prostate cancer starting with low volume consumption (>1.3, <24 g per day). This relationship is stronger in the relatively few studies free of former drinker misclassification error. Given the high prevalence of prostate cancer in the developed world, the public health implications of these findings are significant. Prostate cancer may need to be incorporated into future estimates of the burden of disease alongside other cancers (e.g. breast, oesophagus, colon, liver) and be integrated into public health strategies for reducing alcohol related disease.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2891-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Sparing a thought for the prostate.

The author discusses the need for men to take initiative in getting urological tests for prostate cancer screening. Topics explored include the lack of symptoms of early stage prostate cancer, the prevalence of prostate cancer in Great Britain according to the British Office for National Statistics (ONS) data, and the importance of increasing awareness of prostate cancer and men's health.

Early Origins of Adult Cancer Risk Among Men and Women: Influence of Childhood Misfortune?

To examine the effect of five childhood misfortune domains-parental behavior, socioeconomic status, infectious diseases, chronic diseases, and impairments-on all-site and selected site-specific cancer prevalence and all-site cancer incidence. Panel data from the Health and Retirement Study (2004-2012) were used to investigate cancer risk among adults above the age of 50. Risky parental behavior and impairment in childhood were associated with higher odds of all-site cancer prevalence, and childhood chronic disease was associated with prostate cancer, even after adjusting for adult health and socioeconomic factors. Moreover, having one infectious disease in childhood lowered the odds of colon cancer. Cancer trends varied by race and ethnicity, most notably, higher prostate cancer prevalence among Black men and lower all-site cancer among Hispanic adults. These findings underscore the importance of examining multiple domains of misfortune because the type and amount of misfortune influence cancer risk in different ways.

Intracellular Zinc Excess as One of the Main Factors in the Etiology of Prostate Cancer

Numerous studies show that prevalence of prostate cancer (PCa) drastically increases with age, these malignant tumours are mainly formed in the peripheral zone of the prostate gland, and a high intake of red meat is associated with a statistically significant elevation in risk of PCa. The factors which cause all these well-specified features of the PCa are currently unclear. Here we describe one factor which can play an important role in etiology of malignant transformation of the prostate and is connected with the above-mentioned features of PCa. It is hypothesized that the prostatic intracellular Zn concentrations are probably one of the most important factors in the etiology of PCa. For an endorsement of our standpoint the estimation of changes of intracellular Zn concentrations over males lifespan was obtained using morphometric and Zn content data for the peripheral zone of prostate tissue, as well as Zn concentration in prostatic fluid. It was shown that the Zn concentrations in prostatic cells for men aged over 45 years are 10-fold higher than in those aged 18 to 30 years and this excessive accumulation of Zn may disturb the cells functions, resulting in cellular degeneration, death or malignant transformation.We hypothesize this excessive intracellular Zn concentration in cells of the prostate gland periphery has previously unrecognized and most important consequences, associated with PCa.

Vasectomy and prostate cancer risk: a historical synopsis of undulating false causality

The potential influence of vasectomy being a risk factor for the development of prostate cancer is not a new concept, with more than 30 publications addressing the topic. Given the global frequency of vasectomy and the prevalence of prostate cancer, this subject justifiably deserves scrutiny. Several articles have claimed that vasectomy puts men at risk for future development of prostate cancer. We explore articles that have shown the contrary (no link), explore the studies’ strengths and weaknesses, describe possible prostate cancer pathophysiologic mechanisms, and apply Bradford Hill criteria to help discern correlation with causation. The risk and interest of association of prostate cancer with vasectomy has waxed and waned over the last three decades. Based on our review, vasectomy remains a safe form of sterilization and does not increase prostate cancer risk.

The association between regular use of aspirin and the prevalence of prostate cancer: Results from the National Health Interview Survey.

Prostate cancer is prevalent with significant morbidity in the United States. Aspirin previously has been found to be associated with reduced carcinogenesis of prostate cells. However, it remains unclear whether regularly taking aspirin could lower the risk of prostate cancer. Therefore, our aim was to examine the association between self-reported regular use of aspirin and the prevalence of prostate cancer in a national sample of the US adult population.The National Health Interview Survey is an annual survey conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics to investigate health and healthcare use of the US population. The current study is a population-based cross-sectional study using the 2010 National Health Interview Survey data. Adult male respondents who self-reported regularly taking aspirin at least 3 times per week were grouped as regular users. The prostate cancer prevalence was measured by respondents’ self-report of prostate cancer. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between these 2 factors by adjusting for covariates selected based on Andersen Behavioral Model of Health Services Use.An estimated 23 million (23.7%) males in the United States reported that they took aspirin regularly. Of them, 5.0% had prostate cancer. Regular aspirin use was significantly associated with a lower self-reported prevalence of prostate cancer after adjusting for predisposing, enabling, and need factors (odds ratio 0.60, 95% confidence interval 0.38–0.94).Regular aspirin use was found to be significantly associated with a lower self-reported prevalence of prostate cancer in the United States in 2010. Further clinical trials and longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the causality between regular aspirin use and prostate cancer.