Prevalence Of Peripheral Arterial Disease In Patients Research Articles

The ankle-brachial index for assessing the prevalence of peripheral artery disease and cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background and aimsType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an important risk factor for peripheral artery disease (PAD). Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) was found associated with a higher cardiovascular (CV) risk and mortality. The main goals of this study were to establish the prevalence of PAD in a T2DM population, and assess the relationship between PAD and the CV risk calculated with the CUORE Project score (CPS) (https://www.cuore.iss.it/). The association between the ABI, the main risk factors for PAD and T2DM complications was also investigated. Methods and resultsTwo hundred patients were consecutively enrolled. The prevalence of PAD in this population was 17%. The CV risk tended to be higher (p = 0.0712) in the group with a pathological ABI than in the group with a normal ABI. Glycated hemoglobin (r = −0.1591; p = 0.0244), total cholesterol (r = −0.1958; p = 0.0054), LDL cholesterol (r = −0.1708; p = 0.0156) and systolic blood pressure (r = −0.1523; p = 0.0313) correlated significantly and inversely with the left ABI. The frequency of diabetic retinopathy was significantly higher in the group with a pathological ABI (p = 0.0316). ConclusionsThe data reveal a high prevalence of PAD in patients with T2DM. The CPS confirmed that patients with a pathological ABI have tendency to a higher CV risk. The results point to the importance of an accurate CV assessment – also measuring individuals’ ABI and calculating their CPS - to better pinpoint those at high risk of PAD, especially among patients with T2DM.

Prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus and it’s correlation with carotid intima-media thickness

Background: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is one of the major macrovascular complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) which is largely neglected by clinicians. DM-associated atherosclerosis can lead to complications in all major of vascular beds, including the coronary arteries, carotid vessels, and lower extremity arteries. Aims and objective were to study the prevalence of PAD in patients with type 2 DM and to study the correlation with carotid artery intima-media thicknessMethods: Hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted among the 124 patients admitted with type 2 diabetes (age >25 year) from Dec 2019 to Oct 2021 in the various units of department of medicine or surgery, KPS institute, GSVM medical college Kanpur. Color doppler of limbs and carotid artery was done in study population.Results: In our study based on doppler ultrasound, the prevalence of PAD was found in 31 patients (25%) out of 124 with men having a higher prevalence (24 out of 74; 77.4%), as compared to women (7 out of 50; 22.6%) (p=0.020). The mean Carotid IMT (mm) (Average) was 0.82±0.16 in all diabetics. Patients with PAD have more increase in CIMT (0.95±0.12) as compare to non-PAD (0.77±0.15) p<0.001.Conclusions: By using doppler, we found evidence of PAD in 25% of type 2 diabetics (M>>F). Patients with PAD have more increase in CIMT as compare to non-PAD.

Significant correlation of ischemic stroke with peripheral artery disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Background: Atherosclerotic disease is not only increased in incidence in type 2 diabetic patients, but its course is also accelerated. Stroke is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality among the elderly population. The relationship between ischemic stroke and PAD (peripheral artery disease) has been poorly investigated in India. So, we studied the risk of stroke in PAD patients with type 2 diabetes. The aims and objectives of the study were to study the prevalence of PAD in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and to study the correlation of stroke in PAD patients with type 2 diabetes.Methods: Hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted among the 124 patients admitted with type 2 diabetes (age >25 years) from December 2019 to October 2021 in the various units of department of medicine/surgery, KPS institute, GSVM medical college, Kanpur. Color Doppler of limbs and carotid artery was done in study population. Clinical sign and symptoms, history of stroke or diagnostic investigation were used for evaluate cerebrovascular events.Results: In our study based on doppler ultrasound, the prevalence of PAD was found in 31 patients (25%) out of 124 with men having a higher prevalence (24 out of 74; 77.4%), as compared to women (7 out of 50; 22.6%) (p=0.020). The prevalence of stroke was 32.3% in PAD patients and 11.8% in non-PAD patients (p=0.009).Conclusions: By using Doppler, we found evidence of PAD in 25% of type 2 diabetics (M>F). The prevalence of stroke was 32.3% in PAD patients and 11.8% in non-PAD patients (p=0.009). PAD is associated with an increased risk of cerebrovascular disease morbidity and mortality. Clinician should identify a PAD patient with diabetes to elicit symptoms, complications like stroke to decrease mortality or morbidity.

Prevalence, Characteristics, and Prognosis of Peripheral Arterial Disease in Patients With Diabetic Charcot Foot

Charcot foot (CF) is a rare complication of diabetes associated with foot deformities and foot ulcers. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a factor of poor prognosis in patients with diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). However, PAD has infrequently been studied in CF. We aimed to determine the prevalence, the characteristics and the prognosis of PAD in a large group of patients with diabetic CF. We retrospectively compared 56 patients with diabetic CF to 116 patients with diabetic foot without CF. The prevalence of PAD in patients with CF was 66.1%. Compared to patients without CF, patients with CF had similar risks to have PAD (OR 0.98, 95%CI 0.50-1.94, p= .97) and neuro-ischemic DFUs (OR 1.19, 95%CI 0.57-2.49, p=.65), more risk to have lesions of distal arteries (OR 4.17, 95%CI 1.76-9.94, p=.001) and less risk to need revascularization (OR 0.14, 95%CI 0.06-0.36, p< .001). In patients with CF, PAD was strongly predicted by DFUs (OR 24.55, 95%CI 1.80-334.43, p=.016) and coronary artery disease (OR 17.11, 95%CI 1.75-167.43, p=.015). Survival rate and limb salvage rate in patients with CF were not worsened by PAD and by neuro-ischemic DFUs, respectively. In conclusion, we show that PAD should not be overlooked in patients with diabetic CF, especially in those having DFUs or coronary artery disease. PAD in patients with CF differed from that of patients without CF since it predominated in distal arteries and required less often revascularization.

Unmasking previously unrecognized peripheral arterial disease in patients with coronary artery disease using continuous wave doppler using continuous wave doppler imaging : does the presence of peripheral arterial disease influence the clinicopathological profile of coronary artery disease? An Indian study

Background: It is well established that a significant number (30%) of patients suffering from coronary artery disease (CAD) also have underlying peripheral artery disease (PAD) as the only underlying risk factor. They are at increased risk of myocardial infarction as multiple vascular beds beyond the extremities are likely to be affected by atherosclerosis. A large percentage of high-risk patients with the coexistent disease may not be diagnosed with underlying PAD, as they were largely asymptomatic. This study aims to assess the prevalence of previously unrecognized PAD among patients with CAD, the risk association for various risk factors for CAD and PAD and also to determine the relationship between the presence of PAD and severity of CAD. Methods: A 3 years randomized, prospective, cross-sectional study done at Command Hospital Airforce Bangalore, India on patients of CADs, who were planned to undergoing coronary angiogram, were evaluated for the presence of PAD in lower extremities. The interactions between risk factors, Ankle Brachial Index (ABI), and CAD were examined by multiple stepwise regression analysis. Results: A total of 300 patients were studied. PAD has a prevalence of 14% in patients with CAD and it was strongly associated with disease severity. There was statistically significant association in patients with CAD which coexistent PAD with age (P = 0.001), smoking (P = 0.014), hypertension (P = 0.015), diabetes (P = 0.043), obesity (P= 0.004), history of previous cerebrovascular accident (P = 0.0138), number of coronaries involved (P = 0.02) and low-density lipoprotein (P = 0.001) levels as compared to CAD not associated with PAD. Conclusions: The high prevalence of PAD in patients who have CAD confirms the importance of active screening for PAD using ABI and requires aggressive management. We emphasize that clinicians should keep in mind that CAD patients would have other co-morbid vascular manifestations like PAD in order to minimize morbidity and mortality in these patients.

Extremely elevated lipoprotein (a) as an independent risk factor for peripheral arterial disease in large patient cohort

Abstract Background Elevated lipoprotein (a) [LP (a)] levels are an independent, genetic, and causal factor for cardiovascular disease and associated with myocardial infarction (MI). Although the association between circulating levels of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] and risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) is well established, its role in risk of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) remains unclear. PAD affects over 236 million individuals and follows ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and cerebrovascular disease (CVD) as the third leading cause of atherosclerotic cardiovascular morbidity worldwide. LP (a) is genetically determined, stable throughout life and yet refractory to drug therapy. While 30 mg/dl is considered the upper normal value for LP (a) in central Europe, extremely high LP (a) levels (&amp;gt;150mg/dl) are rare in the general population. The aim of our study was to analyse the correlation between lipoprotein (a) [LP (a)] levels and an incidence of PAD in high-risk patients. Patients and methods We reviewed the LP (a) concentrations of 52.898 consecutive patients admitted to our cardiovascular center between January 2004 and December 2014. Of these, 579 patients had LP (a) levels above 150 mg/dl (mean 181.45±33.1mg/dl). In the control collective LP (a) was &amp;lt;30mg/dl (n=350). Other atherogenic risk factors in this group were HbA1c 6.58±1.65%, low density lipoprotein (LDL) 141.99±43.76 mg/dl, and body mass index 27.81±5.61. 54.40% were male, 26.07% were smokers, 93.2% had hypertension, and 24% had a family history of cardiovascular diseases. More than 82.6% were under statins. The mean glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 69.13±24.8 ml/min [MDRD (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease)]. Results 45.00% (n=261) of the patients with LP (a) &amp;gt;150mg/dl had PAD. The prevalence of PAD in patients with LP (a) &amp;lt;30mg/dl in our control collective was 15.8%. (P- Value 0.001). Patients with LP (a) &amp;gt;150mg/dl had a significantly increased risk for PAD (Odds ratio 4.36, 95% CI 2.94–6.72, p: 0.001). 19.1% of patients were re-vascularized by percutaneous angioplasty (PTA) and 7.09% of patients had to undergo peripheral vascular bypass (PVB). Mean LP (a) level in patients with PAD was 182.6±31.61. Conclusion Elevated LP (a) levels above 150 mg/dl are associated with a significantly increased risk of PAD in our collective and it confirms our hypothesis. Over one fourth of these patients had severe PAD and requiring revascularization therapy. We need more prospective studies to confirm our findings. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

P1593THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE ANCLE-BRACHIAL INDEX AND MARKERS OF INFLAMATION IN CHRONIC HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS

Abstract Background and Aims Among hemodialysis patients, peripheral arterial disease (PAD) represents an important health care burden and has been associated with high mortality. The ancle-brachial index (ABI), is a reliable and noninvasive method used to asses PAD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of PAD in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis and the association with inflammation and malnutrition using serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum albumin as biomarkers. Method The study was conducted at different hemodialysis centers in patients receiving hemodialysis three times a week. We excluded patients with atrial fibrillation or who had been recently hospitalized. The ABI has been used as a diagnostic tool for PAD and measured before a hemodialysis session. A value of ABI less than 0.9 was considered abnormal. To better estimate the impact of malnutrition and inflammation we used the serum albumin, blood lipids values and serum C-reactive protein values defined by calculating the mean of the last three measurements. Results A total of 261 ESRD patients on maintenance hemodialysis were enrolled in the study. Mean age was 56.0 (±12) years, 58% were males, and 17.6% were diabetics. Mean time on hemodialysis was 5.9 (±6.7) years, with 24% of patients on dialysis for less than 3 years. Among our patients we found that the prevalence of PAD was 23.4%, of whom 58.1% were men. We found that age, diabetes, duration of hemodialysis, low serum albumin levels and high serum triglyceride levels were risk factors for PAD in hemodialysis patients. The multivariate analysis of our study has shown that a lower level of albumin and higher level of CRP were significantly associated with an ABI less than 0.9 (odds ratio, 4.54; 95% confidence interval, P = 0.017) after adjusting for demographic, clinical, biochemical and medication data. We did not find significant differences in serum calcium, phosphate or PTH levels between patients with PAD and those without it. Conclusion In conclusion, the present study showed high prevalence of PAD in patients on hemodialysis. The prevalence was higher in diabetics. Low albumin levels and C-reactive levels were independent risk factors of PAD. We found that early diagnosis and treatment of PAD could help to improve the quality of life of hemodialysed patients and postpone arterial complications in this group of patients.

Peripheral Artery Disease in Patients Presenting with Acute Coronary Syndrome in Hill Population of Northern India

Introduction: Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) and Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) represent the serious presentations of the atherosclerotic disease spectrum. PAD due to atherosclerotic disease can lead to significant morbidity and mortality with significant medical and economic burden. Aim: To study the prevalence of PAD in patients presenting with ACS in the Hill population of Northern India. Materials and Methods: Patients presenting with ACS, with acute chest pain, Electrocardiogram (ECG) changes and elevated troponins were enrolled in the study. The presence of PAD was assessed with MESI Ankle Branchial Measuring Device (MESI ABPI MD® Slovenia EU) system which uses plethysmographic sensors with an inbuilt software that automatically calculates ABI with accuracy. Patients with ABI &lt;0.91 were further evaluated by Computed Tomography (CT) Angiography of lower limb vessels. Results: A total of 288 patients were included in the study. There were 238 (82.6%) males and 50 (17.4%) females. Majority of patients had hypertension (214, 74.3%) as the risk factor. ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) was seen in 197 (68.4%) and Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) in 91 (31.6%). Coronary angiography was done in 240 patients. Single vessel disease was seen in 135 (56.2%), double vessel disease in 69 (28.8%) and triple vessel disease in 36 (15%) cases. Out of overall 288 patients 9 (3.12%) had borderline ABI (ABI- &gt;0.9 and ≤1.0) and 4 (1.38%) had abnormal ABI (ABI &lt;0.9). CT angiography of 3 out of 4 patients with ABI &lt;0.9 showed significant atherosclerosis of lower limb vessels. Conclusion: There was very low prevalence of PAD with ACS in this study population.

Enfermedad arterial periférica y estrés oxidativo en pacientes del programa para la prevención de complicaciones de diabetes mellitus y dislipidemias

Introducción. La enfermedad arterial periférica (EAP) es causada principalmente por aterosclerosis e intervienen la hiperglucemia y dislipidemia que desencadenan estrés oxidativo y daño vascular. &#x0D; Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia de EAP en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) y/o prediabetes y/o dislipidemias, así como algunos factores de riesgo; también, establecer si los niveles urinarios de 8-isoprostano-f2α (marcador de estrés oxidativo) están elevados en pacientes con EAP. &#x0D; Diseño. Estudio de tipo transversal, no probabilístico, de conveniencia.&#x0D; Materiales y métodos. La muestra comprendió 146 pacientes con DM2 y/o prediabetes y/o dislipidemias.&#x0D; Se registraron factores de riesgo, síntomas relacionados con EAP, medida índice tobillo-brazo y variables bioquímicas (HbA1c%, glucemia basal, perfil lipídico, creatinina y albuminuria). Se determinaron niveles en orina de 8-isoprostano-f2α por ELISA. Los resultados de la concentración de 8-iso-PGF2α/creatinuria se analizaron mediante el paquete estadístico R. La comparación de factores de riesgo se analizó mediante ANOVA/Kruskal-Wallis. Se generaron curvas ROC para analizar el poder discriminante del biomarcador. El análisis conjunto de resultados de laboratorios y de factores de riesgo se realizó mediante regresiones logísticas multivariantes. &#x0D; Resultados. Se evidenció prevalencia de EAP en 10 pacientes diabéticos. Como factores de riesgo se encontraron: fumar, dislipidemia, mal control metabólico, sobrepeso u obesidad. No se evidenció aumento del 8-isoprostano-f2α urinario en estos sujetos.&#x0D; Conclusiones. La prevalencia de EAP fue menor que en otros estudios, probablemente por el seguimiento médico regular. En este estudio, la determinación mediante ELISA del 8-isoprostano-f2α urinario no permitió identificar EAP en fases tempranas; se recomienda estudiar otros marcadores de estrés oxidativo.

Vitamin D deficiency is associated with risk of developing peripheral arterial disease in type 2 diabetic patients

BackgroundThe relationship between vitamin D levels and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) remains unclear. We assessed the association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels with the prevalence of PAD in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).MethodsA total of 1018 T2DM patients participated in this cross-sectional study. Serum 25(OH)D levels were measured and risk factors of PAD were recorded. PAD was diagnosed as an ankle-brachial index (ABI) < 0.9.ResultsThe mean age of the diabetic patients was 58.59 ± 11.34 years. Of all the patients, only 20.1% had a 25(OH)D level ≥ 20 ng/mL. Compared to patients without PAD, serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower in those with PAD (14.81 ± 8.43 vs. 11.55 ± 5.65 ng/mL, P < 0.001). The overall prevalence of PAD was 7.7%. From the highest level (≥ 20 ng/mL) to the lowest level (< 10 ng/mL) of serum 25(OH)D, the prevalence of PAD was 2.8, 7.5 and 10.7% respectively. After adjustment for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), smoking status and season, compared to patients with serum 25(OH)D levels ≥20 ng/mL, the odds ratios of PAD in patients with a level of 10 to < 20 ng/mL and < 10 ng/mL was 3.587(95% CI: 1.314–9.790) and 5.540(95% CI: 2.004–15.320), respectively. When further considering the influence of coronary heart disease (CHD), hypertension and cerebral infarction, the ratios changed to 3.824(95% CI: 1.378–10.615) and 5.729(95% CI: 2.028–16.187), respectively. And after further adjustment for the duration of diabetes, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), the ratios changed to 3.489(95% CI: 1.100–11.062) and 3.872(95% CI: 1.168–12.841), respectively.ConclusionsReduced serum vitamin D levels were associated with an increased risk of PAD in T2DM patients. Randomized interventive clinical studies are required to verify the effects of vitamin D supplementation on PAD.

Increased prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in patients with obese sarcopenia undergoing hemodialysis.

Background peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a common complication in patients undergoing dialysis, which reduces the quality of life and increases the risk of mortality. Recent literature has documented an association between increased visceral fat (VF) content and a proatherogenic factors in end-stage renal disease. The present study investigated the prevalence of PAD in patients undergoing hemodialysis. PAD was determined as an ankle-brachial index <0.9. Additionally, VF content was determined using multiple frequency bioelectrical impendence analysis. The nutritional status of the patients was evaluated by subjective global assessment and endothelial function was measured by ultrasonographic brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation. Patients divided into two groups (malnourished and non-malnourished) with two further subgroups in each (high VF and low VF content). The prevalence of PAD was identified to be significantly higher in patients with a high VF mass compared with a low VF mass in non-malnourished patients. PAD was significantly more common in malnourished patients compared with non-malnourished patients (P<0.01). The presence of PAD in patients undergoing hemodialysis was identified to be significantly correlated with age, diabetes mellitus (DM) status VF content, malnutrition, serum albumin level, diastolic blood pressure and log C-reactive protein levels. Furthermore, logistic regression analysis determined that age, DM, VF content and malnutrition were significant independent risk factors for PAD in patients undergoing hemodialysis. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated that obesity and malnutrition act synergistically to increase the risk of PAD in patients undergoing dialysis.

Pathophysiology of peripheral arterial disease in diabetes mellitus.

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) increases the risk of lower extremity amputation. It is also an independent predictor of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular ischemic events, affecting both the quality and expectancy of life. Many studies have demonstrated that the prevalence of PAD in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) is higher than in non-diabetic patients. In diabetic patients, PAD occurs early with rapid progression, and is frequently asymptomatic. Multiple metabolic aberrations in DM, such as advanced glycation end-products, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and abnormal oxidative stress, have been shown to worsen PAD. However, the role of DM in PAD is not completely understood. The purpose of the present article is to review and discuss the pathophysiology of PAD in DM.

Prevalence of Peripheral Arterial Disease among Adult Patients Attending Outpatient Clinic at a General Hospital in South Angola.

Background. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a common manifestation of atherosclerosis, whose prevalence is increasing worldwide, and is associated with all-cause mortality. However, no study has assessed this disease in Huambo. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of PAD in patients attending an outpatient clinic at a general hospital in Huambo, South Angola. Methods. A cross-sectional study, including 115 patients aged 40 years and older attending an outpatient service. The evaluation included a basic questionnaire for lifestyle and medical history and ankle-brachial index (ABI) measurement using hand-held Doppler. PAD was defined as an ABI ≤0.9 in either lower limb. Results. Of 115 patients, 62.60% were women with a median age of 52.5 (range of 40 to 91) years. The prevalence of PAD was 42.6% (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 95%: 33.91–52.17%). Among patients with PAD, 95.92% had mild disease and 4.08% moderate to severe disease. The main risk factor for PAD was age (≥60 years) (χ 2 = 3.917, P ≤ 0.05). The prevalence was slightly higher in men and hypertensive subjects, but without statistical significance with ORs of 1.5 (95% CI: 0.69–3.21) and 1.42 (95% CI: 0.64–3.17), respectively. Hypertension was also high in the group (66.95%). Conclusion. The prevalence of PAD was 42.6%, higher in those aged 60 years and older. More studies, with representative samples, are necessary to clarify PAD prevalence and associated risk factors.

Ethnic Differences in Prevalence of Peripheral Artery Disease in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis.

Hemodialysis patients experience poor outcomes associated with the presence of atherosclerosis, particularly lower-extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD). Prevalence of PAD is known to vary between ethnic groups; however, no information on ethnic-specific PAD prevalence in a hemodialysis cohort is available. Data from the Canadian Kidney Dialysis Cohort Study was used in a secondary analysis of 1293 adults starting hemodialysis in three major Canadian centres. PAD diagnosis was determined through structured interview and supplemented by clinical record. Ethnicity was self-reported. Overall PAD prevalence was 19.1 % with no significant difference between ethnic groups. Ethnic differences observed in diabetes prevalence in the full hemodialysis group were not present in the subset of PAD patients. The prevalence of PAD in patients undergoing hemodialysis is high, however we found no apparent ethnic differences in prevalence between ethnic groups.

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE

On average, the ankle-brachial index (ABI) is lower in women than in men but whether this translates into higher prevalence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in women is unknown. We evaluated gender differences in the prevalence of PAD in patients referred to the vascular laboratory. A total of

Peripheral Artery Disease in Korean Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Prevalence and Association with Coronary Artery Disease Severity

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is an important marker for the risk stratification of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). We investigated the prevalence of PAD in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with CAD and the relationship between ankle-brachial pressure index (ABPI) and CAD severity. A total of 711 patients undergoing PCI for CAD from August 2009 to August 2011 were enrolled. PAD diagnosis was made using the ABPI. The prevalence of PAD was 12.8%. In PAD patients, mean values of right and left ABPI were 0.71 ± 0.15 and 0.73 ± 0.15. Patients with PAD had a higher prevalence of left main coronary disease (14.3% vs 5.8%, P = 0.003), more frequently had multivessel lesions (74.9% vs 52.1%, P < 0.001) and had higher SYNTAX score (18.2 ± 12.3 vs 13.1 ± 8.26, P = 0.002). Using multivariate analysis, we determined that left main CAD (OR, 2.954; 95% CI, 1.418-6.152, P = 0.004) and multivessel CAD (OR, 2.321; 95% CI, 1.363-3.953, P = 0.002) were both independently associated with PAD. We recommend that ABPI-based PAD screening should be implemented in all patients undergoing PCI with CAD, especially in severe cases.

Risk Factors for Peripheral Arterial Disease Among Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have an increased risk for developing peripheral arterial disease (PAD). The aim of this study was to examine the cross-sectional association between novel risk factors and prevalent PAD in patients with CKD. A total of 3,758 patients with estimated glomerular filtration rates of 20 to 70 ml/min/1.73 m(2) who participated in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) study were included in the present analysis. PAD was defined as an ankle-brachial index <0.9 or a history of arm or leg revascularization. After adjustment for age, gender, race, cigarette smoking, physical activity, history of hypertension and diabetes, pulse pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and CRIC clinical sites, several novel risk factors were significantly associated with PAD. For example, odds ratios for a 1-SD higher level of risk factors were 1.18 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08 to 1.29) for log-transformed high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, 1.18 (95% CI 1.08 to 1.29) for white blood cell count, 1.15 (95% CI 1.05 to 1.25) for fibrinogen, 1.13 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.24) for uric acid, 1.14 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.26) for glycosylated hemoglobin, 1.11 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.23) for log-transformed homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and 1.35 (95% CI 1.18 to 1.55) for cystatin C. In conclusion, these data indicate that inflammation, prothrombotic state, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and cystatin C were associated with an increased prevalence of PAD in patients with CKD. Further studies are warranted to examine the causal effect of these risk factors on PAD in patients with CKD.

Study on the relation between peripheral arterial disease and renal insufficiency in high risk cardiovascular patients

This study was to examine the relation of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and renal insufficiency in cardiovascular patients with high risk. PAD, defined as an ankle brachial index (ABI) ≤ 0.9 in either leg and renal insufficiency, defined as an estimated creatinine clearance (CRCL) < 60 ml×min(-1)×1.73 m(-1) were evaluated in 5270 Chinese patients at high risk of CV. 2648 (50.2%) patients had an estimated CRCL < 60 ml×min(-1)×1.73 m(-1), while 746 (14.2%) patients having PAD defined ABI ≤ 0.9. ABI and CRCL were positively correlated (r = 0.217, P < 0.001). The prevalence of PAD in patients with renal dysfunction was significantly higher than those with normal renal function (19.9% vs. 8.3%, P < 0.001). The association of ABI ≤ 0.9 with CRCL was independent from potential confounders such as age, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, coronary artery disease and stroke history (OR = 0.98, 95%CI: 0.98 - 0.99, P < 0.001). Results from the present study demonstrated a remarkably high prevalence of PAD (defined as an ABI ≤ 0.9) among patients with renal dysfunction and at high risk. Even after adjustment for important confounders such as age, diabetes, and coronary artery and cerebro-vascular diseases etc., persons with lower CRCL were still more likely to have an ABI ≤ 0.9.

The Prevalence of PAD in HIV Patients

PURPOSE: Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) is a focal manifestation of atherosclerosis and is a predictor of cardiovascular outcomes. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has been associated with premature atherosclerosis, but prevalence of PAD in these patients is not well defined. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of PAD in HIV patients.

Associations Between Peripheral Artery Disease and Ischemic Stroke

Although peripheral artery disease (PAD) has a particularly poor prognosis compared with vascular disease in other territories, little attention is paid to its epidemiology, treatment, and prevention. Despite the high prevalence of PAD in patients with stroke, and of stroke in patients with PAD, PAD is omitted from all guidelines for treatment, prevention, and rehabilitation of stroke, although coronary artery disease risk is considered. Therefore, routine PAD screening is seldom undertaken and so disease is probably often missed. Summary of Review- This review evaluates epidemiology of PAD in patients with stroke and of stroke in patients with PAD. The role of the ankle-brachial pressure index; imaging and novel markers in risk prediction of PAD in patients with stroke; and treatment and prevention of PAD are reviewed. In both primary and secondary prevention settings, PAD indicates a high risk of future events. Data on which additional preventive measures are beneficial in this patient group are lacking, but the presence of PAD does have implications for current management in both primary and secondary prevention of stroke.