Prevalence Of Pathogenic Bacteria Research Articles

The distribution characteristics of aerosol bacteria in different types of sheepfolds.

With the development of modern sheep raising technology, the increasing density of animals in sheep house leads to the accumulation of microbial aerosols in sheep house. It is an important prerequisite to grasp the characteristics of bacteria in aerosols in sheep house to solve the problems of air pollution and disease prevention and control in sheep house. In this study, the microorganisms present in the air of sheep houses were investigated to gain insights into the structure of bacterial communities and the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria. Samples from six sheep pens in each of three sheep farms, totaling 18, were collected in August 2022 from Ningxia province, China. A high-volume air sampler was utilized for aerosol collection within the sheep housing followed by DNA extraction for 16S rRNA sequencing. Employing high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing technology, we conducted an in-depth analysis of microbial populations in various sheep pen air samples, enabling us to assess the community composition and diversity. The results revealed a total of 11,207 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) within the bacterial population across the air samples, encompassing 152 phyla, 298 classes, 517 orders, 853 families, 910 genera, and 482 species. Alpha diversity and beta diversity analysis indicated that differences in species diversity, evenness and coverage between different samples. At the bacterial phylum level, the dominant bacterial groups are Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria, among which Firmicutes (97.90-98.43%) is the highest. At the bacterial genus level, bacillus, Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, etc. had higher abundance, with Bacillus (85.47-89.87%) being the highest. Through an in-depth analysis of microbial diversity and a meticulous examination of pathogenic bacteria with high abundance in diverse sheep house air samples, the study provided valuable insights into the microbial diversity, abundance, and distinctive features of prevalent pathogenic bacteria in sheep house air. These findings serve as a foundation for guiding effective disease prevention and control strategies within sheep farming environments.

Bacterial Contamination of Drinking Wells in Makurdi Metropolis

This study was carried out to assess the bacterial contamination of drinking wells in Makurdi metropolis. Fifteen (15) untreated water samples, five (5) each were collected from wells in High Level, Wurukum and Wadata areas for physicochemical and bacteriological analysis was done using pour plating and the bacteriological quality was assessed by measuring the total viable, total coliform and fecal coliform counts of bacteria in the samples using Mac Conkey agar and Nutrient agar. The results of the analysis showed that the pH ranged from 6.70 ± 0.16 to 7.40± 0.87, the temperature levels ranged from 28.72 ± 0.04 to 28.87 ±0.05; biological oxygen demand values ranged from 0.02 ±0.04 to 0.02 ± 0.41; the dissolved oxygen values ranged from 1.50 ±0.16 to 170 ± 0.14 while the Electrical conductivity values ranged from 599.20 ±88.98 to 1582.80±199. The results also showed the total viable count, total coliform count and fecal coliform counts ranging from 75.80±16.01cfu/ml to 117.40±34.45cfu/ml; 5.60±5.13cfu/ml to 6.60±6.88cfu/ml and 0.40±0.89cfu/ml to 4.20±3.77cfu/ml respectively. The total viable counts ranged from 75.80±16.01 to 117.40±34.4 (Wadata having the highest and Wurukum having the least), the total coliform counts ranged from 5.60±2.61 to 6.60±6.88 while the fecal coliform count ranged from 0.40±0.89 to 4.20±3.77. The variation in Total Viable Count (TVC) across locations could be as a result of localized factors influencing microbial populations and geographical differences such as land use, anthropogenic activities, and environmental conditions. The bacterial isolates were Bacillus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Proteus spp, Enterobacter spp, and Staphylococcus spp. The frequency of occurrence and prevalence percentages of the bacteria isolated from the well water samples show that Klebsiella spp had the highest percentage (23.33%) while Enterobacter spp and Escherichia coli had the least prevalence percentage, representing 10.00% each. Overall, High Level had the highest contamination rate, accounting for 43.33% of the total contamination while Wurukum had the least contamination, representing 23.33% of the total contamination. The distribution patterns of bacterial isolates among the studied locations illuminate discernible trends. The prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in well water sources could be possibly linked to higher urbanization and population density, highlighting the dynamic and site-specific nature of microbial communities. The study highlights the importance of using specific plans to manage water quality. These plans should take into account the special features of each area.

ANALYSIS OF THE NASAL MICROBIOME IN PATIENTS PRE AND POST RHINOPLASTY: EXPLORING THE POSSIBLE CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS IN A PRIVATE HOSPITAL AND OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY

Rhinoplasty is a common and effective plastic surgery to improve the aesthetics of the nose and, in some cases, respiratory function. This surgery remodels nasal structures, not only visibly, but also affecting the nasal microbiota, a community of microorganisms. The objective of this study was to understand how rhinoplasty influences the nasal microbiota, focusing on the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria, as well as the clinical implications of these changes. To investigate these changes, the research was conducted in a private otorhinolaryngology hospital environment. Bilateral nasal swabs were collected and bacterial culture was performed. Statistical analysis was used to explore possible associations between altered nasal microbiota and postoperative complications, as well as the quality of healing and recovery time of patients undergoing rhinoplasty. In 8 patients, rhinoplasty showed an initial prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus (62.5%) and Klebsiella aerogenes (25%). After surgery, 66.7% presented undetected results, suggesting a potential improvement in the nasal microbiota. Individual variability highlights the need for personalized approaches in preventing post-surgical infections. No statistically significant correlation was observed between nasal microbiota and surgical complications. Other characteristics were not significant on the effect of surgery and culture results. This research deepened the understanding of the nasal microbiome in patients undergoing rhinoplasty. In total, data from 8 patients were analyzed, revealing intriguing microbiological patterns. The decrease in post-surgery bacterial detection suggests potential benefits in reducing infectious risks, pointing to practical implications in clinical practice. Although valuable, we recognize the limitations of the study, encouraging future expansive research to consolidate and expand this knowledge.v

Evaluation Effects of Coliform Mastitis on Hematological and Biochemical Parameters in Dairy Cows, in Kirkuk City, Iraq

This study conducted to investigate sub clinical mastitis caused by some coliform pathogens as a common causes mastitis in the cows and to detect some hematological & biochemical parameters, for this purpose 100 milk samples and100 blood samples were collected from apparently cows brought to the veterinary hospital & from different heifer’s in Kirkuk governate, Iraq. our results showed that the incidence of coliform mastitis by using different diagnostic methods. the incidence mastitis to CMT according of management & hygiene milk of processing recorded 35 (42.6 %), 47 ( 57.3%) respectively., However the bacteriologically examination depending on isolation, biochemical manually and vitek system identification. revealed, the incidence as 82.9% positive for bacterial identification reveled that E.coli was predominant ( 33.8 %) bacteria Followed by K. pneumonia and. Proteus mirabilis (11.7 %) &(10.2)% respectively. further hematological parameters we noted that showed anemia with significant decrease (p<0.05) in Hemoglobin, Total red blood cell count, Paced cell volume, lymphocyte and slightly decrease in, while record increase in granulocyte and Wight blood cell count. On the other hand the biochemical profile we showed significant increase in ALT, AST enzymes, While decrease significant(p<0.05) in ALP, Ca, Cl, P, Mg & zn. We conclude from this study, The prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in the milk resulted in a significant alteration in the hamato-biochemical profile in the current study reveled significant monitors for Bovine mastitis and estimate the efficiency and quality of milk consumption.

Prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in some Thi-Qar hospitals and burn halls

Prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in some Thi-Qar hospitals and burn halls

Prevalence of Pathogenic Bacteria and Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiles Isolated from Medical Equipment and Inanimate Surface.

The hospital environment, especially the intensive care unit, is a leading reservoir of nosocomial bacteria. Equipment and inanimate surfaces are among the most transmission vehicles for nosocomial bacteria. This study is to assess the bacterial profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates from medical equipment and inanimate surfaces at intensive care unit wards in Bahir Dar City government hospital, North West Ethiopia. A hospital-based, cross-sectional study was conducted between March 01/2021 and May 30/2021 at Felege Hiwot and Tibebe Gihon Compressive Specialized Hospitals. A total of 158 surface swab samples from the patient bed, table, chair, sphygmomanometer, and stethoscopes were collected. Sterile cotton-tipped swabs moistened with normal saline were used. Using standard protocols, the collected samples were processed at Bahir Dar University, Microbiology Laboratory. All isolates were cultured and identified by using routine bacterial culture, Gram staining, and biochemical tests. Phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done on each isolate following the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 26 and the results were explained by using percentages and tables. In this study, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, S. aureus, and K. pneumoniae were the most predominant isolated bacteria, which accounted for 52.8%, 47.2%, and 43.2% respectively. Chairs, sphygmomanometers, and patient beds were the most contaminated. Imipenem and clindamycin were the most effective antibiotics for all Gram-negative and Gram-positive isolates, respectively. Among the total isolates, 84 (57.5%) were multidrug resistant and of these, 78.4% were Gram-negative isolates. Inanimate objectives and key medical devices of the hospital are heavily contaminated with potentially pathogenic bacteria. Additionally, the recovered isolates are multidrug resistant, making the control and prevention strategy more challenging. Thus, the hospital infection prevention and surveillance system must be activated and perform periodic disinfection of objects. Furthermore, large-scale surveillance is desirable.

The Prevalence of Pathogenic Bacteria from Different Clinical Samples in a tertiary care hospital

The Prevalence of Pathogenic Bacteria from Different Clinical Samples in a tertiary care hospital

Prevalence of Pathogenic Bacteria on Face Masks from Wet Markets in Makkah during the COVID-19 Pandemic

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic compelled people worldwide to use face masks to limit the spread of the disease. Improper use of masks may increase the transmission of pathogenic bacteria, causing co-infection that may result in an increase in complications of COVID-19 and a rise in the death rate. This study aims to determine the presence of pathogenic bacteria on the surfaces of masks worn by workers while working at several markets (meat, fish, fruit, and vegetable markets) in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, during the COVID-19 pandemic. The pathogenic bacteria on the masks of some workers in different markets in Makkah were identified and confirmed by growth media and an automated system. Pathogenic bacteria were detected in 99% of the studied samples. The most commonly detected bacteria on masks were E. coli, followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus aureus. A few samples included additional bacterial species, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate harmful bacteria on the masks of a random group of non-healthcare workers. Improper mask use by various populations might result in significant cross-contamination with pathobionts. KEYWORDS COVID-19, face masks, bacterial contamination, infection, hygiene, wet market

Prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in meat products and their antimicrobial resistance pattern

Background: There is increase in consumption of antimicrobial agents with misuse and/or overuse of antimicrobial agents in animals and resulting to rise in antimicrobial resistance. The controlled use of antimicrobials is important for national and international policymakers to draw guidelines on its use. Assessing AMR in meat-producing industry is essential to track emerging resistant pathogens that are common between animals and humans. In this study, we have aimed to investigate the prevalence of bacteria in meat products and the antimicrobial resistance pattern in those isolates. Methods: This study is a quantitative, observational study, where we collected meat samples (n=118) from shops, in Banepa and Dhulikhel Municipality. The samples were cultured in appropriate media for isolation of bacteria. Subsequently, AMR pattern was studied through antibiotic susceptibility test using Kirby Bauer Disc Diffusion method. Results: In our study, only two sites, out of 48, did not have any pathogenic bacteria. There were total of 113 iso-lates from 118 samples. E. coli (62.8%), Enterococcus (14.1%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (11.5%), were the most prevalent bacteria in processed samples including MRSA (4%). Additionally, 81.6% of the isolated E. coli were resistant to Ampicillin and 60.5% to Ciprofloxacin and 35% to Gentamycin. 43.6% of all isolated E. coli, 100% of all Klebsiella, 100% of all Enterobacter and 25% of all Citrobacter were multi-drug resistant. The resistance was mostly observed against Ampicillin (83.3%), followed by resistance against Ciprofloxacin (64.4%), Gentamycin (58.8%), Ceftazidime (38.8%), with the lowest resistance against Sulbactam/Cefoperazone (3.3%). Conclusion: E. coli was the most prevalent organism in meat samples. Multi-drug resistance was also most common in E. coli with resistance against Ampicillin, Ciprofloxacin and Gentamycin. Therefore, we recommend for more controlled use of antibiotics in animal rearing industry and more hygienic environment at meat vendors.

Does Small Ruminant Lentivirus Infection in Goats Predispose to Bacterial Infection of the Mammary Gland? A Preliminary Study.

Simple SummaryThe health and functionality of the mammary gland are important factors in animal welfare and milk production. Inflammation of the udder is associated with reduced milk yield and dairy product quality. Even though mastitis is usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or algae infections, some studies have suggested that infection with small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV), causing caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE), can also cause mastitis in small ruminants. Its pathophysiology is not, however, fully understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether seropositive goats were more susceptible to bacterial infections of the udder than uninfected goats. A higher prevalence of pathogenic bacteria was identified only in seropositive goats in the 5th or further lactation. This indicates that a relationship may exist between a long-lasting SRLV infection and decreased resistance of the udder to bacterial infections, even though the seropositive goats enrolled in this study had no clinical signs of CAE.The aim of this study was to determine whether asymptomatic small ruminant lentivirus seropositive (SRLV-SP) goats were more susceptible to bacterial infection of the udder when lactating by comparing the presence and species of pathogenic bacteria in their milk with the values for seronegative goats (SRLV-SN). Milk samples were collected during morning milking on days 20, 40, 60, 150, and 210 of lactation for three consecutive years and subjected to bacteriological examination. Staphylococcus caprae and S. xylosus were the most frequent strains identified in both SRLV-SP and SRLV-SN goats. The prevalence of pathogenic bacteria was the highest in the 1st lactation, regardless of SRLV status. Moreover, the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria was significantly higher in SRLV-SP goats, but only those in the 5th or further lactation (p = 0.010). This suggests a relationship between long-lasting SRLV infection and susceptibility to bacterial infections of the udder.

Bacterial Quality, Prevalence of Pathogens, and Molecular Characterization of Biofilm-Producing Staphylococcus aureus from Korean Dairy Farm Environments

Simple SummaryIn this study, we analyzed hygienic indicator bacteria and pathogenic microorganisms (Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, Campylobacter jejuni/coli) in Korean dairy farms. As a result, B. cereus and S. aureus were detected in dairy farm environment. Total aerobic bacteria, psychrotrophic bacteria, coliform, and yeasts/molds differed slightly between dairy farms, but a few spots, such as floors, drain holes, and niches, showed high microbial counts in most of dairy farms. Subsequently, we performed RNA-seq analysis on Staphylococcus aureus JDFM SA01 isolated from a milk filter to determine the biofilm formation ability and characteristics. In biofilm, the significant up-regulation of genes encoding surface proteins and genes, which advance the adhesion, might clarify the increased biofilm viability and biomass. Therefore, in this study, spots with high possibility of microbial contamination could be identified in dairy farms and the basis for producing safe milk and dairy products by effective hygiene management against microbial contamination was established.Raw milk acts as a mediator of major foodborne pathogenic bacterial infections. However, the sources of pathogens that contaminate milk are often unclear. This study assessed the prevalence of sanitary quality-indicating bacteria (total aerobic bacteria, psychrotrophic bacteria, coliform, and yeast/molds), including seven foodborne pathogens, in a dairy farm environment and processing plant in Korea. The microbiological analysis showed that a few sites, such as vat bottoms, room floors, drain holes, and niches, showed high microbial loads in most dairy farms. Based on quantitative microbial tests, Bacillus cereus was detected in three farms and Staphylococcus aureus was detected in only one farm. Among them, S. aureus JDFM SA01 isolated from a milk filter showed strong biofilm formation and toxicity to the host Caenorhabditis elegans. Subsequently, RNA-seq was performed to characterize the biofilm formation ability of S. aureus JDFM SA01. In biofilms, the significant upregulation of genes encoding microbial surface components and recognizing adhesive matrix molecules promotes adhesion might explain the increased viability and biomass of biofilms. This study provided insight into the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria and microbial contamination levels across dairy farms.

Microbiological Safety of Food of Animal Origin from Organic Farms.

The organic food sector and consumer interest in organic products are growing continuously. The safety and quality of such products must be at least equal to those of conventional equivalents, but attaining the same standards requires overcoming a particular problem identified in organic food production systems: the occurrence of bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella, Campylobacter, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and pathogenic Escherichia coli. These food-borne microorganisms were detected in the production environments of such food. The prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in organic livestock and products may be higher, but may also be the same as or lower than in like material from conventional farms. Furthermore, the incidence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria was more often detected in conventional than in organic production. The aim of this review was to present the recent information on the microbiological safety of food of animal origin produced from raw materials from organic farms.

Association between adenoid bacteriology and clinical characteristics of adenoid-related diseases in children.

Introduction:The aim of this research is to find the association between the pathogenic bacteria obtained from the adenoid culture and clinical characteristics of adenoid-related diseases in children.Methods:In this retrospective study, we reviewed the medical records of children who had adenoidectomy for adenoid-related diseases. Demographic data, diagnoses, indications for adenoidectomy and bacterial culture results were collected. The adenoid size was measured in the lateral skull X-ray as adenoid–nasopharyngeal ratio. Associations between the culture results and the demographic data, adenoid size, and the diagnoses were analyzed.Results:There were 407 children who had adenoidectomy for obstructive sleep-disordered breathing (75.2%), otitis media with effusion (19.2%), and chronic sinusitis (5.6%). Median age was 5.9 years. Common pathogenic bacteria in the adenoid were Haemophilus influenzae (26.2%), Staphylococcus aureus (23.5%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (18.2%), and Moraxella catarrhalis (12%). The patient’s age had significant association with the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria. S. pneumoniae was most prevalent in young children up to 7 years. S. aureus was more common in children over 7 years. H. influenzae had similar prevalence in all age groups. Size of the adenoid and type of adenoid-related diseases had no association with the outcome of bacterial culture.Conclusion:Age of the patients was the significant factor associated with the bacteriological findings of the adenoid while size and types of adenoid-related diseases were not associated with the outcome of bacterial culture.

Efficiency evaluation of some novel disinfectants and anti-bacterial nanocomposite on zoonotic bacterial pathogens in commercial Mallard duck pens for efficient control.

Objective:This work aimed to detect the frequency of pathogenic bacteria of zoonotic importance in ducks’ dropping, their surrounding environment, and farmworkers in contact with them. Furthermore, the susceptibility pattern of isolated bacteria to antimicrobial drugs and the efficiency of disinfectants (CID 20, Durak® plus, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nano zinc oxide (ZnO NPs), and hydrogen peroxide loaded nano zinc oxide (H2O2/ZnO NPs) composites against isolated bacteria were evaluated.Materials and Methods:A total of 271 samples were collected from duck pens, including 35 fecal droppings, 200 environmental samples, and 36 from the hands of pen workers for isolation and identification of bacterial strains using standard microbiological procedures. After that, the antibiotic sensitivity testing of 40 bacterial isolates was carried out using disk diffusion assay. ZnO NPs and H2O2/ZnO NPs were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectrum and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The efficacy of disinfectants and nanocomposites was evaluated against enteropathogenic bacteria using the broth macro-dilution method.Results:The results showed that the overall prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in duck pens was 62.73. The highest isolation rate was detected in duck fecal droppings (100%), while Escherichia coli was found to be the most isolated pathogen (56.47%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21.8%), Proteus mirabilis (15.29), and Salmonella species (6.47%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was detected in the majority of bacterial isolates. The efficiency of CID 20 and Durak® plus disinfectants against all bacterial isolates was highly susceptible (100%) after 120 min of exposure time compared to the effectiveness of H2O2 on enteropathogenic bacteria which did not exceeded 60% at 5% concentration. Meanwhile, the sensitivity of Salmonella spp. to Durak® plus did not exceeded 80%.Conclusion:The duck fecal droppings are the primary source of bacterial isolates. MDR isolates were susceptible to both CID 20 and Durak® plus disinfectants after 120 min of exposure time at a concentration of 1:100 ml. Besides, H2O2/ZnO NPs composite proved its lethal effect against all testing strains at 0.02 mg/ml after 120 min of exposure. Strict biosecurity guidelines are required to mitigate and prevent the transmission of potentially zoonotic pathogens through the farm environment and/or duck droppings.

A Study of Prevalence and Pathogenic Activity of Bacteria in the Air of Dhaka City and Their Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern

Bangladesh composes the most polluted air with Dhaka securing the top position. The purpose of the study is the enumeration of the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in Dhaka city’s air and their antibiotic susceptibility to the common antibiotics. For the sample collection, different selective media was exposed in air where the highest and lowest CFU was 137 and 1 respectively. Pathogens were screened through Hemolysis, DNase and Coagulase test and identified by 16s rRNA sequencing followed by antibiotic susceptibility test. 16s rRNA sequencing revealed that the organisms were Bacillus altitudinis strain 41KF2bT.28, Bacillus licheniformis strain QMA46-2, Bacillus altitudinis, Bacillus pumilis strain BJ-DEBCR-34, Staphylococcus aureus strain TPS3156, Bacillus sp CO16, Pseudomonas sp strain 96LC22 and Shigella dysenteriae strain ATCC 13313. Shigella dysenteriae, Staphylococcus aureus were 81.81% and 54.54% resistant to the antibiotics. Whole-genome sequencing would help to observe mutations in the traits as changes in hemolytic activity were found during pathogenecity tests.

Characterization of Multi-Drug Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria Present in Fresh Leafy &amp; Salad Vegetables in Dhaka, Bangladesh

This study was conducted to determine the microbiological quality of fresh raw and unwashed leafy and salad vegetables in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Six different types of samples (red amaranth, spinach, carrot, radish, tomato, and cucumber) were collected in pre-sterilized zip-lock bags from various local markets in Dhaka. All samples were transported to the Centre of Excellence for Global Health Research Laboratory of Primeasia University at earliest convenience. Samples were enriched in Nutrient Broth media and were then cultured on selective media for isolation purpose. Serial dilution was performed for the total viable count. Biochemical and carbohydrate profiling was conducted for the presumptive identification of the isolates. Commercial antibiotic discs were used for antibiogram by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar medium. The total microbial load ranged from 8x107 to 1.70x108. Total 36 isolates were identified, having 7 differentorganisms. The most predominant organism was Vibrio sp. (23%) followed by Klebsiella sp.(20%), Acinetobacter sp. (19%), Pseudomonas sp. (19%), Salmonella sp. (8%), Moraxella sp.(8%) and Escherichia coli (3%). 11% of the Vibrio sp. isolates were V. cholerae, found from 4 samples. No presence of V. cholerae was observed in the tomatosamples. E. coli was observed only in Carrot sample. Antibiotics from 7 different groups were tested against the organisms among which Imipenem showed the highest sensitivity (86%). Following Ceftriaxone (100%), Nitrofurantoin (94%), Erythromycin (89%) and Amoxicillin (83%) had the highest resistance against the isolated organisms. Moreover, most of the isolates showed a multi-drug resistance pattern where they were resistant to at least four drugs. Prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in raw unwashed vegetables can cause potential adverse health effects and therefore the consumers need to be conscious about the matter.

Characterization of Multi-Drug Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria Present in Fresh Leafy &amp; Salad Vegetables in Dhaka, Bangladesh

This study was conducted to determine the microbiological quality of fresh raw and unwashed leafy and salad vegetables in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Six different types of samples (red amaranth, spinach, carrot, radish, tomato, and cucumber) were collected in pre-sterilized zip-lock bags from various local markets in Dhaka. All samples were transported to the Centre of Excellence for Global Health Research Laboratory of Primeasia University at earliest convenience. Samples were enriched in Nutrient Broth media and were then cultured on selective media for isolation purpose. Serial dilution was performed for the total viable count. Biochemical and carbohydrate profiling was conducted for the presumptive identification of the isolates. Commercial antibiotic discs were used for antibiogram by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar medium. The total microbial load ranged from 8x107 to 1.70x108. Total 36 isolates were identified, having 7 differentorganisms. The most predominant organism was Vibrio sp. (23%) followed by Klebsiella sp.(20%), Acinetobacter sp. (19%), Pseudomonas sp. (19%), Salmonella sp. (8%), Moraxella sp.(8%) and Escherichia coli (3%). 11% of the Vibrio sp. isolates were V. cholerae, found from 4 samples. No presence of V. cholerae was observed in the tomatosamples. E. coli was observed only in Carrot sample. Antibiotics from 7 different groups were tested against the organisms among which Imipenem showed the highest sensitivity (86%). Following Ceftriaxone (100%), Nitrofurantoin (94%), Erythromycin (89%) and Amoxicillin (83%) had the highest resistance against the isolated organisms. Moreover, most of the isolates showed a multi-drug resistance pattern where they were resistant to at least four drugs. Prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in raw unwashed vegetables can cause potential adverse health effects and therefore the consumers need to be conscious about the matter.

The Prevalence of Pathogenic Bacteria from Different Clinical Samples, Northern Part of Iraq

Background : Bacteria are prokaryotic which causes a wide range of diseases in human and animals as well,thus, early diagnosis of bacterial infection is an important step for their management. The vast majority ofbacteria are harmless to human and some strains are even beneficial. However, some strains cause infectionsincluding pneumonia, meningitis and urinary tract infection…etc. The present study aimed to describe anddetermine the prevalence rate of pathogenic bacteria in different clinical samples from Duhok city,Kurdistan region of Iraq, as there are no available data of bacterial infections.Methods: Totally, 200 adult patients enrolled in the present study during July 2017-July 2018. We collecteddifferent clinical specimens including (SFA, Bronchial Lavage, catheter, cerebrospinal fluid, body fluids,blood, semen, stool pus, urine, sputum and ear swabs). Standard microbiological techniques used forisolation and identification. All samples collected before antibiotic uses by specialized physician.Results: The result reported that forty-six samples (23%) obtained from male and one hundred fifty-foursamples (77%) obtained from females. A high diversity of pathogens was found but Staphylococcus aureusrecorded the highest infection rate by (33.3%) which observed in 32 urine samples by and followed by E.coli (27.3%) and Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (25.3%), which observed in 36 and 29 urine samples,respectively. Alternatively, Klebsiella, Streptococcus, Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosawere founded in few samples. Conclusion: The highest diversity of potential pathogens observed in urine samples was E.coi. Over all,Staphlococcus aureus was predominant and recorded the highest prevalence rate by (33.3%) in 50 sampleswhich followed by E. coli recorded in 41 samples (27.3%) and Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci observedin 38 samples (25.3%).

The impact of daily soap use in rural areas of Senegal on respiratory infectious diseases, fevers and skin microbiota

ObjectivesChildren aged <5 years are the group most affected by infectious diseases, more specifically in underdeveloped countries. A study was performed to assess the effects of daily soap use on the incidence of diarrhoea, fever, respiratory infection, and the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria on the skin. MethodsSoap was distributed to the population of the village of Ndiop (test) for use in their daily hygiene but not to the population of the village of Dielmo (control). Fieldworkers daily recorded the clinical events in the two villages and encouraged the use of soap in Ndiop. ResultsA total of 638 people participated in the study. The incidence rates of cough, runny nose and fever significantly decreased in 2016 compared with 2015, unlike that of diarrhoea. In 2016, significant reductions in the incidence rates of cough, runny nose and fever were observed in children aged <15 years in Ndiop. The prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes in the palms of the hands significantly dropped in Ndiop. ConclusionUsing soap reduces the incidence of respiratory infections, fevers and the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria on the skin. However, for diarrhoea, additional strategies are needed to improve outcomes.

Prevalence of Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens and factors influencing them in different freshwater fish ponds

Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed to elucidate the abundance of Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens, which are among the most widespread fish pathogens in ponds. Both pathogens have three different breeding patterns, namely, (a) gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio), (b) yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco), and (c) black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus), over a production season. Results revealed that pond sediments have significantly higher bacterial levels of A. hydrophila and P. fluorescens (105–106 copies µl-1 DNA) than pond water (103–104 copies µl-1 DNA). In addition, independent regression models revealed that environmental variables influence the levels of pathogenic bacteria. The occurrence of A. hydrophila and P. fluorescens were significantly positively correlated to dissolved oxygen and water temperature, respectively. On the contrary, both pathogens were negatively correlated to total nitrogen. In this study, the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria and their relationships with physicochemical factors in different pond environments were investigated for the first time through a molecular method. Furthermore, although we did not include fish diseases occurring during the production season, our results can provide useful theoretical information for fish breeding especially with regard to the prevention of related bacterial diseases.