Prevalence Of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Research Articles

Prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis among HIV Patients Attending Federal Medical Centre Asaba, Delta State

Prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis among HIV Patients Attending Federal Medical Centre Asaba, Delta State

Pericardial Disease in the Developing World.

Pericardial disease in the developing world is dominated primarily by effusive and constrictive syndromes and contributes to the acute and chronic heart failure burden in many regions. The confluence of geography (location in the tropics), a significant burden of diseases of poverty and neglect, and a significant contribution of communicable diseases to the general burden of disease is reflected in the wide etiological spectrum of causes of pericardial disease. The prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in particular, is high throughout much of the developing world where it is the most frequent and important cause of pericarditis and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Acute viral/idiopathic pericarditis, which is the primary manifestation of pericardial disease in the developed world is believed to occur significantly less frequently in the developing world. Although diagnostic approaches and criteria to establish the diagnosis of pericardial disease are similar throughout the globe, resource constraints such as access to multimodality imaging and hemodynamic assessment are a major limitation in much of the developing world. These important considerations significantly influence the diagnostic and treatment approaches, and outcomes related to pericardial disease.

Abstract 2246: Prevalence of mycobacterium tuberculosis among PAP smear samples of cervical cancer suspects

Abstract Introduction: Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in women around the world. The Pap smear test is the most common method of detecting abnormal cells that may develop into cancer. In addition, we want to know how common mycobacterium tuberculosis is among those who provide Pap smear samples. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of working women in Addis Abeba, Ethiopia, regarding cervical cancer and Pap smear tests, as well as the associations between knowledge, attitudes, and practices and socio-demographic factors. In addition, we will investigate the prevalence of mycobacterium tuberculosis from smears among those who provide Pap smear samples. Methods: This will be a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study of 100 Ethiopian females' attending at Arsho medical laboratories from September to December 2022, knowledge, attitudes, and practices, as well as the prevalence of tuberculosis. All women between the ages of 20 and 65 who wanted to be diagnosed with cervical cancer were eligible. Expected outcome: To teach and recall common cervical cancer symptoms such as menstrual bleeding, the appropriate age for Pap smear tests, and the interval between tests. Examine their use of hormonal contraception and their attitude toward Pap smear testing over the last five years. It will also be useful to know the prevalence of cervical tuberculosis. Citation Format: Wondimu Ashagre Awoke. Prevalence of mycobacterium tuberculosis among PAP smear samples of cervical cancer suspects [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 2246.

Correlation of polymorphism in Toll-Like Receptor (TLR1 and TLR2) genes with susceptibility of pulmonary tuberculosis in Doda region of India

BackgroundPulmonary tuberculosis has emerged as one of the leading causes of deaths across the globe. The prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has also shown an increasing trend over the time which may be attributed to the increase in multidrug resistant strains and HIV epidemics. There are several factors like change in the gene structure and cellular activities of the host and the bacterium which may have changed the host response towards tuberculosis. Additionally, the recent reports have suggested that Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the activation of immune responses against various pathogens. Therefore, this study has been designed to investigate the possible correlation of TLR gene polymorphism and prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis. MethodThis study investigates 300 samples collected from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (150) and healthy controls (150) from the Doda region of Jammu, India. For analysis purpose, DNA from the collected samples were isolated and subjected to sequence specific PCR amplification of TLR-1 and TLR-2 genes. The amplicons of TLR-1 and TLR-2 were further digested with restriction enzymes PvuII and Xbal, respectively, and visualized on agarose gel, subsequently. ResultThe results suggest that frequency of TLR2 gene polymorphism (73.9%) is high in the patients below the age of 50 years, whereas, frequency of TLR-1 gene polymorphism is high (71%) in the patients above 50 years of age (p = 0.005). Further, the restriction digestion analysis of TLR1 genes has shown that nearly 78% of the confirmed normal cases exhibit homozygous normal conditions followed by 12% cases with heterozygous conditions and 10% cases of homozygous mutants. Similarly for TLR2 genes, nearly 78.6% of the confirmed normal cases have shown homozygous normal conditions followed heterozygous conditions (12.6%) and homozygous mutants (8.6%). ConclusionThis study establishes a preliminary correlation between TLR polymorphism and tuberculosis.

Factors associated with prevalent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease among adolescents and adults exposed to rifampin-resistant tuberculosis in the household.

Understanding factors associated with prevalent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and prevalent TB disease in household contacts of patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) may be useful for TB program staff conducting contact investigations. Using data from a cross-sectional study that enrolled index participants with rifampin-resistant pulmonary TB and their household contacts (HHCs), we evaluated HHCs age ≥15 years for factors associated with two outcomes: Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and TB disease. Among HHCs who were not already diagnosed with current active TB disease by the TB program, Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection was determined by interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA). TB disease was adjudicated centrally. We fitted logistic regression models using generalized estimating equations. Seven hundred twelve HHCs age ≥15 years enrolled from 279 households in eight high-TB burden countries were a median age of 34 years, 63% female, 22% current smokers and 8% previous smokers, 8% HIV-positive, and 11% previously treated for TB. Of 686 with determinate IGRA results, 471 tested IGRA positive (prevalence 68.8% (95% Confidence Interval: 64.6%, 72.8%)). Multivariable modeling showed IGRA positivity was more common in HHCs aged 25-49 years; reporting prior TB treatment; reporting incarceration, substance use, and/or a period of daily alcohol use in the past 12 months; sharing a sleeping room or more evenings spent with the index participant; living with smokers; or living in a home of materials typical of low socioeconomic status. Forty-six (6.5% (95% Confidence Interval: 4.6%, 9.0%)) HHCs age ≥15 years had prevalent TB disease. Multivariable modeling showed higher prevalence of TB disease among HHCs aged ≥50 years; reporting current or previous smoking; reporting a period of daily alcohol use in the past 12 months; and reporting prior TB treatment. We identified overlapping and distinct characteristics associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and TB disease that may be useful for those conducting household TB investigations.

Prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in patients infected with HIV by microscopical and molecular methods

prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in patients infected with HIV by microscopical and molecular methods

Prevalence of concomitant pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with newly diagnosed silicosis in a tertiary care center in South India

Background: Long-term exposure to silica dust makes people prone for silicosis which raises the risk of the individual in developing pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Silicosis is a progressive lung disease characterize with shortness of breath, cough, fever, and bluish skin, caused due to inhalation of crystalline silica dust found in abundance in sand, rock, and quartz. Aims and Objectives: The disease is known to effect the functioning of macrophages making it unable to defend mycobacterium species, thus allowing the bacterium to invade and develop tuberculosis. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study is carried out to estimate the prevalence of PTB in newly diagnosed silicosis patients at Madurai Medical College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu. All the patients who got registered in Occupational Lung Diseases Registry from January 2016 to December 2021 are included in the study. Silicosis patients tested positive on sputum CBNAAT are considered as silicotubercular patients, whose prevalence is calculated. Results: Our study included a total of 54 subjects (90.8% males and 8.2% female) with mean SD age of 38±6.7 years ranging from 26 to 53 years. Of which 22 patients, 40.7% tested positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) on sputum CBNAAT. The prevalence of MTB in among silicosis patients was found to be 40.7%. Conclusions: Association of TB and silicosis is very strong with the prevalence of TB among silicosis patients as 40.7%. Our study also observed the male sex and elder age as elevated risk of developing silicotuberculosis. All the people getting exposed to silica dust need to be educated in the usage and usefulness of protective equipment.

Trends in rifampicin resistance among patients with presumptive TB in the pre-COVID and COVID-era

BackgroundThe COVID 19 pandemic has had its impact on tuberculosis notification, incidence, and management, particularly in the context of rifampicin-resistant TB. We set out to determine the trends in rifampicin resistant tuberculosis between the pre-COVID and COVID era in a resource-constrained setting. MethodsThis was a retrospective review of single early morning sputum from presumed tuberculosis between January 2016 and May 2022 in a regional TB referral and treatment centre in South-western, Nigeria. We used a molecular beacon to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and mutations in the rpoB gene using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). ResultsWe analyzed 19,892 of 20,589 presumptive TB with complete data. Most subjects were in the age group 18–45 years (10,594; 53.3 %) and were males (11,492; 57.8 %). Of the 19,892 presumptive TB, 4,526 (22.8 %) were in pre-COVID-19 era (Jan 2016-December 2019) and 15,366 (77.2 %) cases were in COVID-19 era (Jan 2020-May 2022). The MTB notification declined during the COVID-19 era compared with the pre-COVID-19 era (10.5 % vs 12.9 %, p < 0.001). The annual prevalence of MTB rose from 5.6 % (2016) to a peak of 23.2 % in 2019 (pre-COVID-19 era), followed by a decline to 12.8 % in 2020 and 8.6 % in 2022 (COVID-19 era), p = <0.001). The overall incidence of RR-TB was 3.8 %. The incidence of RR was higher during pre-COVID-19 than the COVID-19 era, 9.5 % vs 2.5 %, p = <0.001. The incidence of RR-TB declined substantially from 28.0 % in 2016 to 1.6 % in 2021 but rose exponentially to 5.4 % in 2022. After controlling for confounders, only the pre-COVID-19 status was associated with increased odds for RR (adjusted odds ratio 3.3, 95 % confidence interval, 2.049, 5.421). ConclusionThis study found a progressive decline in MTB notification since the COVID-19 pandemic's outbreak. Furthermore, RR-TB notification decreased gradually in the pre-COVID-19 era, with a resurgence in 2022. In the era of COVID-19, there is an urgent need to increase intervention efforts in order to halt the decline in MTB detection rates and the resurgence of RR-TB.

Prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis among inmates of Nigerian correctional services centre, Jos, attending Faith Alive Foundation Hospital, Jos, Nigeria

Prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis among inmates of Nigerian correctional services centre, Jos, attending Faith Alive Foundation Hospital, Jos, Nigeria

Investigating the Effects of Changing the Pattern of AIDS Transmission on the Prevalence of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in the Patients with HIV by Microscopic and Molecular Methods

Investigating the Effects of Changing the Pattern of AIDS Transmission on the Prevalence of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in the Patients with HIV by Microscopic and Molecular Methods

Therapeutic Deep Eutectic Systems towards the Treatment of Tuberculosis and Colorectal Cancer: Opportunities and Challenges

What if a new technology based on therapeutic deep eutectic systems would disrupt the current treatment of major economic and socially burden diseases? The classical definition of eutectic systems is that they are the combination of two or more compounds that interact via hydrogen bonds, from which results a melting temperature depression in comparison with that of its individual components. Therapeutic deep eutectic systems are defined as eutectic systems in which at least one of the individual components is an active pharmaceutical ingredient, or a eutectic system in which the active pharmaceutical ingredient is dissolved. Current literature reports on tuberculosis have been mostly based on the most common anti-tuberculosis drugs prescribed. Using eutectic systems based on naturally occurring molecules known for their anti-microbial activity may also present a promising therapeutic strategy able to cope with the prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and prevent the appearance of multidrug resistance strains. With regards to colorectal cancer, literature has been unravelling combinations of terpenes with anti-inflammatory drugs that are selectively cytotoxic towards colorectal cancer cells and do not compromise the viability of normal intestinal cells. This technology could contribute to preventing tumor growth and metastasis while providing a patient compliance therapeutics, which will be crucial to the success of overcoming the challenges presented by cancers.

Designing new antitubercular isoniazid derivatives with improved reactivity and membrane trafficking abilities

Isoniazid (INH) is one of the two most effective first-line antitubercular drugs and is still used at the present time as a scaffold for developing new compounds to fight TB. In a previous study, we have observed that an INH derivative, an hydrazide N′-substituted with a C10acyl chain, was able to counterbalance its smaller reactivity with a higher membrane permeability. This resulted in an improved performance against the most prevalent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) resistant strain (S315T), compared to INH. In this work, we have designed two new series of INH derivatives (alkyl hydrazides and hydrazones) with promising in silico properties, namely membrane permeabilities and spontaneous IN* radical formation. The kinetics, cytotoxicity, and biological activity evaluations confirmed the in silico predictions regarding the very high reactivity of the alkyl hydrazides. The hydrazones, on the other hand, showed very similar behavior compared to INH, particularly in biological tests that take longer to complete, indicating that these compounds are being hydrolyzed back to INH. Despite their improved membrane permeabilities, the reactivities of these two series are too high, impairing their overall performance. Nevertheless, the systematic data gathered about these compounds have showed us the need to find a balance between lipophilicity and reactivity, which is paramount to devise better INH-based derivatives aimed at circumventing Mtb resistance.

The Magnitude of MTB and Rifampicin Resistance MTB Using Xpert-MTB/RIF Assay Among Tuberculosis Suspected Patients in Gedeo Zone, Southern Ethiopia.

BackgroundTuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health problem causing death among millions of people each year. The new barrier that challenges the control of tuberculosis is the emerging and the increasing number of drug-resistant TB that becomes a world concern. This study aimed to determine the magnitude of rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (RR-MTB) among presumptive TB patients attending Dilla University Referral Hospital, Gedeo Zone, Ethiopia.MethodsA retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Dilla University Referral Hospital from January 2014 to December 2020. Sputum results were done using Xpert MTB/RIF assay and other necessary data were collected from the registration logbooks using a standardized data extraction format and analyzed using SPSS version 23 statistical software.ResultsA total of 17,745 presumptive TB patients were included, of which 62.2% were males. The overall prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) was 11.8%, of which 5.1% were confirmed to have RR-MTB. Extra-pulmonary TB was reported in 1.5% of the study participants. The highest prevalence of MTB and RR-MTB was recorded in 2017 with a prevalence of 20.1% and 8.5%, respectively. All age groups were significantly associated with a higher prevalence of MTB (p < 0.036). TB patients with a history of previous treatment and HIV positive were significantly associated with MTB (P < 0.021), while RR-MTB was only significantly associated with patients with a history of previous treatment (P < 0.018).ConclusionA high magnitude of MTB and RR-MTB was reported among TB patients with HIV and a history of previous treatment. Therefore, coordinated efforts should be applied to the improvement of treatment adherence of known TB cases, and appropriate control and prevention methods to reduce the emergence and increase of MTB and RR-MTB cases.

Genetic composition and evolution of the prevalent Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineages 2 and 4 in the Chinese and Zhejiang Province populations

BackgroundThere are seven human-adaptation lineages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Tuberculosis (TB) dissemination is strongly influenced by human movements and host genetics. The detailed lineage distribution evolution of Mtb in Zhejiang Province is unknown. We aim to determine how different sub-lineages are transmitted and distributed within China and Zhejiang Province.MethodsWe analysed whole-genome sequencing data for a worldwide collection of 1154 isolates and a provincial collection of 1296 isolates, constructed the best-scoring maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree. Bayesian evolutionary analysis was used to calculate the latest common ancestor of lineages 2 and 4. The antigenic diversity of human T cell epitopes was evaluated by calculating the pairwise dN/dS ratios.ResultsOf the Zhejiang isolates, 964 (74.38%) belonged to lineage 2 and 332 (25.62%) belonged to lineage 4. The distributions of the sub-lineages varied across the geographic regions of Zhejiang Province. L2.2 is the most ancient sub-lineage in Zhejiang, first appearing approximately 6897 years ago (95% highest posterior density interval (HDI): 6513–7298). L4.4 is the most modern sub-lineage, first appearing approximately 2217 years ago (95% HDI: 1864–2581). The dN/dS ratios showed that the epitope and non-epitope regions of lineage 2 strains were significantly (P < 0.001) more conserved than those of lineage 4.ConclusionsAn increase in the frequency of lineage 4 may reflect its successful transmission over the last 20 years. The recent common ancestors of the sub-lineages and their transmission routes are relevant to the entry of humans into China and Zhejiang Province. Diversity in T cell epitopes may prevent Mycobacterium tuberculosis from being recognized by the immune system.

Determining the Prevalence of Rifampicin Resistant Tuberculosis in A Tertiary Care Centre of North India by using Rapid Culture Method and Gene Xpert

The objective of the present study is to find the prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from respiratory samples like sputum, BAL and pleural fluid, compare conventional LJ culture with rapid culture method i.e Mycobacterium growth indicator tube (MGIT) and to determine the pattern of drug resistance by automated methods i.e Gene Xpert. Respiratory samples were collected in sterile, wide-mouth, disposable, leak proof containers without any preservatives. Specimens were inoculated into MGIT for primary isolation of Mycobacteria. The specimen was processed according to the SOP manual provided by Becton Dickinson Company. The tubes were read for increasing fluorescence by MGIT reader. Reported results only when a MGIT tube was positive by the MGIT reader and smear made from the positive broth is also positive for AFB. For further identification, TBcID card test was put from MGIT positive tube and the result was given accordingly as mentioned in the procedure for TBcID kit insert. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was done in all 17 positive cases. The drug sensitivity test (CB-NAAT) was done at State Intermediate Reference Laboratory, Chandan Nagar, Dehradun, Uttrakhand as per RNTCP laboratory operational guidelines. In our study total number of samples received from the clinically suspected cases of pulmonary tuberculosis were 156, out of which 11% were positive and 89% were negative. The predominant age group involved was 51-60 years 24%, followed by 61-70 years 22%. In young children and adolescent age group very less number of samples were received i.e. 0-5%. Out of 17 positive samples, 94.11% (16/17) were detected as sensitive for Rifampicin and 5.89% (1/17) were resistant. On the statistical analysis of our data for MGIT, Positive Predictive Value (PPV) was 29% against Negative Predictive Value (NPV) of 100%. The specificity of MGIT was 92% against a sensitivity of 100%. Culture is still needed for species identification, confirmation and drug susceptibility testing. The diagnostic superiority of MGIT, both in terms of sensitivity and specificity has been proven better as compared to LJ in previous other studies and supported by our study as well. In our study, the diagnostic efficacy of MGIT culture was found to be superior as compared to the conventional LJ culture. The positivity rate was 10.89% (17/156) in MGIT &amp; 3.2% (5/156) in LJ culture.

Burden of HIV, Tuberculosis Infection and Risk Factors amongst Inmates of Correctional Institutions in Port Harcourt Nigeria

Aims: Burden of infectious diseases in correctional institutions constitutes a public health concern due to the confined nature and congestion of the prisons. This study aimed at surveying Burden of HIV, Tuberculosis Infection and Risk factors amongst inmates of Correctional Institutions in Port Harcourt Nigeria&#x0D; Study Design: The study was descriptive, comprising both males and females. A total of 178 inmates constituted the study population&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Port Harcourt Maximum Prisons, Creek Road and the Juvenile Remand Home, Borokiri, Port Harcourt, Nigeria, between the months of May to December 2019.&#x0D; Methodology: Two millilitres of blood was collected from each participant after receiving their informed consent. The blood was dispensed into EDTA anti-coagulant bottles and used for serological investigations of HIV 1&amp;2, and TB. Samples positive for TB was confirmed using the GeneXpert Molecular technique while HIV 1&amp;2 were confirmed using Real-Time PCR and their Viral Loads determined.&#x0D; Results: The overall prevalence of HIV and MTB in the study population were: HIV 1 &amp; 2 (3.9%) and Tuberculosis (0.6%) The Mean Viral Loads of positive samples were HIV 1&amp;2 (479.3 copies/ml); and High MTB was detected. The most significant risk factors identified are as follows:, inmates with tattoos on their bodies (c2=83.6, p&lt;0.0001), took part in blood initiation ceremonies (c2=110.1, p&lt;0.0001), have exchanged needles/sharp objects (c2=2.2, p&gt;0.0001), have tribal marks (c2=58.4, p&lt;0.0001), received blood (c2=151.1, p&lt;0.0001). Majority of the inmates have had sex before, 159(89.3%) [89(56.0%) had multiple sex partners up to 3 and above, 32(20.1%) had 2 partners while 38(23.9%) said they were single sex partners (c2=37.1, p&lt;0.0001)]. On condom use, 90(50.6%) of the inmates do not use condom while 88(49.4%) admitted they use condoms. 7(3.9%) of the inmates have indulged in anal sex (c2=151.1, p&lt;0.0001). 6(3.4%) had history of family drug use while 23(12.9%) have used drugs prior to imprisonment&#x0D; Conclusion: The prevalence of HIV among inmates in this study is quite high and remains a public health problem while that of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) though appearing relatively low still remains a public health risk. The risk factors amongst inmates of Correctional Institutions in Port Harcourt Nigeria have been identified in this study. The high HIV 1 &amp; 2 prevalence with MTB prevalence with high viral load results indicates poor health conditions which if not contained can spread to other inmates. This requires prompt interventions and treatment among the correctional inmates.

Prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Rifampicin-Resistant MTB) and Associated Risk Actors Among Pulmonary Presumptive TB Patients in Eastern Amhara, Ethiopia: 2015-2019.

IntroductionTuberculosis (TB) is a major health problem, mainly in resource-limited settings. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of TB and rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (RR-MTB) among presumptive tuberculosis patients using Xpert MTB/RIF assay in Eastern Amhara, Ethiopia.MethodsA retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted among presumptive TB patients from three governmental hospitals in Amhara Regional State. Records of sputum sample results using Xpert MTB/RIF assay from January 2015 to December 2019 were investigated from registration books and analyzed using SPSS v.21.ResultsOf the total of 26,656 (24,116 adults and 2540 children) TB presumptive patients included in the study, more than half, 14,624 (54.9%), were males and the median age was 36.87 (interquartile: 25.46–50.85 years). The majority of participants were new cases, 20,273 (76.1%), and with unknown HIV status, 18,981 (71.2%), respectively. MTB prevalence was 11% (95% CI: 9.34–12.08%) in all age groups, and 7.6% (95% CI 6.52–9.04%) among children. Of the MTB confirmed cases, prevalence of RR-MTB was 245 (8.3%) in adults and 14 (7.2%) in children. MTB infection was higher in the age groups of 18–35 years [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.17; 95% CI: 1.86–2.54, p < 0.001], 36–53 years (AOR = 1.31; 95% CI 1.11–1.54, p < 0.001), those who were relapse cases (AOR = 1.97; 95% CI 1.69–2.27, p < 0.0010), and failure cases (AOR = 4.67; 95% CI 3.36–6.50, p < 0.001). However, the age groups of 54–71 years (AOR = 0.79; 95% CI 0.65–0.95, p = 0.01) and over 71 years (AOR = 0.48; 95% CI 0.35–0.68, p < 0.001) were associated with lower MTB infection. Resistance to rifampicin was higher in the relapsed (AOR = 2.10; 95% CI 1.40–3.03, p < 0.001) and failure cases (AOR = 3.50; 95% CI 1.9–6.61, p < 001).ConclusionPrevalence of MTB and RR-MTB low. TB infection was higher in adult age groups and those who had previous TB treatment history. Similarly, resistance to rifampicin was higher among the relapsed and failure patients. Appropriate measurements in monitoring of TB treatment could reduce TB and RR-MTB in the study area.

HIV Co-Infection Among Presumptive Tuberculosis Cases and Asthmatic Patients at University of Gondar Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia.

Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) have been closely linked since the emergence of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Several studies have suggested an increased incidence of asthma among HIV positive individuals. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and HIV infection among presumptive tuberculosis cases and asthmatic patients. A hospital-based, cross-sectional study was conducted on 424 study participants from October 2018 - June 2019. Sociodemographic data and sputum samples were collected and investigated by Ziehl-Neelsen microscopy, Gene Xpert MTB/RIF assay, and culture. The nutritional status of the patients was assessed by body mass index. Finally, data was entered, cleared, and checked using Epi-info version 7 and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Logistic regression was used for statistical association. p-value < 0.05 at 95% CI was considered statistically significant. The overall prevalence of MTB and HIV infection was 3.86% and 5.4%, respectively. The prevalence of MTB infection among presumptive tuberculosis (TB) cases was 4.4%, but none among asthmatic patients. The prevalence of HIV infection among presumptive TB cases and asthmatic patients was 5.2% and 6.6%, respectively. The overall prevalence of malnutrition was 30%. The prevalence of malnutrition among culture-positive TB patients was 31.25% and that of HIV positive cases was 43.5%. The proportion of MTB infection among HIV positive patients was 12.5%. Marital status of the study subjects significantly associated with culture positive MTB infection. Occupation and previous history of tuberculosis infection had a statistically significant association with HIV infection. This study showed a high prevalence of HIV among asthmatic patients compared to presumptive TB cases. So, regular large-scale surveys should be conducted to assess the burden and intervene accordingly.

Prevalence of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Dermatophytes Co-Infection in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Patients

The syndemic interaction between the Human Immuno Deficiency Virus (HIV) and opportunistic infections can have far reaching consequences on a person’s health. HIV associated dermatophytic infections result in extensive skin lesions which can be difficult to treatdue to poor response to conventional antifungal therapy. HIV- associated tuberculosis especially also contributed substantially to the burden of tuberculosis-associated morbidity and mortality. The Aim of this research was to study the co-infection of mycobacterium tuberculosis and dermatophytosis in a HIV positive population visiting the HIV clinics in some hospitals around Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria. Skin scrap samples were collected from nine hundred and seventy six (976) HIV positive persons within six (6) months for analysis. Out of these, 56 patients had dermatophytes infection, the skin leisons and skin scrap samples were further analyzed to identify the dermatophytes. Descriptive analysis, Student T tests and one way ANOVA were carried out to understand the various relationships. Most patient presented to the clinic with cough, fever, weight loss and multiple symptoms, and with CD4 values less than 200cells /ul and substantially between 200-349 cells/µl and 350-499cells/µl. The Predominant age of patients with HIV co-infected with tuberculosis and dermatophytosis was between 25-34 years and 35-44 years respectively. Dermatophytes were mostly found in patients with CD4 values which were equal or lower than 200 cells/µl irrespective of their age group. The predominant dermatophyte was Trichophyton species with Trichophyton tonsurans being the commonest species isolated followed by Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton gallinae. The finding of this study revealed that the prevalence of HIV infection led to higher progression rate of 10% active tuberculosis. It also revealed that Trichophyton species were the predominant dermatophytes in the environment with Trichophyton tonsurans being the most common isolate. Most patients visiting the hospital were already in the stage II and III of HIV infection in this area and the most common opportunistic infection is Tuberculosis.

Prevalence of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis among HIV-positive Patients Attending COCIN Rehabilitation Center in Mangu, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria

Background: Globally, tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death among People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Nigeria has one of the largest burdens of TB and HIV/AIDS in the world. Most cases of TB in Nigeria are closely linked to HIV infections. Aim: In this study, the prevalence of TB among PLWHA was investigated. Methodology: One hundred and sixty three (163) sputum specimens were collected from patients attending COCIN Rehabilitation Center in Mangu Jos, Plateau State. The sputum specimens were stained by ZiehlNeelsen’s technique and examined microscopically for Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB). Results: Out of the 163 sputum specimens tested six were positive for AFB giving an overall prevalence of 3.7%. The prevalence of TB/HIV co-infection with respect to age group and gender revealed that patient within the age range of < 20 years had the highest prevalence of 14.3%, while male patients were found to have a prevalence of 4.9% compared to their female counterparts (1.7%). Regarding marital status, higher prevalence (9.1%) was recorded among patients who are married compared to the prevalence of 2.3% found among the singles. The prevalence in relation to occupation, showed that patients who engaged in farming had the highest prevalence of 5.2%, followed by those who identified as student (5.0%) and business (2.9%). However, no case of TB was recorded among patients who identified as civil servants and housewives. Conclusion: This study has established the link between TB and HIV infection in the study area. We therefore recommend that further studies be conducted in the entire Plateau State for possible intervention in terms of improve antiretroviral treatment coverage tuberculosis screening, treatment and prevention as a way of reducing active TB among people living with HIV.