Prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in patients infected with HIV by microscopical and molecular methods

Introduction: Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in women around the world. The Pap smear test is the most common method of detecting abnormal cells that may develop into cancer. In addition, we want to know how common mycobacterium tuberculosis is among those who provide Pap smear samples. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of working women in Addis Abeba, Ethiopia, regarding cervical cancer and Pap smear tests, as well as the associations between knowledge, attitudes, and practices and socio-demographic factors. In addition, we will investigate the prevalence of mycobacterium tuberculosis from smears among those who provide Pap smear samples. Methods: This will be a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study of 100 Ethiopian females' attending at Arsho medical laboratories from September to December 2022, knowledge, attitudes, and practices, as well as the prevalence of tuberculosis. All women between the ages of 20 and 65 who wanted to be diagnosed with cervical cancer were eligible. Expected outcome: To teach and recall common cervical cancer symptoms such as menstrual bleeding, the appropriate age for Pap smear tests, and the interval between tests. Examine their use of hormonal contraception and their attitude toward Pap smear testing over the last five years. It will also be useful to know the prevalence of cervical tuberculosis. Citation Format: Wondimu Ashagre Awoke. Prevalence of mycobacterium tuberculosis among PAP smear samples of cervical cancer suspects [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 2246.

IntroductionTuberculosis (TB) is a major health problem, mainly in resource-limited settings. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of TB and rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (RR-MTB) among presumptive tuberculosis patients using Xpert MTB/RIF assay in Eastern Amhara, Ethiopia.MethodsA retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted among presumptive TB patients from three governmental hospitals in Amhara Regional State. Records of sputum sample results using Xpert MTB/RIF assay from January 2015 to December 2019 were investigated from registration books and analyzed using SPSS v.21.ResultsOf the total of 26,656 (24,116 adults and 2540 children) TB presumptive patients included in the study, more than half, 14,624 (54.9%), were males and the median age was 36.87 (interquartile: 25.46–50.85 years). The majority of participants were new cases, 20,273 (76.1%), and with unknown HIV status, 18,981 (71.2%), respectively. MTB prevalence was 11% (95% CI: 9.34–12.08%) in all age groups, and 7.6% (95% CI 6.52–9.04%) among children. Of the MTB confirmed cases, prevalence of RR-MTB was 245 (8.3%) in adults and 14 (7.2%) in children. MTB infection was higher in the age groups of 18–35 years [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.17; 95% CI: 1.86–2.54, p < 0.001], 36–53 years (AOR = 1.31; 95% CI 1.11–1.54, p < 0.001), those who were relapse cases (AOR = 1.97; 95% CI 1.69–2.27, p < 0.0010), and failure cases (AOR = 4.67; 95% CI 3.36–6.50, p < 0.001). However, the age groups of 54–71 years (AOR = 0.79; 95% CI 0.65–0.95, p = 0.01) and over 71 years (AOR = 0.48; 95% CI 0.35–0.68, p < 0.001) were associated with lower MTB infection. Resistance to rifampicin was higher in the relapsed (AOR = 2.10; 95% CI 1.40–3.03, p < 0.001) and failure cases (AOR = 3.50; 95% CI 1.9–6.61, p < 001).ConclusionPrevalence of MTB and RR-MTB low. TB infection was higher in adult age groups and those who had previous TB treatment history. Similarly, resistance to rifampicin was higher among the relapsed and failure patients. Appropriate measurements in monitoring of TB treatment could reduce TB and RR-MTB in the study area.

About one third of the world population is estimated to be infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), and this proportion is expected to be higher in countries with a high tuberculosis (TB) burden. The Philippines is both a high tuberculosis burden and a high multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) burden country. Though TB has been extensively described in the civilian population, there is limited data on TB in the military population. The objectives are: (1) To determine MTB/MDR-TB prevalence among military and civilian patients in the Philippines presenting with clinically suspected TB in a tertiary military hospital and (2) To determine performance of direct sputum smear microscopy (DSSM) using Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining compared to Xpert MTB/RIF real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Sputum samples were obtained from patients, clinically suspected with TB, and/or with TB associated signs/symptoms. Sputum specimens were tested using DSSM with ZN staining and Xpert MTB/RIF assay (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, California) and patient demographic and clinical data were collected. From March 2015 to December 2018, a total of 795 (173 military personnel [164 active duty and 9 retired]; 618 civilians; and 4 with no data on military/civilian status) patients with TB associated symptoms or clinically suspected with TB were tested. Overall, MTB prevalence was 81/795 (10%). MTB prevalence among active duty and retired military personnel were 27/164 (16%) and 4/9 (44%), respectively while MTB prevalence for civilian patients was 50/618 (8%) (p value=0.0003; OR=2.48 [95% C.I. 1.5-4]). Among active and retired military personnel who tested positive for MTB, rifampin resistance was 4/27 (15%) and 1/4 (25%), respectively, while rifampin resistance for civilian patients was 9/50 (18%) (p value=1; OR=0.88 [95% C.I. 0.26-2.90]). For active duty military personnel, average MTB prevalence (based on Xpert MTB/RIF) covering years 2015-2018 was 21% and ranged from 13% to 35%, while average rifampin resistance among MTB positive active duty military personnel was 15% and ranged from 0% to 25%. Overall sensitivity and specificity of DSSM compared to Xpert MTB/RIF were 70% and 96%, respectively. Positive and negative predictive values of DSSM to accurately categorize MTB in symptomatic cases (with Xpert MTB/RIF as "true positive" reference) were 74% and 95%, respectively. Performance of DSSM varied according to MTB load detected by Xpert MTB/RIF with increasing DSSM sensitivity observed as the MTB load detected by Xpert MTB/RIF increased (p=0.02). This report describes high MTB and MDR-TB prevalence rates among symptomatic military patients with military personnel having higher odds of MTB infection compared to the civilian patients in the study. Since DSSM (ZN) sensitivity greatly varied depending on MTB load, the Xpert MTB/RIF should be used as a first-line diagnostic tool to identify MTB and detect rifampin resistance among presumptive TB cases instead of DSSM (ZN) microscopy.

To estimate the detection rate and spectrum of primary drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MBT) in patients with tuberculosis (TB) in relation to their human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status in a region with high HIV infection rates (the Perm Territory) and to compare of drug-resistant MBT (DR-MBT) in patients with HIV/TB co-infection, by using phenotypic and molecular genetic testing (MGT) methods. The results of sputum bacteriological examination were analyzed in 178 HIV-infected patients and 354 non-HIV-infected individuals with a TB diagnosis made in the period July 1, 2014 to August 1, 2015. The diagnostic algorithm for all patients involved a duplicate sputum test for MBT by two techniques: fluorescence microscopy (FM) and inoculation into the Levenstein-Jensen dense culture medium. In patients with HIV/TB, the bacteriological examination was complemented with two more methods: detection of MBT DNA by a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay using the AmpliTube-RV system (Synthol, Russia); and inoculation into the Middlebrook liquid nutrient medium, by applying the automated BACTEC MGIT 960 system. In patients with HIV/TB, the sensitivity of FM proved to be lower than in those with TB (24.2 and 32.8%, respectively; p<0.05) and that of inoculations into the dense culture medium was comparable regardless of HIV status (60.7 and 57.1%, respectively; p>0.05). The primary drug resistance of MBT in patients with HIV-TB was higher than that in HIV-negative individuals (60.2 and 41.6%, respectively; p<0.05). The phenotypic method (inoculation into the Levenstein-Jensen culture medium) and MGT revealed their agreement for the resistance of MBT to rifampicin (the most clinically significant drug in the choice of treatment policy) in 88.5% of the patients with HIV/TB. In patients with HIV/TB, the sensitivity of FM for detecting acid-resistant mycobacteria was lower than in those with TB and that of inoculations into the dense medium was comparable regardless of HIV status.

Purpose: To investigate the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and its pharmacoeconomics. &#x0D; Methods: Data pertaining to patients with primary tuberculosis treated in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhaoqing Medical College, Zhaoqing, China from January 2020 to June 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Sputum specimens were collected from all eligible patients, and 151 uncontaminated specimens with good bacteriophage activity were screened. &#x0D; Results: A total of 107 Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains were isolated from the 151 specimens, 31 of which strains were resistant to varying degrees to rifampicin, isoniazid, streptomycin, and ethambutol with an overall resistance of 28.97 %. There were 16 strains with rpoB mutation, 22 strains with katG mutation, and 8 strains with inhA mutation. The difference in the sputum negative rate, lesion absorption rate, and tuberculosis cavity closure rate, and total medical cost between the two group were not statistically significant (p &gt; 0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions in the FDC group was significantly lower than that in the blister pack group (p &lt; 0.05). &#x0D; Conclusion: The total resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in primary tuberculosis patients remains at a high level, and the development of resistance is associated with mutations in rpoB, katG, and inhA genes. FDC regimen provides more pharmacoeconomic and therapeutic benefits than blister pack regimen.

Investigating the Effects of Changing the Pattern of AIDS Transmission on the Prevalence of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in the Patients with HIV by Microscopic and Molecular Methods

Prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis T family in different continents (2000–2012): A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Globally, tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death among People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Nigeria has one of the largest burdens of TB and HIV/AIDS in the world. Most cases of TB in Nigeria are closely linked to HIV infections. Aim: In this study, the prevalence of TB among PLWHA was investigated. Methodology: One hundred and sixty three (163) sputum specimens were collected from patients attending COCIN Rehabilitation Center in Mangu Jos, Plateau State. The sputum specimens were stained by ZiehlNeelsen’s technique and examined microscopically for Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB). Results: Out of the 163 sputum specimens tested six were positive for AFB giving an overall prevalence of 3.7%. The prevalence of TB/HIV co-infection with respect to age group and gender revealed that patient within the age range of < 20 years had the highest prevalence of 14.3%, while male patients were found to have a prevalence of 4.9% compared to their female counterparts (1.7%). Regarding marital status, higher prevalence (9.1%) was recorded among patients who are married compared to the prevalence of 2.3% found among the singles. The prevalence in relation to occupation, showed that patients who engaged in farming had the highest prevalence of 5.2%, followed by those who identified as student (5.0%) and business (2.9%). However, no case of TB was recorded among patients who identified as civil servants and housewives. Conclusion: This study has established the link between TB and HIV infection in the study area. We therefore recommend that further studies be conducted in the entire Plateau State for possible intervention in terms of improve antiretroviral treatment coverage tuberculosis screening, treatment and prevention as a way of reducing active TB among people living with HIV.

Tuberculosis remains a major public health threat worldwide, causing significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. In recent years, efforts to combat tuberculosis have focused on strengthening healthcare systems and increasing access to diagnostics and treatment services. There is scarcity of data on the prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis in the Volta region of Ghana. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the trends of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in a major teaching hospital in Ghana spanning a six-year period. A retrospective cross-sectional hospital study was conducted at Ho Teaching Hospital, Ho, Ghana. Study data included archived results on tuberculosis testing using GeneXpert from 2016-2021. Archived data on tuberculosis testing were collected and entered using Microsoft Excel 2019. IBM SPSS (v26) was used for a statistical analysis of the prevalence of tuberculosis. P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. The study included 5128 presumptive tuberculosis cases from 2016 to 2021, of which 552 were positive, revealing an overall prevalence of 10.76%. Males exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of tuberculosis (14.20%) compared to females (7.48%), with a male-to-female ratio of 2:1. The burden of tuberculosis varied significantly between age groups, with those aged 30-45 years and 46-60 years facing twice the risk compared to those under 15 years (p<0.001). Rainy seasons correlated with heightened tuberculosis occurrences (12.12%) compared to dry seasons (8.84%) (p = 0.008). Rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis was prevalent at 3.45%, slightly higher in women, particularly in the 45-59 age group (5.97%). In particular, tuberculosis prevalence exhibited fluctuations, peaking in 2016 (17.1%) and 2020 (11.5%), with a trough in 2019 (4.6%). The overall prevalence of laboratory confirmed tuberculosis was 10.76%, and resistance to rifampicin, 3.45%, indicating high infection and possible treatment failure. Considering its infectious nature, this calls for concerted efforts to curb the spread of the infection.

Background and Objectives: Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), while nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) encompass a group of mycobacterial species that are distinct from the MTB complex and leprae. Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is a group of chronic inflammatory diseases with shared clinical characteristics and is treated with biological agents; however, their use may elevate the risk of MTB and NTM infections. This study aimed to compare the incidence and risk of MTB and NTM infections in patients with SpA, including ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA), using a population-based approach. Materials and Methods: This study included 2333 patients with SpA and 9332 age- and sex-matched controls from the Korea National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort database from 2002 to 2019. The patients were identified using the International Classification of Diseases-10 codes for AS, PsA, MTB, and NTM. Results: The results showed that a negligible percentage of patients with SpA developed NTM (0.002%) and MTB (0.016%), with no significant difference in the incidence rate ratio (IRR) compared to controls. Among patients with SpA treated with biologics, the IRRs for NTM and MTB were 5.66 and 3.069, respectively; however, these were not statistically significant. No cases of NTM or MTB infection were reported in female patients with SpA treated with biologics. In both the SpA patient group and the control group, the incidence of MTB was higher in individuals over 60 years old compared to those under 60 years old. Cox proportional hazard analysis revealed a significant adjusted hazard ratio of 1.479 for MTB in patients with SpA after adjusting for age, sex, smoking history, insurance level, and comorbidities. However, this significance was not maintained when biological therapy was further adjusted. Conclusions: Our study indicated that the risks of NTM and MTB infection are not elevated in patients with SpA. Although biological use may potentially increase the risk of MTB infection, it does not lead to a significant increase in incidence rates. Proactive screening for latent tuberculosis and adequate prophylaxis using biologics can effectively manage the risk of NTM and MTB infections.

Coexistence of opportunistic mycosis and mycobacterium tuberculosis in patients attending the Central Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory of Ghaemshahr city, Iran

Background: Chronic respiratory diseases constitute a grave problem throughout the world and particularly in the middle- and low-income countries. The burden of these diseases leads to poor quality of life and disability of affected individuals leading to premature deaths and a great economic loss to their families and society. Tuberculosis remains one of the deadliest communicable diseases. Though culture is the gold standard for the diagnosis of tuberculosis, the long period of time required for a positive result leads to the transmission of the disease in the community. Objective: The study was conducted to study the prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in patients suffering from chronic respiratory diseases. Materials and Methods: Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples of patients with chronic respiratory diseases undergoing bronchoscopy were collected under aseptic conditions after obtaining approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee. Each sample was subjected to Ziehl Neelsen stain and Cartridge Based Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (CBNAAT) on Xpert MTB/RIF manufactured by Cepheid (Sunnyvale, CA). Results: Eighteen of 110 cases (16.36%) showed the presence of M. tuberculosis in the samples, of which rifampicin resistance was detected in 2 (11.11%) cases. Conclusions: M. tuberculosis remains a common underlying pathogen in the cases of chronic respiratory diseases.

.Coinfection of SARS-CoV-2/Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in patients with HIV/AIDS has not been previously reported. Here, we present two cases of coinfection of SARS-CoV-2 and MTB in patients with HIV. The first case is a 39-year-old patient who was admitted with a 7-day history of fever, myalgia, headache, and cough. The second patient is a 43-year-old man who had a 1-month history of cough with hemoptoic sputum, evolving to mild respiratory distress in the last 7 days. Both patients already had pulmonary tuberculosis and subsequently developed SARS-CoV-2 infection during the 2020 pandemic. Nonadherence to antiretroviral treatment may have been a factor in the clinical worsening of the patients.

Background: The diagnosis and treatment of drug resistant tuberculosis (TB) is a significant challenge for the control of TB in Nigeria.&#x0D; Aim: The study was carried out to assess the prevalence of rifampicin-resistant TB at the point of initial diagnosis among subjects suspected of TB.&#x0D; Methods: A retrospective review of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and rifampicin resistance detected by GeneXpert™ analysis between 2015 and 2017 in Braithwaite Memorial Specialist Hospital was carried out.&#x0D; Results: A total of 6733 samples were received and analyzed in the period under review, 1252 (19%) were positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and 5841 (81%) were negative. The prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was 24.56%, 20.11% and 16.86% from 2015 to 2017 respectively. There was a significant decline in the prevalence of MTB from 2015 to 2017 (c2 = 33.59, p = 0.0001). Rifampicin (RIF) resistance was 5.42%, 5.86% and 6.22% respectively from 2015 to 2017; but the trend was not statistically significant (c2 = 0.21; p = 0.6418).&#x0D; Conclusion: The study showed that despite a decrease in the prevalence of tuberculosis infection there was an increase in rifampicin resistance from 5.42% to 6.22% between 2015 and 2017. There is an urgent need to improve the management of TB in the Port Harcourt metropolis to improve treatment outcomes and to prevent the proliferation of drug resistant strains.

Aim. The aim of this study was to investigate frequency and spectrum of primary multidrug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in TB patients hospitalized in penitentiary and civil hospitals of Krasnoyarsk region. Methods. Bacteriological findings of 443 patients were analyzed. Sensitivity of M. tuberculosis strains to anti-tuberculosis drugs was shown in absolute concentrations. Results. High primary drug resistance of M. tuberculosis was found both in penitentiary and civil hospitals (70.6 % and 44.1 %, respectively) with prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) that was twice higher in penitentiary settings (48.1 % vs 24.7 %). In penitentiary settings, MDR was higher for the first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs. Generally, primary drug resistance of M. tuberculosis including MDR was significantly higher in Krasnoyarsk region compared to published data both for penitentiary and civil hospitals of Russia and certain Russian regions. In prisoners with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis, resistance to basic anti-tuberculosis drugs, particularly to isoniazid and rifampicin, was significantly higher. Conclusion. High primary drug resistance of M. tuberculosis including MDR in penitentiary and civil settings of Krasnoyarsk region demonstrates severe epidemiological situation in this region of Russia and requires development new chemotherapeutic regimens for patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis based upon the regional characteristics.