Prevalence Of Knee Pain Research Articles

Estimating the Prevalence of Knee Pain and the Association between Illness Perception Profiles and Self-Management Strategies in the Frederiksberg Cohort of Elderly Individuals with Knee Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Knee pain is an early sign of later incident radiographic knee osteoarthritis (OA). However, the prevalence of knee pain in the general population is unknown. Additionally, it is unknown how people with knee pain choose to self-manage the condition and if the perception of the illness affects these choices. In this study, 9086 citizens between 60–69 years old in the municipality of Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark, were surveyed, of which 4292 responded. The prevalence of knee pain was estimated, and associations between illness perceptions (brief illness perception questionnaire [B-IPQ]), self-management strategies, and knee symptoms were assessed. The prevalence of knee pain was 21.4% of which 40.5% reported to use no self-management strategies (non-users). These non-users perceived their knee pain as less threatening and reported less severe symptoms than users of self-management strategies. Further, we found that a more positive illness perception was associated with less severe knee symptoms. In conclusion, among Danes aged 60–69 years, the knee pain prevalence is 21.4%, of which 40.5% use no treatment and perceive the condition as non-threatening. These non-users with knee pain represent a subpopulation being at increased risk of developing knee OA later in life, and there is a potential preventive gain in identifying these persons.

Assessing Fear-Avoidance Belief Questionnaire and Quality of Life in Housewives with Knee Osteoarthritis : A Research Protocol

Introduction - Osteoarthritis (OA) is an inflammatory disorder of cartilage, degeneration of synovial fluid,osteophyte formation, thinning of joint space and sub-chondral sclerosis. The prevalence of osteoarthritis inIndia was found to be around 28.7%. Females are generally more affected than males with the ratio of 2:1.Of all the joints knee and hip joint are seen to be most commonly affected joint in OA. Prevalence of kneepain is common amongst housewives due to prolong standing and frequent bending. Strenuous physicalactivity, especially activities requiring kneeling, knee-bending, stair climbing, squatting, prolonged standingas well as knee injury and trauma have also been linked to a high prevalence of symptomatic knee OA. KneeOA causes pain of various degree depending upon the severity of disease which can cause fear in patients.The fear related to pain can results in decrease in quality of life.Purpose - Purpose of this study was to assess fear amongst housewives related to OA using fear-avoidancebelief questionnaire and the effects of fear on their daily life using WHOQOL-BREF.Methodology - 200 housewives will be selected according to exclusion and inclusion criteria. Their kneeradiography was done to look for level of OA. Then those ladies were interview to find their fear related todisease and its effects and how that affects their quality of life.Results - Results are awaited till the study is completed.Conclusion - Conclusion of this study depends upon the result of this study.

Sagittal imbalance of the spine-pelvis-lower extremity axis associated with back-related disability

BackgroundThe impact of sagittal imbalance in patients has been reported in LBP and LBP-related disabilities due to spinopelvic imbalance. However, no reports investigating the spine-pelvis-lower extremity axis using lateral images have been reported thus far. This study introduced a novel parameter of the spine-pelvis-lower extremity axis and evaluated whether this parameter was related to symptoms. MethodsA total of 343 subjects were included in this cross-sectional study. Standing spine-pelvis and pelvis-lower extremity radiographs were obtained to assess the sagittal vertical axis (SVA), pelvic tilt (PT), pelvic incidence (PI), sacral slope (SS), lumbar lordosis, and thoracic kyphosis. The sacral-knee distance (SKD) (i.e., distance from the anterior femoral condyle to the vertical axis at the upper posterior edge of S1 body) was measured. Furthermore, the SVA/SKD ratio was calculated for global balance. Subjects were divided into leg compensated (LC; SVA/SKD ratio <0.8) and decompensated (LD; SVA/SKD ratio ≥0.8) groups. The SVA was divided into balanced spine (BS; SVA ≤40 mm) and imbalanced spine (IS; SVA >40 mm) groups. All individuals were classified into LC + BS, LC + IS, LD + BS, and LD + IS groups. The relationships among the four groups and low back pain (LBP), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and knee pain were examined. ResultsSKD was significantly correlated with SVA, SS, PI, PT, and knee-femoral angle. ODI was significantly higher in the LC + IS group than in the LD + BS group (p < 0.05). Knee pain prevalence was significantly higher in the LC + IS and LC + BS groups than in the LD + IS group (p < 0.05). ConclusionSVA/SKD ratio is useful for evaluating global alignment. Our findings are significant because they highlight the importance of SKD with respect to knee pain, LBP, and LBP- related disabilities.

Factors Relevant to Knee Pain among Independent Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Complete Cross-Sectional Study

Objective: Knee pain is commonly observed among older adults. Therefore, the prevention of knee pain in older adults is a major public health issue. This study aimed to clarify factors relevant to knee pain among older adults. Methods: This study targeted all independent older adults (N = 6661) living in a local municipality in Japan. Participants’ health status and lifestyle habits were surveyed using a questionnaire. The survey was conducted from 15 January to 14 February 2016. Relationships between knee pain and physical activity, sitting time, nutrition, drinking, smoking, or body mass index (BMI) were examined using logistic regression analysis. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusted for several confounding factors were calculated. Results: Older adults of 5311 responded to the questionnaire and 1843 reported knee pain. The prevalence of knee pain was 34.8%. Knee pain was significantly associated with BMI (OR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.51 - 0.69, P P P P = 0.001). Conclusions: This study suggests that one in three independently-living older adults experiences chronic knee pain and that physical activity, BMI, and nutritional status are associated with knee pain.

Knee pain and crouch gait in individuals with cerebral palsy: what impact does crouch-related surgery have?

To investigate the effect of crouch-related surgery on knee pain in individuals with cerebral palsy. We retrospectively identified individuals with two three-dimensional gait analyses at baseline and follow-up visits. All individuals walked in crouch gait at baseline. Visits were 9months to 42months apart. Baseline knee pain, age, crouch-related surgery (yes/no), and minimum knee flexion at follow-up were entered into a logistic regression to predict follow-up knee pain. Thirty-two individuals (21 males, 11 females; mean [SD] age 12y 10mo [2y 5mo]; 8y 1mo-18y 7mo) received crouch-related surgery, while 19 were managed non-surgically. At baseline, knee pain prevalence was 38% in the surgical group and 21% in the non-surgical group. At follow-up, 34% of the surgical group and 16% of the non-surgical group had knee pain (odds ratio: 2.809, p=0.285). Crouch-related surgery does not appear to decrease knee pain prevalence compared to a comparison group, based on this preliminary study. Further investigation of the roles of these procedures is indicated with regards to this patient-reported outcome. What this paper adds Approximately 38% of individuals undergoing crouch-related surgery had knee pain. Approximately 42% of individuals with baseline knee pain who had surgery still had knee pain 1year postoperatively. Approximately 50% of those with baseline knee pain managed non-surgically still had knee pain 1year later. Crouch-related surgery tended not to decrease knee pain prevalence 1 year postoperatively.

Association of Knee Pain and Crouch Gait in Individuals With Cerebral Palsy.

Crouch gait (ie, excessive knee flexion) is commonly seen in patients with cerebral palsy (CP) and has been inconsistently linked with knee pain. The definitive cause of knee pain is unknown, but may result from increased joint forces due to crouch gait kinematics. Our purpose was to determine whether knee pain is positively associated with knee flexion in gait among a large sample of ambulatory individuals with CP. We hypothesized that knee pain prevalence would increase as knee flexion increased. In this retrospective study, pain questionnaire and 3-dimensional gait analysis data from 2015 to 2018 were extracted from the medical records of individuals with CP who had a clinical gait analysis. The pain questionnaire asked caregivers/patients to indicate the location of pain and when it occurs. A multivariate logistic regression was performed with minimum knee flexion in stance, patella alta, age, and sex as predictors of knee pain. Among the 729 participants included in the analysis, 147 reported knee pain (20.1%). The odds of knee pain were not associated with minimum knee flexion in stance or sex. However, the odds of knee pain increased 73.2% when patella alta was present (P=0.008) and tended to increase 2.2% as age increased (P=0.059). The data suggest that there is not a meaningful association between crouch gait and knee pain. Having patella alta was associated with pain. Further studies that use validated pain questionnaires are needed to understand the multifactorial etiology of knee pain within ambulatory individuals with CP. Level III-case-control study.

Ethnic differences in the prevalence, socioeconomic and health related risk factors of knee pain and osteoarthritis symptoms in older Malaysians.

Knee pain is often underreported, underestimated and undertreated. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence, burden and further identify socioeconomic factors influencing ethnic differences in knee pain and symptoms of OA among older adults aged 55 years and over in Greater Kuala Lumpur (the capital city of Malaysia). The sample for the Malaysian Elders Longitudinal Research (MELoR) was selected using stratified random sampling, by age and ethnicity from the electoral rolls of three parliamentary constituencies. Information on knee pain was available in 1226 participants, mean age (SD) 68.96 (1.57) years (409 Malay, 416 Chinese, 401 Indian). The crude and weighted prevalence of knee pain and self-reported knee OA symptoms were 33.3% and 30.8% respectively. There were significant ethnic differences in knee pain (crude prevalence: Malays 44.6%, Chinese 23.5% and Indians 31.9%, p<0.001). The presence of two or more non-communicable diseases (NCD) attenuated the increased risk of knee pain among the ethnic Indians compared to the ethnic Chinese. The prevalence of knee pain remained significantly higher among the ethnic Malays after adjustment for confounders. While the prevalence of knee pain in our older population appears similar to that reported in other published studies in Asia, the higher prevalence among the ethnic Malays has not previously been reported. Further research to determine potential genetic susceptibility to knee pain among the ethnic Malays is recommended.

Neighborhood Walkability in Relation to Knee and Low Back Pain in Older People: A Multilevel Cross-Sectional Study from the JAGES.

Few studies have focused on a relationship between the built environment and musculoskeletal pain. This study aimed to investigate an association between neighborhood walkability and knee and low back pain in older people. Data were derived from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (JAGES) 2013, a population-based study of independently living people ≥65 years old. A cross-sectional multilevel analysis was performed, of 22,892 participants in 792 neighborhoods. Neighborhood walkability was assessed by residents’ perceptions and population density. Dependent variables were knee and low back pain restricting daily activities within the past year. The prevalence of knee pain was 26.2% and of low back pain 29.3%. After adjusting for sociodemographic covariates, the prevalence ratio (PR) of knee and low back pain was significantly lower in neighborhoods with better access to parks and sidewalks, good access to fresh food stores, and higher population densities. After additionally adjusting for population density, easier walking in neighborhoods without slopes or stairs was significantly inversely correlated with knee pain (PR 0.91, 95% confidence interval 0.85–0.99). Neighborhoods with walkability enhanced by good access to parks and sidewalks and fresh food stores, easy walking without slopes or stairs, and high population densities, had lower prevalences of knee and low back pain among older people. Further studies should examine environmental determinants of pain.

Neighborhood walkability related to knee and low back pain for older people: A multilevel analysis

Abstract Background Previous research has linked built environments to physical activity. However, the association between built environments and musculoskeletal pain is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effects of neighborhood walkability as a built environment on the knee and low back pain for older people. Methods Data were from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (JAGES) 2013, a population-based study of independent people from aged 65 and older. A cross-sectional multilevel analysis was performed on 22,892 subjects in 792 neighborhoods. We used neighborhood walkability as regional level residents’ perception of access to parks and sidewalks and fresh food stores and difficulty in walking due to slopes and stairs and population density. Knee and low back pain which restrict daily life within the past year were our objective variables. Results The prevalence of knee pain was 26.2 %, and that of low back pain was 29.3 %. Neighborhood walkability was positively associated with knee and low back pain after adjusting for individual confounders and mediators such as physical activity, a quarter increased perception of access to parks and sidewalks decreased the prevalence of knee pain (PR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.77-0.94), a quarter increased perception of access to fresh food store decreased the prevalence of knee and low back pain (PR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.84-0.96, PR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.86-0.98), a quarter increased population density decreased the prevalence of knee and low back pain (PR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.93-0.98, PR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.94-0.98). This trend remains after adjusting the population density, and higher difficulty in walking due to slopes and stairs is newly significant to knee pain (PR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.01-1.18). Conclusions Some of the neighborhood walkability has a protective relation to the knee and low back pain for older people. Longitudinal and intervention studies of the built environment for musculoskeletal pain are required. Key messages To our knowledge, this is the first study to discover that neighborhood walkability has a protective relation to knee and low back pain considering various adjustments in a large-scale survey. Improvement of built environments could potentially reduce musculoskeletal pain. In the future, not only individual factors but also environmental determinants of pain should be studied.

Factors Associated With Knee Pain and Heel Pain in Youth Soccer Players Aged 8 to 12 Years.

Background:Soccer is played by many children younger than 12 years. Despite its health benefits, soccer has also been linked to a high number of sport-related injuries.Purpose:To investigate the relationship between clinical factors and knee or heel pain in youth soccer players.Study Design:Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:Study participants included 602 soccer players aged 8 to 12 years who were asked whether they had experienced episodes of knee or heel pain. Data were collected on age, body mass index, years of playing soccer, playing position, and training hours per week. Associations of clinical factors with the prevalence of knee or heel pain were examined by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.Results:Episodes of knee and heel pain were reported by 29.4% and 31.1% of players, respectively. Multivariate analyses revealed that older age and more years of playing soccer were significantly and positively associated with the prevalence of knee pain (P = .037 and P = .015 for trend, respectively) but did not identify any significant associations for heel pain.Conclusion:In this study of youth soccer players, knee pain was associated with older age and more years of play, but heel pain was not significantly associated with any factor.

Psychosocial Factors and Knee Pain Among Older People in Japan: The JAGES Cross-Sectional Study.

Psychosocial factors are known to affect knee pain. However, the magnitude of depression on the associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and knee pain in older individuals remains unknown. This study aimed to determine (1) the associations between SES and knee pain and (2) how depression mediates the associations between SES and knee pain. We conducted a survey across 30 Japanese municipalities to collect cross-sectional data. Functionally independent, community-dwelling adults aged 65 years or above (n=26,037) were eligible for the study. Self-reported knee pain in the past year was used as the dependent variable. Past occupation and equivalized household income were separately added to the models as independent variables. Poisson regression analysis was used to examine the associations between SES and knee pain, adjusting for covariates. Mediation analysis was applied to estimate how depression explains these associations. The 1-year prevalence of knee pain was 56.0% in our study population. We found that income levels were significantly associated with knee pain: the lowest income level was more prone to experience knee pain compared with the highest income level at a prevalence ratio of 1.22 (95% confidence interval, 1.15-1.28). Depression explained 36.8% of the association of income with knee pain in females and 41.9% in males. Significant socioeconomic inequalities were observed regarding knee pain among older individuals in Japan. Depression somewhat explained the association between SES and knee pain.

Association of leg muscle symmetry with knee osteoarthritis.

This study aimed to evaluate the relationship of leg muscle symmetry to the prevalence, radiographic grade, and symptoms of knee osteoarthritis (OA). We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), collected in 2010 and 2011. Men and women aged 60years or older were included. Leg muscle mass was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and the muscle asymmetry index was defined as ∣(left leg muscle mass)/(left and right leg muscle mass) × 100 - 50∣. Statistical analyses were performed to examine the relationships between the muscle asymmetry index and the radiographic grade and knee symptoms. A total of 2548 subjects were included in the analysis. The muscle asymmetry index was positively associated with radiographic knee OA grade and knee pain, especially in men. Men with knee OA and the highest quartile of muscle asymmetry index were 3.3 times more likely to have knee pain compared with those in the lowest quartile. When subjects were divided into four groups by body mass index (BMI) and muscle asymmetry index, subjects with asymmetric obese and men with asymmetric normal BMI had worse grade of radiographic knee OA. Leg muscle asymmetry in men, irrespective of obesity, was associated with significantly higher grade of radiographic knee OA and prevalent knee pain. Longitudinal studies will be needed to determine the cause-and-effect relationship and to determine whether the higher or lower mass, beyond the asymmetry, is associated with radiographic severity or symptomatic knee OA.Key Points•Leg muscle asymmetry was related to prevalence and radiographic severity of knee OA, especially in men.•Leg muscle asymmetry was associated with knee pain.•Those with both leg muscle asymmetry and obesity showed higher prevalence of knee pain and worse radiographic knee OA.

The prevalence and work-related physical factors associated with knee pain in older Thai farmers.

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of knee pain in older farmers and to identify the associated factors, including the demographic variables, behaviours and physical activity/exercise levels. [Participants and Methods] A cross-sectional survey was conducted among a total of 285 systematically randomized farmers who were 60 years and older. [Results] The results of this study showed that the overall prevalence of knee pain in this population was 54.04% (n=154) based on a self-reported standardized Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. The highest prevalence of knee pain was 23.9% [95% confidence interval (CI): 17.75 to 30.05%] for two periods of time (within the past 7 days and over past 12 months). The intolerable physical activity risk factors that were significantly associated with knee pain included prolonged walking, standing and side sitting (odds ratio=2.39%, 95% CI: 1.06 to 5.39%). [Conclusion] The results of this study suggested that a high prevalence of knee pain in these older farmers may be particularly associated with sustaining a weight-bearing position.

Does changing weight change pain? Retrospective data analysis from a national multidisciplinary weight management service.

Musculoskeletal (MSK) pain is common in obese populations. Multidisciplinary Tier 3 weight management services (WMS) are effective in reducing weight; however, MSK pain as an outcome is not routinely reported post-WMS interventions. Following ethical approval this retrospective design study using anonymized data from a national WMS established changes in anthropometric and pain prevalence and intensity scores as well as establishing variables predictive of achieving clinically significant changes (CSC) in pain scores. Of the 806 patients registered to the WMS (January 2011-February 2015), 59% (n=476; CI=56-62) attended their reassessments at 6months. The overall mean age was 45.1±12years and 62% (n=294) were female. At baseline 70% (n=281; CI=65-75) reported low back pain (LBP) and 59% (n=234; CI=54-64) had knee pain. At reassessment 37.3% (n=177) of patients lost≥5% body weight, 58.7% (n=279) were weight stable (5% weight loss or gain) and 4.0% (n=19) gained≥5% body weight. Low back and knee pain prevalence reduced significantly for those who lost≥5% body weight. Variables predictive of a CSC in LBP numerical rating scale (NRS) score included a higher baseline NRS score, weighing more, and rating losing weight as being important (p<0.05). Higher baseline NRS and being younger resulted in higher odds of a CSC in knee pain NRS (p<0.05). Overall this WMS was effective for clinical weight loss. For those who lost most weight prevalence of knee and LBP reduced. Imbedding pain management strategies within WMS's may provide a more holistic approach to obesity management. Weight loss can reduce musculoskeletal pain, particularly for those who lose more weight. Imbedding pain management strategies within these services may provide a more holistic approach to obesity management.

The prevalence and work-related physical factors associated with knee pain in older Thai farmers

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of knee pain in older farmers and to identify the associated factors, including the demographic variables, behaviours and physical activity/exercise levels. [Participants and Methods] A cross-sectional survey was conducted among a total of 285 systematically randomized farmers who were 60 years and older. [Results] The results of this study showed that the overall prevalence of knee pain in this population was 54.04% (n=154) based on a self-reported standardized Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. The highest prevalence of knee pain was 23.9% [95% confidence interval (CI): 17.75 to 30.05%] for two periods of time (within the past 7 days and over past 12 months). The intolerable physical activity risk factors that were significantly associated with knee pain included prolonged walking, standing and side sitting (odds ratio=2.39%, 95% CI: 1.06 to 5.39%). [Conclusion] The results of this study suggested that a high prevalence of knee pain in these older farmers may be particularly associated with sustaining a weight-bearing position.

Influence of Varying Squat Exposure on Knee Pain and Function among People with Knee Osteoarthritis

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of pain and functional disability globally. Knowledge about the influence of high-flexion postures on knee function among people with knee OA is limited. Sustained occupational squatting is assumed to increase tibio-femoral and patella-femoral compressive force and knee osteoarthritis. Additionally, people spend varying amounts of time in deep squat for performing self-care, activities of daily living (ADL), and leisure. Hence, a study was conducted to explore the influence of varying squat exposure on knee pain and function. An interview-based survey was conducted inclusive of 300 participants, following institutional ethical approval and informed consent. Participants were classified based on daily squat exposure using a validated tool: the MGM Ground Level Activity Exposure Questionnaire. Knee pain and function were assessed using the Numeric Rating Scale and the Modified Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), respectively. Thirty-three people from the study cohort (Nonsquatters n = 13, ADL squatters n = 10, occupational squatters n = 10) were evaluated for knee motion, muscle strength, and balance using 2D motion analysis, 30-second chair-stand test, calf-raise test, 30-second deep-squat test, single-leg stance test, and star excursion test, respectively. Prevalence of knee pain was 27% in squatters and 21% in nonsquatters. People with higher squat exposure demonstrated greater knee motion, muscle strength, and balance compared with nonsquatters. Occupational squatters continued to work on a higher level of function despite pain and difficulty. Deep-squat activity performed in moderation is a potentially beneficial activity to maintain knee range, muscle strength, and balance.

Epidemiological profiles of chronic low back and knee pain in middle-aged and elderly Japanese from the Murakami cohort.

PurposeEpidemiological profiles of chronic low back and knee pain have not been studied extensively. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of and potential risk factors associated with chronic low back and knee pain in middle-aged and elderly Japanese.MethodsThis cross-sectional study involved 14,217 community-dwelling individuals aged 40–74 years living in the Murakami area of Japan. A self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain information regarding marital status, education level, occupation, household income, and body size. Participants also reported current chronic pain, if any, by site and degree of severity, using the verbal rating scale of the Short Form 36.ResultsThe prevalence of moderate–very severe chronic pain was 9.7% in the low back, 6.7% in the knee, 13.9% in either the low back or knee, and 2.6% in both the low back and knee. Multivariate analysis revealed that lower education level, lower income, and manual occupation in men and older age and higher body mass index in women were significantly associated with a higher prevalence of chronic low back pain. In both sexes, older age, lower education level, and higher body mass index were significantly associated with a higher prevalence of knee pain. Regarding sex differences, adjusted ORs of chronic pain of the low back and knee for women were 0.85 (95% CI 0.75–0.97) and 1.27 (95% CI 1.09–1.49), respectively.ConclusionNearly 14% of middle-aged and elderly individuals had moderate–very severe chronic pain of the low back or knee, and this pain was associated with many demographic factors, including sex, age, education level, household income, occupation, and body size.

Contribution of central and peripheral risk factors to prevalence, incidence and progression of knee pain: a community-based cohort study

SummaryAimTo explore risk factors that may influence knee pain (KP) through central or peripheral mechanisms.MethodsA questionnaire-based prospective community cohort study with KP defined as pain in or around a knee on most days for at least a month. Baseline prevalence, and one year incidence and progression (KP worsening) were examined. Central (e.g., Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS)) and peripheral (e.g., significant injury) risk factors were examined. Adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using logistic regression. Proportional risk contribution (PRC) was estimated using receiver-operator-characteristic (ROC) analysis.ResultsOf 9506 baseline participants, 4288 (45%) had KP (men 1826; women, 2462). KP incidence was 12% (men 11%, women 13%), and KP progression 19% (men 16%, women 21%) at one year. While both central and peripheral factors contributed to prevalence, central factors contributed more to progression, and peripheral factors more to incidence of KP. For example, although PCS (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.88–2.25) and injury (5.62, 4.92–6.42) associated with KP prevalence, PCS associated with progression (2.27, 1.83–2.83) but not incidence (1.14, 0.86–1.52), whereas injury more strongly associated with incidence (69.27, 24.15–198.7) than progression (2.52, 1.48–4.30). The PRC of central and peripheral factors were 19% and 23% for prevalence, 14% and 29% for incidence, and 29% and 5% for progression, respectively.ConclusionsBoth central and peripheral risk factors influence KP but relative contributions may differ in terms of development (mainly peripheral) and progression (mainly central). Further study of such relative contributions may inform primary and secondary prevention strategies.

Association of knee pain with working position and other factors among dairy farmers: A study in West Java, Indonesia

Dairy farmers have been shown to have a high risk of knee pain. The squatting position when milking a cow can create awkward knee posture and high compression at the knee joint. The present study aimed to identify the prevalence of knee pain among dairy farmers and determine the association of knee pain with squatting position and other factors among dairy farmers in West Java. This cross-sectional study included 117 participants from West Java, Indonesia between May 2017 and June 2017. The participants filled a standardized interview form as well as the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score questionnaire. Working position was observed. An association was found between knee pain and the squatting position. In multivariate analysis, the factors associated with knee pain were a working period of 6–10 years and a working period of >10 years. The study found that the prevalence of knee pain among dairy farmers was 88%. Our findings suggest that there is a relation between knee pain and the squatting work position. The primary risk factor for knee pain is a working period of 6 years and above.

Prevalence of patellofemoral pain and knee pain in the general population of Chinese young adults: a community-based questionnaire survey

BackgroundPrevious studies that have described the prevalence of patellofemoral pain (PFP) have been limited to samples of military personnel or sporting populations, and convincing data in the general Chinese population are lacking. The present study defined the prevalence of PFP and knee pain in the general population of Chinese young adults and evaluated whether gender, age, or body mass index (BMI) were associated with PFP.MethodsAn anonymous online questionnaire survey was open to the general public in China. A self-report questionnaire was used to specifically identify PFP. The population aged 18–40 years was enrolled in the study and completed the questionnaire. The prevalence of PFP and knee pain in the overall sample and in subgroups stratified by sex, age, and BMI was estimated. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine if there was a significant association between PFP and sex, age, or BMI.ResultsA total of 1153 participants were enrolled in the study. The prevalence of PFP in the overall sample and among the male and female participants was 20.7, 20.3, and 21.2%, respectively. The prevalence of the knee pain in the overall sample and among the male and female participants was 35.6, 38.2, and 33.7%, respectively. The prevalence of PFP in the subgroups stratified by age and BMI did not differ significantly between the groups. Gender, age, and BMI did not have significant associations with the prevalence of PFP.ConclusionPFP is common in the general Chinese population. Clinicians should direct more attention toward the early diagnosis of and interventions for PFP.