Prevalence Of Iron Deficiency Anemia Research Articles

Behavior Modification's Impact on Preventing Iron-Deficiency Anemia among Elementary School Students in Mueang Yasothon District, Yasothon Province, Thailand

Behavior Modification's Impact on Preventing Iron-Deficiency Anemia among Elementary School Students in Mueang Yasothon District, Yasothon Province, Thailand

Exploration of Iron deficiency Anemia and its associated factors among pregnant women seeking antenatal care in public health facilities of southwestern Ethiopia. A mixed study.

Background: Anemia is a major problem in Ethiopia, affecting a large part of the population. Despite the importance of the problem, the causes of anemia, especially iron deficiency anemia, among pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) in the study area have been little studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate iron deficiency anemia and its associated factors in pregnant women seeking antenatal care in public health facilities in Southwest Ethiopia in 2023. Methods and Materialsa mixed facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted involving 364 pregnant women from selected health facilities in Ilubabor and Buno Bedele zones. Backward multiple logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between dependent and independent variables, with statistical significance set at a P value less than 0.05. ResultsIn this study, the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia was found to be 21.4%. Several factors have been significantly associated with iron deficiency anemia including; presence of malaria parasite [AOR= 15.8, CI = 5.1–48.4], presence of Helminthes [AOR= 8.1, CI=2.8–23.9], consumption of leafy vegetables less than once a day [AOR = 3.4, CI = 1.5-13.3] and not taking iron supplements/consumption [AOR= 2.2, CI = 1.1 to 4.4]. Conclusion and RecommendationsThe overall prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in the study area suggests that, it is a moderate public health problem. In order to improve the nutritional status of women, routine and consistent nutritional advice, the establishment of regular preventive systems and the implementation of feedback mechanisms are recommended.

Prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among medical students in AL-Iraqia College of Medicine, correlation with socioeconomic and physiological conditions

Prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among medical students in AL-Iraqia College of Medicine, correlation with socioeconomic and physiological conditions

Gambaran Pengetahuan dan Sikap Remaja Putri Terhadap Kepatuhan Konsumsi Tablet Besi

Adherence to iron (Fe) tablet consumption is 1 tablet every week throughout the year. Adherence to iron tablet consumption is still very low due to low knowledge and attitudes about iron tablet consumption. This study aims to determine the description of knowledge and attitudes of adolescent girls towards compliance with iron tablet consumption at SMA Negeri 1 Bengkunat Pesisir Barat in 2023. The design used was descriptive with 39 respondents. Total sampling technique. The results showed a good level of knowledge of 14 respondents (36%), sufficient knowledge of 20 respondents (51.2%) and less knowledge of 5 respondents (12.8%). Attitude results, 16 respondents (41%) had a positive attitude and 23 respondents (59%) had a negative attitude. The results of compliance showed 9 respondents (23%) were compliant and 30 respondents (77%) were not compliant. The conclusion is that the majority of respondents' knowledge level is lacking, and they have a negative attitude and are not compliant with iron tablet consumption. Suggestions for further research are able to apply the provision of Health Education to compliance with iron tablet consumption as a prevention of iron deficiency anemia.

Pengaruh Pemberian Jus Buah Naga terhadap Perubahan Kadar Hemoglobin Ibu Hamil di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kota Baru Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir

The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy is around 95% due to iron deficiency (iron deficiency anemia). Anemia is the second main cause of maternal death, accounting for around 12.8% of maternal deaths due to postpartum hemorrhage. One way to overcome anemia in pregnancy is to consume dragon fruit regularly, in addition to consuming Fe tablets that have been given by midwives or health workers. Giving dragon fruit juice is effective in increasing Hb levels in pregnant women. The research design used in this study was a pre-test and post-test with control group design in the Kota Baru Health Center Working Area, Indragiri Hilir Regency. A population of 230 pregnant women with a sampling technique using simple random sampling obtained 32 respondents (16 intervention groups and 16 control groups). Data analysis used the independent t-test. The results of this study indicate that there is an effect of giving dragon fruit juice on changes in hemoglobin levels of pregnant women in the Kota Baru Health Center Working Area, Indragiri Hilir Regency. Dragon fruit can be used as a supplement to increase hemoglobin levels in pregnant women to treat anemia.

Relationship Between Iron Deficiency Anemia and Stunting in Pediatric Populations in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and stunting are prevalent global health issues, particularly in developing countries, where previous studies have suggested a potential relationship between them. This systematic review aims to analyze the relationship between iron deficiency anemia and stunting in pediatric populations in developing countries. Literature searches were conducted on PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and EBSCO Host. The primary outcome was the association between IDA and stunting. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for cohort studies and the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) for other observational studies. Meta-analysis was performed with a random-effects model and heterogeneity assessment. A Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) assessment was performed to determine the certainty and importance of the study. Out of 19,095 articles, 15 studies were included in the systematic review, and 4 studies were included in the meta-analysis, encompassing 21,936 subjects aged 0 to 12 years. IDA prevalence ranged from 3.6 to 58.8%, while stunting prevalence varied from 6.6 to 44.5%. Nine articles supported a significant relationship between IDA and stunting, revealing that stunted children had a 1.31-6.785 times higher risk of developing IDA. The odds ratio of children with IDA to be stunted was 2.27 (95% CI = 1.30-3.95). All studies exhibited a moderate risk of bias. GRADE assessment suggested that the evidence's certainty is low but important. The high IDA prevalence in developing countries, including Indonesia, is associated with stunting in children, suggesting a synergistic relationship.

Prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in exclusively breastfed infants after a 5-month iron supplementation

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is prevalent in exclusively breastfed (EBF) Thai infants. However, in Thailand, iron supplementation guidelines for EBF infants are not available. This prospective open-label study aimed to estimate the prevalence of IDA in 9-month-old EBF infants after receiving iron supplementation from 4 months of age until they consumed adequate iron-rich food. Forty-seven healthy, 4-month-old EBF infants were prescribed 1 mg/kg/day ferrous sulfate. Their complementary food records from 6 to 9 months were calculated for daily iron intake. Complete blood count and iron study were performed at 9 months of age. The results showed that the prevalence of IDA at 9 months was 6.4%. An employed caregiver and the male sex of the baby were significantly associated with iron deficiency. The food record revealed that the median daily iron intake was less than the Thai dietary reference intake recommendation. In summary, the prevalence of IDA in infants with 9 months of exclusive breastfeeding who received iron supplementation was lower than the background rate (25.7%) when iron was not prescribed. Most infants did not have adequate iron in complementary foods. Iron supplementation should be prescribed routinely during 4–9 months of age in healthy Thai EBF infants.

Bridging the Knowledge Gap on Iron Deficiency Anemia Among Nursing Students

Background: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a prevalent nutritional disorder characterized by a significant reduction in the body’s iron stores, affecting oxygen transport and leading to various health complications. Specific Background: The understanding of IDA among nursing students is underdeveloped, especially regarding the differences between morning and evening study cohorts. Knowledge Gap: Understanding nursing students' knowledge of IDA is critical for enhancing educational strategies and improving patient care, yet limited studies have assessed this demographic's awareness of the condition and its management. Aims: This study aims to evaluate nursing students' knowledge about IDA and to compare the levels of knowledge between morning and evening students at the College of Nursing, University of Basrah, over a six-month period from November 2023 to March 2024. Results: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted involving 145 students (72 morning and 73 evening) who completed a questionnaire. Results indicated that 40.2% of morning students and 53.4% of evening students suffered from iron deficiency. While 86.1% of morning students had prior knowledge of IDA compared to 67.1% of evening students, the mean knowledge levels were deemed good for both groups, with no significant statistical difference between them. Novelty: This research contributes to the existing literature by highlighting knowledge levels of IDA among nursing students in Iraq, revealing that both morning and evening cohorts possess substantial understanding yet exhibit slight discrepancies. Implications: The findings underscore the necessity for targeted educational interventions to bridge the knowledge gap regarding IDA, ultimately enhancing nursing students' competencies in managing this condition in clinical settings. Highlights: IDA Prevalence: 40.2% morning students and 53.4% evening students affected. Knowledge Difference: 86.1% morning vs. 67.1% evening students aware of IDA. Educational Need: Targeted interventions required for improved IDA management in nursing education. Keywords: Iron deficiency anemia, nursing students, knowledge assessment, educational interventions, Iraq

Study on Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anaemia in Children of 6 Months - 12 Years of Age in Barabanki District, Uttar Pradesh

Study on Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anaemia in Children of 6 Months - 12 Years of Age in Barabanki District, Uttar Pradesh

A Study of the Clinical Profile of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children With Sickle Cell Disease in a Tertiary Care Center.

Background Sickle cell disease (SCD) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) are significant global health concerns, particularly in pediatric populations. This study investigates the prevalence, clinical impact, and management challenges of IDA in children with SCD. Methods A prospective observational study was conducted at the Department of Pediatrics, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College(JNMC) and Acharya Vinoba Bhave Rural Hospital (AVBRH), Sawangi, from June 2022 to May 2024. The study included 60 children diagnosed with SCD. Comprehensive assessments were performed, including medical histories, physical examinations, and hematological investigations. Diagnosis of IDA was based on hemoglobin levels, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), red cell distribution width (RDW), peripheral blood smears, serum iron levels,and serum ferritin concentrations. Results Of the 60 participants, 15% exhibited iron deficiency. No significant gender differences were found in iron deficiency status. A significant association was observed between SCD type and the presence of pallor (p = 0.025) and sickle cell crises (p = 0.023). The study also found no significant association between SCD type and the presence of organomegaly (p = 0.079) or iron deficiency status (p = 0.675). The mean hemoglobin levels varied across SCD types, with sickle cell anemia patients showing lower levels than those with sickle cell trait or disease. Conclusion Diagnosing and managing IDA in children with SCD is complex due to overlapping hematological features and the risk of iron overload from frequent transfusions. Tailored diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are essential to improving hemoglobin levels, reducing complications, and enhancing the quality of life for affected children. This study provides valuable insights for refining clinical practices and emphasizes the need for a multidisciplinary approach to managing these intertwined conditions.

A Multicenter Retrospective Chart Review Study Estimating the Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia Among Infants, Toddlers, and Children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Background Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a prevalent nutritional disorder affecting children worldwide, leading to potential long-term cognitive and developmental deficits. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of IDA among healthy children attending Dr. Sulaiman Al-Habib Hospital Group in Riyadh, SAU, and explore the relationship between IDA and various demographic factors, including age, gender, and nationality. Methodology A retrospective chart review was conducted from July 2023 to August 2023 at Dr. Sulaiman Al-Habib Hospital Group, in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The study included 498 children aged 0.58 to 17 years, selected through a cluster sampling technique. Data on demographic characteristics and laboratory results, including hemoglobin (Hb) levels, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), red cell distribution width (RDW), ferritin, and RBC, were collected. Iron deficiency anemia was diagnosed based on Hb levels and other hematological indices. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Statistics version 23.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Results The prevalence of IDA among the study population was 9.2%, with 72.3% of the cases classified as mild and 27.7% as moderate. No cases of severe anemia were found. Infants had the highest prevalence of IDA (16.9%), followed by toddlers (12.0%), preschool children (7.2%), and school-age children (0.8%). Gender analysis revealed a prevalence of 9.7% in males and 8.6% in females, with no significant difference between genders (p = 0.659). All non-Saudi participants were free of IDA, whereas 9.3% of Saudi participants had IDA, though this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.761). Conclusion The study found a relatively low prevalence of IDA among healthy children attending Dr. Sulaiman Al-Habib Hospital Group in Riyadh, SAU, with the highest prevalence observed among infants. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions to prevent IDA, particularly in younger children. Routine screening and early treatment are crucial to mitigate the potential long-term effects of IDA on child development. Further research with larger and more diverse samples is recommended to validate these findings and explore additional factors influencing IDA prevalence.

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia Among Military Recruits Undergoing Basic Combat Training

ABSTRACT Introduction The first period of military service consists of a physically and mentally challenging basic combat training (BCT) program. Factors like demanding physical exercise, limited recovery time, and restricted diet choice and food intake may challenge iron intake and homeostasis in recruits undergoing BCT. Iron-deficient individuals may experience reduced work capacity, fatigue, weakness, frequent infections, and increased injury risk. Limited knowledge is available on the extent of this potential health risk among military recruits. The aim of the present study was to systematically review published studies on the prevalence and change in prevalence of anemia, iron deficiency (ID), and ID anemia (IDA) among recruits undergoing BCT. Materials and Methods Electronic searches were conducted in the databases Medline (Ovid), Embase (Embase.com), and Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics) from database inception up until April 16, 2024. Inclusion criteria were observational studies with both cross-sectional and observational longitudinal designs that examined the effects of BCT (intervention) on iron status (outcome) in military recruits (population). Extracted data were the number of participants (n), age, sex, country/population, BCT duration, and relevant measures of prevalence and changes in prevalence of anemia, ID, and IDA (primary outcome) and physical performance, mood state, stress fractures, attrition rate, and nutritional supplements (secondary outcomes). The study quality and risk of bias were assessed using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Studies Reporting Prevalence Data and The National Institutes of Health Quality Assessment Tool for Before-After (Pre-Post) Studies With No Control Group. Meta-analyses were performed using restricted maximum-likelihood models, and the effect size was calculated as Cohen’s h with 95% CI. Results Twenty-two articles were systematically reviewed (n = 111,764 men and 12,650 women), and six of these papers (n = 388 men and 773 women) were included in the meta-analysis. There was a varying prevalence of anemia, ID, and IDA among military recruits at the start of BCT. Results from meta-analyses showed negligible and nonsignificant effects of BCT on the prevalence of anemia, ID, and IDA. The quality of the included cross-sectional studies ranging from fair to good, whereas a large proportion of the included longitudinal studies were classified as poor. No sign of publication bias was found. Conclusions The prevalence of anemia, ID, and IDA in military recruits seems not to be affected by the completion of BCT shorter than 16 weeks, whereas the effects of longer BCT durations remain unclear. Even though body iron homeostasis seems unaffected, adequate energy and nutritional intake should remain a priority. Future research could focus on dietary interventions to determine the optimal diet among female recruits in specifically exposed populations.

Iron Deficiency Anemia and Migraine: A Literature Review of the Prevalence, Pathophysiology, and Therapeutic Potential.

This literature review explores the association between iron deficiency anemia and migraines, examining their prevalence, underlying pathophysiology, and therapeutic potential of iron supplementation in managing migraine symptoms. A systematic search across major academic databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Science.gov, identified relevant peer-reviewed studies that focus on the link between iron deficiency anemia and migraines. The review highlights a higher prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among migraine sufferers, particularly women, with several studies indicating a significant inverse relationship between serum ferritin levels and migraine severity. The findings suggest that low iron levels may exacerbate migraine symptoms, and iron supplementation has been shown to reduce the frequency and intensity of migraines, especially in patients with confirmed iron deficiency anemia. The review also discusses the unique susceptibility of women, particularly those of reproductive age, to both iron deficiency anemia and migraines, emphasizing the importance of gender-specific approaches in treatment. Moreover, the potential impact of iron deficiency on neurovascular function and its contribution to migraine pathogenesis is explored, reinforcing the need for comprehensive management strategies that include nutritional interventions. While iron supplementation appears to be a promising therapeutic option, further research is required to fully understand its long-term effects and to refine treatment protocols to avoid the risks associated with iron overload. This review underscores the significance of addressing nutritional deficiencies as part of a holistic approach to migraine management, offering insights into potential avenues for improving patient outcomes.

The impact of different doses of oral iron supplementation during pregnancy: a pilot randomized trial

AbstractOral iron is first-line medication for iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy. We conducted a pilot randomized trial to investigate the impact of different doses of oral iron supplementation started early in pregnancy on women without anemia for 4 main outcomes: recruitment and protocol compliance, adherence, maintenance of maternal hemoglobin, and side effects. At antenatal clinic visits, participants were allocated to 1 of 3 trial arms in a 1:1:1 ratio: 200 mg ferrous sulfate daily, alternate days, or 3 times per week. The participants were followed to delivery. Baseline characteristics of 300 recruited participants were well matched between trial arms. The mean proportion of tablets taken as expected per participant was 82.5% overall (72.3%, 89.6%, and 84.5% for the daily, alternate days, and 3 times a week arm, respectively). There was a lower overall adherence rate in the daily arm (47%) than in the alternate days (62%) and the 3 times per week (61%) arms. A reduction in hemoglobin between randomization and 28 weeks’ gestation seemed smaller for the daily arm. A range of side effects were commonly reported at baseline before starting interventions and at later antenatal visits. Many side effects of iron overlapped with normal pregnancy symptoms. A daily iron dosing schedule might give the best opportunity for delivering an adequate iron load during pregnancy in women without anemia. Further randomized trials powered on clinical outcomes are needed to establish the clinical effectiveness of oral iron supplementation to prevent iron deficiency anemia. This study was registered (#ISRCTN12911644).

Association between Adiposity and Iron Status in Women of Reproductive Age: Data from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) 2008–2019

BackgroundOverweight/obesity and iron deficiency (ID) are highly prevalent in women of reproductive age (WRA), impacting on women’s health. Obesity is a risk factor for nutritional deficiencies but its association with ID is unclear. ObjectivesTo determine the association between adiposity and markers of iron status and ID prevalence in WRA. MethodsThis cross-sectional study analyzed the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2008–2019) data, focusing on women aged 18–49 y with body mass index (BMI) ≥18.5 kg/m2. Prevalence of anemia, iron deficiency anemia (IDA), and ID were analyzed. Ferritin was adjusted for C-reactive protein. Iron status was assessed across high and low BMI, waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). χ2, linear and logistic regressions were performed adjusting for covariates. ResultsAmong 1098 WRA, 496 normal weight and 602 overweight/obesity, prevalence rates were: anemia 9.2% and IDA 6.8%. Anemia was more prevalent in those with higher WHtR and WHR (11.9% compared with 5.9% and 16.7% compared with 6.5%, both P < 0.001). WRA with increased WC, WHtR, and WHR had higher IDA prevalence than those with lower adiposity (8.5% compared with 4.3%, P = 0.005; 9.4% compared with 3.3%, P < 0.001; 12.1% compared with 4.9%, P < 0.001). ID prevalence was 49.7% (ferritin cutoff 30 μg/L) and 19.6% (ferritin cutoff 15 μg/L), showing similar rates across adiposity groups. ID prevalence defined by soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) was higher in women with increased WHR (P = 0.001). Higher WHR predicted ID categorized by sTfR (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.104, P = 0.004), and WHtR and WHR predicted anemia and IDA (anemia: WHtR aOR: 2.006, P = 0.036; WHR aOR: 4.489, P < 0.001 and IDA: WHtR aOR: 2.942, P = 0.012; WHR aOR: 4.142, P < 0.001). ConclusionsAt least 1 in 5 WRA in the UK are iron deficient, highlighting the need to revise current policies. Greater central adiposity was strongly associated with impaired iron status and the development of anemia, IDA, and ID.

Iron Deficiency Anemia among Sanitation Workers in a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Cross-sectional Study

ABSTRACT Background: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) has been the main cause of the health burden in India over the past decade. The aim of the present study was to examine the iron status and prevalence of iron deficiency anemia using biochemical markers among sanitation workers working at a tertiary healthcare center. Methodology: This hospital-based cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 80 sanitation workers for a period of 18 months (age 31–40 years). Dietary intake patterns were collected through the structured questionnaires. Blood samples were analyzed for complete blood count, serum iron level and unsaturated iron binding capacity, and ferritin. Total iron binding capacity and percentage transferrin saturation were calculated. Stool samples were screened for intestinal helminthic ova and cysts of intestinal protozoa. Results: Of the 80 sanitation workers, IDA was found in 38.7%; out of this, mild anemia was found in 16 (20%) participants, while 11.3% and 7.5% participants had moderate and severe anemia, respectively. Higher plasma sTfR levels were observed in women with severe iron depletion than in those with iron sufficiency (median 17.6 versus 15.5 nmol/L; P = 0.001). A statistically significant positive correlation between hemoglobin and serum iron, serum ferritin, and transferrin saturation was found. Hemoglobin was positively correlated with white blood cells, red blood cells, hematocrit, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. Conclusion: This study highlights the presence of mild IDA among sanitary workers and lower levels of iron intake than the recommended dietary allowance.

Prevalence and management of iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy in a tertiary care hospital over a period of 2 years

Background and Objectives: Anemia in pregnancy is highly prevalent and can have a significant effect on both maternal and fetal outcome. The most prevalent kind of nutritional anemia that occurs during pregnancy is iron deficiency anemia. Even with the use of oral iron prevention during pregnancy, IDA remains a significant health concern for expectant mothers. The current study intends to examine the treatment response and prevalence of IDA in a pregnant population. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study looking into the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia amongst pregnant women who delivered in a Tertiary care Hospital for a period of 2 years (Feb2022- Jan2024). All patients who got prenatal care at our hospital had their hemoglobin levels regularly evaluated at booking and at 28 weeks and 36 weeks pregnant and more often as needs by either a venous or capillary blood sample, are included in the inclusion criteria. We use the mid-trimester hemoglobin level to identify patients who are anemic among our study volunteers. SPSS was used for analysis. Results- the prevalence of anemia was found to be 59.4% (N=297) mostly being Iron deficiency anemia. 6 patients were Thalassemia minor and 1 patient was Sickle cell carrier The most common age group was found to be 20-35 years in which 60.2% were anemic. Around 59% of anemic had tertiary form of education and parity 63% for 2-4. The most common category was mild anemia (82%), moderate in 15%. After 36 weeks the anemia levels were improved in all category only 12.4% had mild while no severe anemia was seen. But this was not statistically significant (p&gt;0.05). The incidence of PPH were 2.7% in treated anemic patients while 1.7% in anemic Conclusion: Anemia in Pregnancy is highly prevalent and if left untreated can have a significant effect on both Maternal and fetal outcome. Prevention, Health education on reproductive health from early childhood and Adolescent age is highly recommended.Eraly diagnosis and Prompt management of anaemia in Pregnant females by oral Iron or Iron infusion helps in a better outcome . Parenteral iron therapy should be used as soon as possible to enhance treatment outcomes. And also helps in avoiding the need for Blood transfusion.

The Effectiveness of Single Versus Double Daily Dose of Oral Ferrous Bisglycinate on the Prevention of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Obese Non-Anemic Pregnant Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial

The Effectiveness of Single Versus Double Daily Dose of Oral Ferrous Bisglycinate on the Prevention of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Obese Non-Anemic Pregnant Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial

The Effects of Prenatal Iron Supplementation on Offspring Neurodevelopment in Upper Middle- or High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review

Iron supplementation is commonly recommended for the prevention and treatment of maternal iron deficiency (ID) or iron deficiency anemia (IDA). However, the impacts of prophylactic of therapeutic prenatal iron supplementation on child neurodevelopment in upper middle-income (UMI) and high-income countries (HICs), where broad nutritional deficiencies are less common, are unclear. To investigate this, we conducted a systematic review, searching four databases (Medline, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane Library) through 1 May 2023. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing oral or intravenous iron supplementation in pregnant women reporting on child neurodevelopment (primary outcome: age-standardized cognitive scores) were eligible. We included three RCTs (five publications) from two HICs (Spain and Australia) (N = 935 children; N = 1397 mothers). Due to clinical heterogeneity of the RCTs, meta-analyses were not appropriate; findings were narratively synthesized. In non-anemic pregnant women, prenatal iron for prevention of IDA resulted in little to no difference in cognition at 40 days post-partum (1 RCT, 503 infants; very low certainty evidence). Similarly, the effect on the intelligence quotient at four years was very uncertain (2 RCTs, 509 children, very low certainty evidence). No RCTs for treatment of ID assessed offspring cognition. The effects on secondary outcomes related to language and motor development, or other measures of cognitive function, were unclear, except for one prevention-focused RCT (302 children), which reported possible harm for children’s behavioral and emotional functioning at four years. There is no evidence from UMI countries and insufficient evidence from HICs to support or refute benefits or harms of prophylactic or therapeutic prenatal iron supplementation on child neurodevelopment.

Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anaemia Among Pregnant Women Attending Primary Health Care Center Malala Dukku Local Government Area of Gombe State, Nigeria

Iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy is an important health issue resulting in high maternal morbidity and mortality. The purpose of the current study was to identify the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia among pregnant women attending primary healthcare center malaladukku local government of Gombe state, the researcher pick interest on the topic as a result of high rate of anaemia in pregnancy in the research setting primary healthcare center malala, a cross sectional descriptive non-experimental design was adopted by the researcher. Questionnaire was used as a tool for data collection various literature were review which include conceptual review, theoretical review, and empirical review of prevalence, causes and preventive measures. The study assesses the prevalence iron deficiency anaemia among pregnant women, causes of iron deficiency anaemia, and the preventive measures of the condition. The result of the study shows that the prevalence of iron deficiency was high at (74.9%) many factors were considered responsible with the condition as revealed by the research work which includes previous history of the condition, imbalanced nutrition 66.6% () and malaria in pregnancy. Supplementary iron therapy during pregnancy 83.3% (), antenatal services as soon as pregnancy is confirmed, sleeping under mosquito treated net (58.3%) s and chief alternative of healthy diet (46.6%) are the preventive measures of iron deficiency anaemia as revealed by the study. There is also need for further studies on ways of preventing and reducing the rate of iron deficiency anaemia. The research work will help in enlightening the midwives, healthcare providers on the disease and its preventive measures wsith regards to clinical practice and it will also add to the body of knowledge in the medical field and the researcher’s knowledge on the condition.