Prevalence Of Intrauterine Growth Restriction Research Articles

Intra-uterine growth restriction and long-term cardiovascular morbidity of offspring in dichorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies

Placental- related complications such as preeclampsia and intra uterine growth restriction (IUGR) in singletons were noted as risk factors for long- term cardiovascular morbidity of both the mother and the child. Due to the relatively high prevalence of IUGR among twin pregnancies, we opted to investigate whether IUGR in dichorionic diamniotic twins is a risk factor for long- term cardiovascular morbidity of the offspring.

COMPLICATIONS OF PREGNANCY AMONG ADOLESCENTS AND ADULT MOTHERS TREATED IN A PUBLIC HOSPITAL, THE REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA: A RETROSPECTIVE COMPARATIVE STUDY

Complications of pregnancy remain a serious threat in Sub-Saharan Africa despite efforts to minimise maternal mortality due to pregnancy complications, and achieve the Millennium Development Goal 5. This is a retrospective study to determine the most common pregnancy complications among adolescents compared to adults treated in a public hospital from 2015 to 2018. The researcher applied a convenience sampling method in selecting the medical records. The instrument used was adapted from previous studies and data were analysed with descriptive and chi-square test for the inferential statistics. A total of 1,265 patients met the eligibility criteria and 540 (42.7%) were adolescents. Low birth weight (n=478, 88.5%) and preterm delivery (n=496, 91.9%) were common among babies born to adolescent mothers. Pregnancy-related complications among adolescent mothers showing the prevalence of anaemia, hypertension, and malaria were 494 (84.9%), 149 (56.2%) and 193 (62.1%) respectively. Gestational diabetes was found to be high among adult mothers (n=98, 74.8%). Among adolescent mothers, the prevalence of eclampsia was 62 (78.5%) and hemorrhage 61 (53.0%). The prevalence of Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) was high among adolescent mothers (n=252, 80.5%). Comprehensive strategies are needed to keep girls in schools and to raise awareness and develop campaigns about using contraception properly to reduce the incidence of adolescent pregnancy as well as to minimise the incidence of pregnancy-related complications.

Midtrimester isolated short femur and perinatal outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Fetal femur length below the expected value has been described as a marker of aneuploidy, skeletal dysplasia, intrauterine growth restriction and small-for-gestational-age neonate. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the strength of association between isolated short femur length and intrauterine growth restriction or small-for-gestational-age, and perinatal adverse outcomes. PubMed, EMBASE and Medline were searched from the inception of each database to May 2018. Selection criteria included prospective and retrospective cohort studies of singleton pregnancies between 18 and 28weeks of gestation, with sonographic finding of isolated short femur length, without any structural chromosomal abnormality. The meta-analysis was performed by computing odds ratios using both fixed and random-effects models. Quality assessment of the included studies was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Six studies including 3078 cases of isolated short femur length (study group) and 222303 normal femur length (control group) were included. The prevalence of intrauterine growth restriction or small-for-gestational-age in the study group was 14.2%, compared with 5.2% in the control group (odds ratio of 4.04, 95% confidence interval 3.63-4.50). Isolated short femur length was associated with a higher incidence of low birthweight (study group: 22.10% vs control group: 8.57%, odds ratio 3.24, 95% confidence interval 2.34-4.48), Apgar <7 at 5minutes (study group: 3.98% vs control group: 1.79%, odds ratio 3.56, 95% confidence interval 1.87-6.77), preterm birth (study group: 12.16% vs control group: 8.16%, odds ratio 3.09, 95% confidence interval 1.57-6.08), fetal death (study group: 1.83% vs control group: 0.44%, odds ratio 6.48, 95% confidence interval 3.70-11.35) and neonatal intensive care unit admission (study group: 15.34% vs control group: 14.81%, odds ratio 2.11, 95% confidence interval 0.56-7.93). There is a significant association between isolated short femur length and intrauterine growth restriction or small-for-gestational-age and poor perinatal outcome.

Impact of intrauterine growth restriction and birth weight on infant's early childhood neurodevelopment outcome

Background: Infants with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) are at increased risk of perinatal morbidity and mortality in addition to long-term neurodevelopmental impairment due to fetal, placental, or maternal causes. Aim: This study aims to evaluate early childhood neurodevelopmental outcome from 18 to 24 months of age following a pregnancy complicated by IUGR. Study Design: This is an observational cohort study of prospectively collected data from a neonatal follow-up program (NFP) at the King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Results: A total of 65 IUGR infants with a median gestational age (GA) of 36 weeks (28–40 weeks) and a median birth weight of 1595 g (740–2280 g) were enrolled in the NFP. The majority of the mothers were Saudi 63 (97%), with a mean age of 30 years (19–45 years). Sixty-five percent of the infants were born by cesarean section. The prevalence of IUGR was 5.5% with predominance of symmetrical IUGR pattern 52 (80%). The median age of developmental assessment was 15 months (7–33 months). Thirty-two infants (49.2%) had a lower score (moderate 23 (35.4%) and severe 9 (13.4%) by Bayley Infant Neurodevelopmental Screening (BINS). There were no correlations between BINS category and birth weight, GA, gender, or type of IUGR. Catch-up growth was achieved in 44 (66.7%) of the infants at a median age of 9 months. Conclusion: We have demonstrated a higher incidence of poor neurodevelopmental scores at the early ages from 15 to 24 months among infants who were born following a pregnancy complicated by IUGR. BINS scores were not influenced by birth weight, GA, gender, or type of IUGR. IUGR is an independent variable for poor neurodevelopmental outcome. These patients will be followed to preschool ages for further neurocognitive assessment.

Perinatal Outcome and Histopathological Evaluation of Placentas in Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) Pregnancies

Introduction: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a condition in which fetus fails to achieve its inherent growth potential. It is the second most common cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity following prematurity. Objectives: Objectives of this study were to see the perinatal outcome and histopathological changes in placenta in IUGR pregnancies. Material & Methods: 100 cases of IUGR were taken up for study along with 50 controls. Ultrasonography was done to evaluate the uteroplacental insufficiency. Placental weight and morphology and histopathology of placenta was done. Results: Prevalence of IUGR was more in younger age group 49%, primigravida 58%, low socio economic status 96% and rural background 77%. History of IUGR in previous pregnancy was 30%. Abnormal color Doppler was found in 47%. Placental weight was less in IUGR and histopathology of placenta showed fibrinoid necrosis in 48% and syncytial knots 44%. Neonatal mortality in the study came out to be 12%. Conclusion: Regular antenatal care is necessary to pick up IUGR pregnancies and once diagnosed ultrasonography for fetal growth and color Doppler help to decide the optimal time for delivery.

Myocardial dysfunction in children with intrauterine growth restriction: an echocardiographic study.

SummaryIntroductionThe prevalence of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is about 3–10% of live-born newborns and can be as high as 20% in developing countries. It may result in the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases later in life.MethodsThe aim of this study was echocardiographic evaluation, with the use of conventional and tissue Doppler parameters, of cardiac function in children born with IUGR, and comparison with healthy peers born as normally grown foetuses.ResultsIn the IUGR group, E wave and E/A ratio were significantly lower compared to the control group. A wave, isovolumetric relaxation time, deceleration time, myocardial performance index as well as E/E′ septal and E/E′ lateral indices were significantly higher compared to healthy peers.ConclusionChildren with IUGR presented with subclinical myocardial dysfunction.

What Matters Most for the Survival of Small Newborns in Resource-Limited Settings?

In 1963, Lubchenco proposed a system to characterize intrauterine growth by gestational age, which highlighted the differences between preterm and growth-restricted term infants.1 More than 50 years later, there is limited capacity to distinguish preterm from small but mature infants in low- and middle-income countries where these conditions, together with asphyxia and infection, are leading causes of neonatal death. Lee et al sought to determine if community health workers could use physical/neuromuscular signs and anthropometrics to estimate the maturity of infants born in rural communities in Bangladesh with the ultimate goal of facilitating early identification and referral of preterm infants.2 The study used community surveillance for early diagnosis of pregnancy and successfully accomplished ultrasound dating of pregnancy before 20 weeks. Twenty-five physical, neuromuscular, and anthropometric observations were assessed and then analyzed individually and in combination for their diagnostic accuracy. All fell short of acceptable utility for estimation of gestational age in this population with a high prevalence of intrauterine growth restriction. So what broader significance do such negative findings hold? They reaffirm the realities of improving survival … Susan Niermeyer, MD, MPH, Section of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital Colorado, 13121 East 17th Ave, Mail Stop 8402, Aurora, CO 80045. E-mail: susan.niermeyer{at}ucdenver.edu

Association between Intrauterine Growth Restriction and Pregnancy Hypertension

Background: Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) certainly poses health problems that leads to increase mortality and can cause mental and physiological disturbances to the infants. Reduced organ perfusion is one of the etiologies of IUGR which is caused by placenta obstruction. This happens because of pregnancy hypertension as a risk factor. Furthermore, educational level, employment status, parity, and anemia are also its risk factors. The objective of this study was to analyze the prevalence of IUGR and association between IUGR and pregnancy hypertension. Methods: A case control design was performed using medical records from Neonatology Department of Child Health at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung in 2012. Subjects were taken from 149 medical records of the mother who had IUGR and 149 normal birth weight infant information about the characteristics of the mothers and the infants. The data were collected and analyzed by calculating the Odds ratio (OR). Results: The prevalence of IUGR at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital in 2012 was 149 cases (4.69%). There was association between pregnancy hypertension and IUGR with OR=1.72, 95% CI (1.044–2.836). Conclusions: Pregnancy hypertension is one of the risks that generates IUGR. [ AMJ .2016;3(2):212–5] DOI: 10.15850/amj.v3n2.791

Prevalencia de restricción del crecimiento intrauterino en el Hospital Universitario San José, Popayán (Colombia), 2013

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objetivo:&lt;/strong&gt; determinar la prevalencia de restricción del crecimiento intrauterino (RCIU) en el Hospital Universitario San José (HUSJ), describir sus características y hacer una exploración de los factores de riesgo asociados a RCIU.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Materiales y métodos:&lt;/strong&gt; estudio de corte transversal en el que se incluyeron los recién nacidos vivos en un hospital universitario de referencia, ubicado en la región suroccidental de Colombia en el año 2013; se excluyeron aquellos con información inconsistente. Se definió recién nacido con restricción del crecimiento intrauterino (RCIU) como el neonato vivo con índice ponderal (Rohrer) menor al percentil 10, IP = [peso (en gramos) x 100] ÷ [longitud (en cm)]3. Para el tamaño de muestra se tuvo en cuenta una prevalencia esperada de RCIU del 4 %, un error tolerado del 2 %, corrección por población finita y por no respuesta del 20 %, obteniendo así un tamaño muestral de 400 sujetos. Se realizó un muestreo aleatorio sistemático. Se utilizó un cuestionario semiestructurado, que incluyó variables biológicas, sociales y demográficas. Se estimó la prevalencia de periodo de RCIU y se realizó exploración de los factores asociados a RCIU por medio de análisis bi y mutivariado. Se utilizó la prueba t de Student para variables continuas y chi cuadrado para categóricas.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Resultados&lt;/strong&gt;: el análisis se realizó con 392 neonatos; se excluyeron 8, por inconsistencia en la información suministrada; se encontraron 79 neonatos con RCIU para una prevalencia del 20,15 %. En la exploración de los factores de riesgo se encontró una asociación positiva con RCIU y ganancia inadecuada de peso (OR = 2,35; IC 95 %: 1,15-4,82), antecedente de RCIU (OR = 3,26; IC 95 %: 1,08-9,78), amenaza de parto pretérmino (OR = 3,58; IC 95 %: 1,15-11,1), antecedente de cesárea (OR = 2,64; IC 95 %: 1,24-5,60), y una asociación negativa entre etnia mestiza y raza blanca (OR = 0,25; IC 95 %: 0,07-0,91).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusión:&lt;/strong&gt; la prevalencia encontrada fue del 20,15 %, la cual es mayor que la reportada en otras instituciones de este mismo nivel de complejidad.&lt;/p&gt;

Maternal age and adverse perinatal outcomes in a birth cohort (BRISA) from a Northeastern Brazilian city.

To verify the existence of associations between different maternal ages and the perinatal outcomes of preterm birth and intrauterine growth restriction in the city of São Luís, Maranhão, Northeastern Brazil. A cross-sectional study using a sample of 5,063 hospital births was conducted in São Luís, from January to December 2010. The participants comprise the birth cohort for the study "Etiological factors of preterm birth and consequences of perinatal factors for infant health: birth cohorts from two Brazilian cities" (BRISA). Frequencies and 95% confidence intervals were used to describe the results. Multiple logistic regression models were applied to assess the adjusted odds ratio (OR) of maternal age associated with the following outcomes: preterm birth and intrauterine growth restriction. The percentage of early teenage pregnancy (12-15 years old) was 2.2%, and of late (16-19 years old) was 16.4%, while pregnancy at an advanced maternal age (>35 years) was 5.9%. Multivariate analyses showed a statistically significant increase in preterm births among females aged 12-15 years old (OR=1.6; p=0.04) compared with those aged 20-35 years. There was also a higher rate in preterm births among females aged 16-19 years old (OR=1.3; p=0.01). Among those with advanced maternal age (>35 years old), the increase in the prevalence of preterm birth had only borderline statistical significance (OR=1.4; p=0.05). There was no statistically significant association between maternal age and increased prevalence of intrauterine growth restriction.

Rethinking IUGR in preeclampsia: dependent or independent of maternal hypertension?

Objective:Chronic hypertension (CHTN) is a risk factor for both intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) as well as preeclampsia. This study was performed to: (1) describe the prevalence of IUGR in women with preeclampsia (with and without CHTN) compared with controls, (2) investigate the relationship between preeclampsia and maternal CHTN with IUGR, and (3) investigate the relationship between IUGR and severity of preeclampsia.Study Design:A case–control study was performed. Cases were patients identified with preeclampsia. Controls were patients presenting for delivery at term (⩾37 weeks). IUGR prevalence by case–control status, or severity of disease was evaluated using Pearson χ2 tests. Multivariable logistic regression was used to control for confounders.Result:In all, 430 cases and 568 controls were studied. Preeclamptic women have a 2.7 (CI (1.94 to 3.86)) and 4.3 (CI (2.58 to 7.17)) times increased odds of having a fetus with IUGR at <10 and <5% compared with controls in adjusted analyses. There was a significant interaction between CHTN and IUGR. Therefore, in women without CHTN, women with PEC had increased odds of IUGR, whereas in women with CHTN, there was no difference in odds of IUGR in women with or without preeclampsia. Within the cases, severe preeclampsia was associated with IUGR<10% (AOR=1.82 (1.11 to 2.97)) but not IUGR<5% (AOR=1.6 (0.85 to 2.86)).Conclusion:Preeclampsia is independently associated with the development of IUGR. As suggested earlier, women with CHTN do not have the highest prevalence of IUGR, suggesting disparate pathways by which IUGR develops in women with superimposed preeclampsia compared with preeclampsia alone.

Fetal growth after laser therapy for twin-twin transfusion syndrome

The objective of the study was to compare twin weight discordance and prevalence of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) before laser therapy and after birth in pregnancies complicated by twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). Women with TTTS who underwent laser therapy with dual neonatal survivors born at least 28 days after surgery were studied. Estimated fetal weight (EFW) discordance at the preoperative sonogram and birthweight (BW) discordance were calculated. Weights below gestational age-corrected 10th percentile at sonogram and at birth for each twin were designated as IUGR. Among 211 women studied, the mean EFW discordance measured 26.6% and mean BW discordance was 18.4%, yielding a mean 8.2% decrease in weight discordance (P < .001). Comparing IUGR diagnoses before surgery and at birth, the recipient's proportion was unchanged (9.5% vs 7.1%, P = .353), whereas the donor's proportion decreased (64.5% vs 28.9%, P < .001). Twin weight discordance and donor fetus IUGR appear to improve after laser therapy for TTTS.

498: Congenital heart defects and IUGR: Fact or fiction? Does the type of CHD matter?

We sought to estimate the prevalence of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) in a contemporary cohort of fetuses with major congenital heart defects (CHD) and hypothesized that CHD with single ventricle physiology impairs fetal growth more than CHD with double ventricle physiology.

Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of congenital heart disease and intrauterine growth restriction: A case–control study

To determine the prevalence of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) in cases of congenital heart disease (CHD) and to evaluate whether the prenatal diagnosis of isolated CHD was a significant risk factor for IUGR. We conducted a retrospective case-control study of prenatally detected CHD with delivery at >/=20 weeks' gestation between January 1, 1998, and December 31, 2001. Four groups were analyzed: (1) all cases with CHD, (2) after exclusion of abnormal karyotype, (3) after exclusion of abnormal karyotype and prenatally diagnosed extracardiac anomaly, and (4) after exclusion of abnormal karyotype and prenatally and postnatally diagnosed extracardiac anomaly. The prevalence of IUGR was determined in each of the 4 study groups and was compared with controls. There were 13,395 deliveries at >/=20 weeks' gestation. Of the 180 cases of CHD, 22.8% were associated with IUGR compared with 11.6% of controls (p < 0.01). In contrast, there was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of IUGR in the 140 cases of isolated CHD compared with controls (12.9% versus 10.0%). The prenatal detection of isolated CHD does not seem to be associated with IUGR.

Intrapartum late deceleration develops more frequently in pre‐eclamptic women with severe proteinuria

Our purpose was to investigate the effect of proteinuria associated with pre-eclampsia on intrapartum fetal heart rate patterns. A retrospective study was performed involving 79 pregnant women with pre-eclampsia and 19 pregnant women with gestational hypertension (GH). Pre-eclampsia was then classified into two groups according to the degree of proteinuria (> or = or < 3 + dipstick), which was classified as severe urinary protein (UP; n = 35) and mild UP (n = 44) at delivery. Intrapartum fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring was classified as either no deceleration, moderate variable deceleration, severe variable deceleration (sVD), prolonged deceleration (PD), occasional deceleration or recurrent late deceleration (rLD). We evaluated the prevalence of non-reassuring FHR (sVD, PD or rLD), the prevalence of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and cord blood gas status in the three groups. The prevalence of non-reassuring FHR and cord blood gas status of these three groups was also compared with their prevalence in 65 women with low-risk pregnancies. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association between rLD and maternal-fetal parameters. Levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure were similar among the three groups. Severe UP was diagnosed significantly earlier, was associated with significantly lower gestational age, and infants with lighter birth weight (P < 0.05) compared with GH and mild UP. The prevalence of IUGR in severe UP was higher than in GH (54%v. 21%, P < 0.05); however, no differences were found in the prevalence of IUGR between mild and severe UP (43%v. 54%, P = 0.33). The prevalence of non-reassuring FHR in GH was not statistically significant in the low-risk pregnancies (5%v. 9%, P = 0.58). In mild and severe UP, the non-reassuring FHRs were more predominant (30% and 43%, respectively) than in low-risk pregnancies and GH (P < 0.05). The rLD was more common in the group with severe UP and accounted for 40% of all FHR patterns. There was no difference in the incidence of low pH among the groups. However, fetuses in pregnancies involving severe UP were significantly hypoxemic when compared with others. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that worsening proteinuria (odds ratio [OR], 5.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.4-12.9) and IUGR (OR, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.2-11.5) increased the risk of rLD. Rates of preterm birth at less than 32 weeks (OR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.2-2.5) and severe hypertension (OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.2-1.3) were not significant. In pre-eclampsia, the presence of severe proteinuria is associated with an increased likelihood of rLD.

Maternal floor infarction and massive perivillous fibrin deposition: histological definitions, association with intrauterine fetal growth restriction, and risk of recurrence.

Maternal floor infarction (MFI) is a poorly understood placental lesion reportedly associated with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and recurrence. In this study of MFI and the related placental disorder, massive perivillous fibrin deposition (MFD), semiquantitative histologic criteria for these diagnoses are defined and rates of IUGR and recurrence are assessed. Pathologic slides of 80 placentas diagnosed as MFI or MFD at the Brigham and Women's Hospital (1989-99) were reviewed and reclassified as classic MFI, transmural MFD, borderline MFD, or neither MFI or MFD. The prevalence of IUGR was determined, and placental slides from additional pregnancies were reviewed to evaluate recurrence. Among 25 cases originally diagnosed as MFI, 5 (20%) were reclassified by study criteria as classic MFI, 9 (36%) as transmural or borderline MFD, and 11 (44%) as neither lesion. Among 55 cases originally diagnosed as MFD, 27 (49%) were reclassified as transmural or borderline MFD, 4 (7%) as classic MFI, and 24 (44%) as neither lesion. IUGR was identified in no case with classic MFI, in 31% of cases with transmural or borderline MFD (P = 0.02), and in 11% of cases with neither lesion. Recurrence was documented in 1 of 7 (14%) second- or third-trimester placentas. Possible recurrence was suggested in 3 of 6 (50%) first-trimester spontaneous abortion specimens. Classification of intraplacental fibrin is subjective and problematic; almost half of potential cases of MFI or MFD did not fulfill our study's diagnostic criteria. MFD may be more common and more strongly associated with IUGR than classic MFI. Recurrence of these lesions appears to be infrequent among second- and third-trimester placentas, but may be relatively common in first-trimester spontaneous abortions.

Sonographic diagnosis of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) by fetal transverse cerebellar diameter (TCD)/abdominal circumference (AC) ratio

Objective: To evaluate the validity of TCD/AC ratio in predicting IUGR. Study design: Prospective descriptive analysis. Setting: Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital, Chiang Mai University. Subjects: Women meeting the inclusion criteria consisting of: (1) singleton pregnancies after 28 weeks of gestation; (2) known accurate gestational age; and (3) clinically suspected IUGR. Methods: The patients were sonographically examined for TCD/AC ratio. The best cut-off value of TCD/AC ratio in predicting IUGR was determined by a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The fetus with a TCD/AC ratio greater than the cut-off value would be antenatally diagnosed as IUGR for every gestational week. Standard definition of IUGR was a low birthweight, less than the l0 th percentile. Results: One hundred and sixty-seven pregnancies with suspected IUGR were analyzed. The prevalence of IUGR among the study group was 51.5%. The best cut-off value of the TCD/AC ratio for predicting IUGR was 15.4%, giving the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 73.26%, 80.25%, 79.75%, and 73.86%, respectively. Conclusion: The sonographic fetal TCD/AC ratio as a gestational age-independent method can be helpful in antenatal diagnosis of IUGR, especially in pregnancy with uncertain gestational age.

Growth retardation in fetuses with gastroschisis.

This study was designed to determine the prevalence of intrauterine growth restriction in neonates with gastroschisis and to evaluate the accuracy of the ultrasonographic diagnosis of intrauterine growth restriction. Birth weight and gestational age were determined for 46 infants diagnosed prenatally as having gastroschisis. Biometric data were analysed for the 30 pregnancies in which an examination was conducted within 1 week of delivery. Fetal growth parameters were compared with norms for gestational age. The prevalence of intrauterine growth restriction in the entire study group was 24% with a mean birth weight of 2401 +/- 508 g. Ultrasonographic estimated fetal weight was significantly less than birth weight (mean, 2079 +/- 508 g versus 2331 +/- 512 g, respectively; P < 0.0001). Intrauterine growth restriction was predicted in 43% of infants but was present in only 23%. The percentage difference between measured abdominal circumference and gestational age norm was significantly more than for biparietal diameter and for femur length (P < 0.001). Of the three biometric measures, only the difference between measured abdominal circumference and gestational age norms and the difference between estimated fetal weight and birth weight showed a significant correlation. Both abdominal circumference and femur length correlated with the difference between estimated fetal weight and birth weight. We conclude that the prevalence of intrauterine growth restriction is increased in infants with gastroschisis but is overestimated with prenatal ultrasonography, primarily because of smaller than average abdominal circumference measurements.