Prevalence Of Human Papillomavirus DNA Research Articles

Human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype distribution in penile carcinoma: Association with clinic pathological factors.

BackgroundPenile carcinoma (PC) is a rare, highly mutilating disease, common in developing countries. The evolution of penile cancer includes at least two independent carcinogenic pathways, related or unrelated to HPV infection.ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence, identify HPV genotypes, and correlate with clinicopathological data on penile cancer.MethodsA retrospective cohort study involving 183 patients with PC undergoing treatment in a referral hospital in Goiânia, Goiás, in Midwestern Brazil, from 2003 to 2015. Samples containing paraffin embedded tumor fragments were subjected to detection and genotyping by INNO-LiPA HPV. The clinicopathological variables were subjected to analysis with respect to HPV positivity and used prevalence ratio (PR), adjusted prevalence ratio (PRa) and 95% confidence interval (CI) as statistical measures.ResultsThe prevalence of HPV DNA in PC was 30.6% (95% CI: 24.4 to 37.6), high-risk HPV 24.9% (95% CI: 18.9 to 31.3), and 62.5% were HPV 16. There was a statistical association between the endpoints HPV infection and HPV high risk, and the variable tumor grade II-III (p = 0.025) (p = 0.040), respectively. There was no statistical difference in disease specific survival at 10 years between the HPV positive and negative patients (p = 0.143), and high and low risk HPV (p = 0.325).ConclusionsThe prevalence of HPV infection was 30.6%, and 80.3% of the genotypes were identified as preventable by anti-HPV quadrivalent or nonavalent vaccine. HPV infections and high-risk HPV were not associated with penile carcinoma prognosis in this study.

Genital Wart and Human Papillomavirus Prevalence in Men in the United States From Penile Swabs: Results From National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted infection in the United States that can lead to both malignant (high-risk) and benign (low-risk) findings. These low-risk findings include both genital condyloma, anal warts, and adult or juvenile papillomatosis, which are directly attributable to subtypes HPV 6 and HPV 11. We aim to estimate the prevalence of genital wart infections in men in the US population using a nationwide sample. The NHANES database was queried for all men aged 18 to 59 years during the years 2013 to 2014. During these years, the survey included penile swabs that were tested for HPV infection from 37 subtypes using PCR. Information was also obtained regarding patient reported history of having a genital wart infection previously. A total of 1757 men had information regarding HPV DNA. Fifty-three men tested positive for HPV 6 or HPV 11 DNA. This corresponds to an estimated prevalence of 2.9% (95% confidence interval, 2.2-3.8) of men aged 18-59 years. In addition, 2.2% (95% confidence interval, 1.5-3.3) of men reported a history of genital wart infection. There was no significant association with genital HPV DNA detection with age. Increasing number of sexual partners was associated with higher rates of both genital warts and HPV 6 and HPV 11 DNA. The estimated prevalence of genital HPV DNA in the US male population is 2.9%. This burden of disease could potentially be lowered with increased usage of quadrivalent and nonavalent vaccinations.

Human papillomavirus DNA prevalence and type distribution in oral squamous cell carcinoma in Ghana

Objective: To determine the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods: A total of 88 OSCC specimens collected between 2006 and 2013 were available for the study. DNA was extracted using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens and analysed for the presence of 18 HPV genotypes using a nested polymerase chain reaction using consensus forward primer (GP-E6-3F) and two consensus back primers (GP-E7-5B and GP-E7-6B). Plasmid DNA of HPV 16 and 18 was used as positive controls. Results: HPV DNA was detected in 3 of the 88 samples, a prevalence of 3.4%. Genotypes detected were 16, 18 and 52. Conclusion: The overall prevalence of HPV DNA was 3.4%. Only high-risk genotypes were detected. This low prevalence of high-risk types of HPV suggests that the HPV virus may not have a significant role in the development of oral cancers in Ghana, unlike higher rates described elsewhere in the world, especially in Western countries. Surveillance of future prevalence of HPV and attention to other major risk factors is warranted.

Mucosal and skin HPV types in tumour-free tonsils and tonsillar tumours.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is associated with tonsillar cancer (TC) whose incidence in humans is increasing. Tonsillar tumours are not ordinarily preceded by clinically apparent precancerous lesions, and no markers of the early stage disease are available. Therefore, we evaluated the presence of an active HPV infection also in tumour-free tonsillar tissue. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tonsillar specimens from 114 patients with TC and 114 age and gender matched controls were screened for the presence of HPV DNA, expression of HR-HPV E6 mRNA, and p16 overexpression. HPV DNA was identified in 3.5% of tumour-free tissues, HR-HPV16 and 58 and LR-HPV111 and 17 were each detected in a single sample. No HR HPV E6 mRNA and p16 overexpression was found. The prevalence of HPV DNA in TC was 69.3%, with HPV16 being the most common (94.9%). Eighty-four percent of HPV16-positive tumours expressed HR HPV E6 mRNA, while no E6 mRNA was present in samples positive for HPV52 and 58. The overexpression of p16 correlated well with HPV DNA in TC, but in tumour-free tonsils no overexpression of p16 was detected.Our data provide further evidence of the etiological role of HPV16 in TC. In tumour-free tissue, the presence of HR-HPVs was rare and silent, as shown by direct and indirect markers.

Understanding personal risk of oropharyngeal cancer: risk-groups for oncogenic oral HPV infection and oropharyngeal cancer

BackgroundIncidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal cancer is increasing. There is interest in identifying healthy individuals most at risk for development of oropharyngeal cancer to inform screening strategies. Patients and methodsAll data are from 2009 to 2014, including 13 089 people ages 20–69 in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), oropharyngeal cancer cases from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER 18) registries (representing ∼28% of the US population), and oropharyngeal cancer mortality from National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Primary study outcomes are (i) prevalence of oncogenic HPV DNA in an oral rinse and gargle sample, and (ii) incident oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer. ResultsOncogenic oral HPV DNA is detected in 3.5% of all adults age 20–69 years; however, the lifetime risk of oropharyngeal cancer is low (37 per 10 000). Among men 50–59 years old, 8.1% have an oncogenic oral HPV infection, 2.1% have an oral HPV16 infection, yet only 0.7% will ‘ever’ develop oropharyngeal cancer in their lifetime. Oncogenic oral HPV prevalence was higher in men than women, and increased with number of lifetime oral sexual partners and tobacco use. Men who currently smoked and had ≥5 lifetime oral sexual partners had ‘elevated risk’ (prevalence = 14.9%). Men with only one of these risk factors (i.e. either smoked and had 2–4 partners or did not smoke and had ≥5 partners) had ‘medium risk’ (7.3%). Regardless of what other risk factors participants had, oncogenic oral HPV prevalence was ‘low’ among those with only ≤1 lifetime oral sexual partner (women = 0.7% and men = 1.7%). ConclusionsScreening based upon oncogenic oral HPV detection would be challenging. Most groups have low oncogenic oral HPV prevalence. In addition to the large numbers of individuals who would need to be screened to identify prevalent oncogenic oral HPV, the lifetime risk of developing oropharyngeal caner among those with infection remains low.

Prevalence of HPV infection in hypopharyngeal and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma at Thailand's largest tertiary referral center

BackgroundFollowing the well-established relationship between human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical carcinoma, the carcinogenicity of this virus has also been confirmed in subsets of head and neck carcinoma (HNCA), but mainly in the oropharynx. Other subsites of HNCA with less known association to HPV have never been studied in Thailand. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of HPV DNA in hypopharyngeal and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma in Thai population.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included hypopharyngeal and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients diagnosed and treated at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Siriraj Hospital during the September 2011–December 2013 study period. Presence of HPV genome was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction from pathologically-confirmed fresh specimens. Demographic data and risk factors of HPV infection were evaluated.ResultsEighty patients were included, and 95% of those were male. Only one patient was noted with positive HPV-62 serotype. Most patients consumed tobacco and/or alcohol. Five patients had no risk factors for cancer development. Risk of HPV infection was evaluated by self-reporting questionnaire. The mean age of sexual debut was 20.17 years. Forty-eight patients had multiple sexual partners. Sixteen and seven patients had history of sexually transmitted disease infection and habitual oral sex contact, respectively.ConclusionThere was no oncogenic HPV DNA detected within pathologic specimens of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers in this study. Compared to rates reported from developed countries, the prevalence of HPV-related HNCA in Thailand is very low.

Prevalence of high risk HPV DNA in esophagus is high in Brazil but not related to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

The first publication that associated Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection and esophageal cancer was published in 1982. However, data are still contradictory and require further investigation. The aim of this study was to identify high risk HPV DNA in esophageal tissue of patients with and without esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and correlate HPV presence with classical risk factors. Invited patients signed the informed consent form, and interviews were conducted in order to obtain information about sociodemographic and lifestyle behavior. During endoscopy, esophageal biopsies were collected from case and controls. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction genotyping was conducted on endoscopic biopsies to identify HPV types and HPV-16 was further evaluated by specific PCR real time. Among 87 cases, 12 (13.8%) had tumors harboring high risk HPV DNA and among 87 controls, 12 (13.8%) had high risk HPV DNA (OR:1.025 [CI:0.405:2.592]). Variables regarding consumption of alcohol and use of tobacco continued to characterize risk factors even after adjustments by presence or absence of high risk HPV. HPV was demonstrated to be frequently and similarly associated to normal and malignant esophageal tissues, but not as an independent risk factor to esophageal cancer. To contribute to the Brazilian population data on this subject, which is still contradictory.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Prevalence in Male Adolescents 4 Years After HPV-16/18 Vaccination.

We assessed human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence among HPV-16/18-vaccinated and unvaccinated Finnish male adolescents participating in chlamydia screening 4 years after vaccination with AS04-adjuvanted HPV-16/18 vaccine in 2007-2009. Previously vaccinated (n = 395) or unvaccinated (n = 149) male adolescents were enrolled in 12 municipalities. First-void urine samples were tested for HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, and 68, and prevalence rates for HPV-16/18, and HPV-11/16/18/31/33/45 were reduced profoundly (0% vs 2.1% [P = .02] and 0.8% vs 5.3 [P = .002], respectively). Overall HPV DNA prevalence was also significantly reduced among HPV-16/18-vaccinated (4.1%) compared with unvaccinated subjects (10.1%) (P = .01). In this post hoc study, a highly significant reduction in HPV prevalence 4 years after vaccination suggests that the bivalent HPV-16/18 vaccine has protective efficacy in men.

Prevalence of Genital Human Papillomavirus in Males, United States, 2013-2014.

We report the first nationally representative prevalence data on genital human papillomavirus (HPV) in males in the United States, using findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 2013-2014. Using penile swabs from males aged 14-59 years, we estimated the HPV DNA prevalence and prevalence ratios (PRs) with respect to sexual behaviors and demographic characteristics. The prevalence of any HPV was 42.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 38.3%-46.1%) and of high-risk (HR) HPV was 23.4% (95% CI, 21.3%-25.6%). Prevalence of any HPV was 12.5% in 14-19 year olds and was higher in older age groups, through ages 25-29 years, and then similar through age 59 years. After adjustment for age and race, any HPV prevalence was associated with lifetime number of sex partners (≥15 vs 1-2; PR, 3.27; 95% CI, 2.12-5.02) and past-year number of sex partners (≥2 vs 0; PR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.09-1.46). Comparisons of consecutively older age groups revealed that the prevalence of quadrivalent HPV vaccine types (4vHPV), types 6, 11, 16, and 18, was significantly higher only between ages 25-29 and 20-24 years (PR, 2.79; 95% CI, 1.31-5.96), whereas the prevalence of other HPV types was significantly higher only between ages 20-24 and 14-19 years (PR, 3.39; 95% CI, 2.49-4.61). Overall, 42.2% of US males aged 14-59 years have detectable genital HPV infections. Differences in the age-specific prevalence of 4vHPV types and non-4vHPV types suggest that the vaccination program has had an impact on the prevalence of HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18 among males.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection: Molecular Epidemiology, Genotyping, Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors among Arab Women in Qatar.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infections are known to cause cervical cancer worldwide, however, limited information is currently available on prevalence, types distribution and risk factors for HPV infection in the Arab countries. We conducted a cross-sectional observational study exclusively of women of Arabic origin residing in Qatar (n = 406) who were selected from the Women’s Hospital at Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC) and Health Centers of the Primary Health Care Corporation in Doha, Qatar over the period March 2013 to August 2014. Socio-demographic, behavioral and clinical data were collected. Four hundred and six cervical smears and 292 blood samples were included in the study. HPV typing was done using HPV type-specific primers-based real-time PCR, and Sanger sequencing. HPV-IgG and IgM were quantified using ELISA assays. The prevalence of HPV infection amongst Qatari and non-Qatari Arab women were 9.8% and 6.1%, respectively and 7.6% and 16.7% in women with normal and abnormal cytology, respectively. HPV 81 was the most commonly found genotype in women with normal cytology (34.5%), whereas HPV 81, 16 and 59 in women with abnormal cytology (25.0% each). All the HPV DNA positive women were seronegative and HPV-IgG prevalence was higher in Qatari women than in non-Qatari Arab women. None of the studied factors had any significant association with HPV-DNA positivity or HPV-IgG seropositivity. The overall identified HPV DNA prevalence and HPV seroprevalence among Arab women in Qatar were on the low side compared to global levels.

Distribution Characteristics of Human Papillomavirus Infection: A Study Based on Data from Physical Examination

Objective:Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary cause of cervical cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and type distribution of HPV DNA positive in women undergoing routine physical examination.Methods:2,452 women were enrolled between March and November 2013. Participants were tested for 23 HPV types using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse dot blot hybridization. HPV DNA detection prevalence was estimated in different age groups.Results:Mean age (SD) of study participants was 47.7 (9.8) years. Overall HPV-positive prevalence was 18.9% (463/2452), and 22 out of 23 known subtypes were detected. Single HPV subtype prevalence of infection was 14.4%, and multiple prevalence of infection was 4.5%. The prevalence of HPV DNA in different age groups (20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, ≥70) were 9.3%, 15.6%, 17.1%, 22.1%, 23.0% and 20.0%, respectively. HPV 52 was the most prevalent HPV type, followed by HPV 58, 53, 16 and 68, in descending order of prevalence. The top five low-risk types of HPV were (in descending order): HPV81, 43, 6, 42 and 11.Conclusions:Overall HPV DNA detection prevalence increased significantly with increasing age. Concerning high-risk HPV types, HPV 52, 58, 53, 16 and 51 were the most common in the study.

Effect of HIV Infection on Human Papillomavirus Types Causing Invasive Cervical Cancer in Africa.

Objectives:HIV infection is known to worsen the outcome of cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and may do so differentially by HPV type.Design:Twenty-one studies were included in a meta-analysis of invasive cervical cancers (ICC) among women infected with HIV in Africa.Method:Type-specific HPV DNA prevalence was compared with data from a similar meta-analysis of HIV-negative ICC using prevalence ratios (PR).Results:HPV detection was similar in 770 HIV-positive (91.2%) and 3846 HIV-negative (89.6%) ICC, but HIV-positive ICC harbored significantly more multiple HPV infections (PR = 1.75, 95% confidence intervals: 1.18 to 2.58), which were significantly more prevalent in ICC tested from cells than from biopsies. HPV16 was the most frequently detected type in HIV-positive ICC (42.5%), followed by HPV18 (22.2%), HPV45 (14.4%), and HPV35 (7.1%). Nevertheless, HIV-positive ICC were significantly less frequently infected with HPV16 than HIV-negative ICC (PR = 0.88, 95% confidence intervals: 0.79 to 0.99). Other high-risk types were significantly more prevalent in HIV-positive ICC, but only for HPV18 was there a significantly higher prevalence of both single and multiple infections in HIV-positive ICC. Increases for other high-risk types were primarily accounted for by multiple infections. The proportion of HPV-positive ICC estimated attributable to HPV16/18 (71.8% in HIV positive, 73.4% in HIV negative) or HPV16/18/31/33/45/52/58 (88.8%, 89.5%) was not affected by HIV.Conclusions:HIV alters the relative carcinogenicity of HPV types, but prophylactic HPV16/18 vaccines may nevertheless prevent a similar proportion of ICC, irrespective of HIV infection.

Searching beyond the usual papillomavirus suspects in squamous carcinomas of the vulva, penis and head and neck

Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs) are involved in the etiology of anogenital and head and neck cancers. The HPV DNA prevalence greatly differs by anatomical site. Indeed, the high rates of viral DNA prevalence in anal and cervical carcinomas contrast with the lower fraction of cancer cases attributable to HPVs in other anatomical sites, chiefly the vulva, the penis and head and neck. Here we analyzed 2635 Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded surgical samples that had previously tested negative for the presence of HPVs DNA using the SPF10/DEIA procedure, in order to identify the presence of other PVs not explicitly targeted by standard molecular epidemiologic approaches. All samples were reanalyzed using five broad-PV PCR primer sets (CP1/2, FAP6064/FAP64, SKF/SKR, MY9/MY11, MFI/MFII) targeting the main PV main clades. In head and neck carcinoma samples (n=1141), we recovered DNA from two BetaHPVs, namely HPV20 and HPV21, and from three cutaneous AlphaPVs, namely HPV2, HPV57 and HPV61. In vulvar squamous cell carcinoma samples (n=902), we found one of the samples containing DNA of one cutaneous HPV, namely HPV2, and 29 samples contained DNA from essentially mucosal HPVs. In penile squamous cell carcinoma samples (n=592), we retrieved the DNA of HPV16 in 16 samples. Our results show first that the SPF10/DEIA is very sensitive, as we recovered only 2.1% (55/2635) false negative results; second, that although the DNA of cutaneous HPVs can be detected in cancer samples, their relative contribution remains anyway minor (0.23%; 6/2635) and may be neglected for screening and vaccination purposes; and third, their contribution to malignancy is not necessarily warranted and needs to be elucidated.

Molecular detection of human papillomavirus from abnormal cervical cytology of women attending a tertiary health facility in Ido-ekiti, southwest Nigeria.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been implicated as one of the principal causes of cervical cancer, which is the second highest cause of cancer deaths among Nigerian women. This study was aimed at determining the presence of HPV DNA in abnormal cervical cytology of a group of women who were screened using Papanicolaou staining technique. A total of 200 women attending the Obstetrics and Gynaecology clinic of the Federal Teaching Hospital, Ido-Ekiti, were screened by means of conventional Pap smear screening, while positive samples underwent molecular analyses by means of DNA isolation techniques and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results revealed that 14 (7%) of the subjects were positive for abnormal cytology. Abnormalities found among the subjects included: low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), which constituted 50% of the total abnormal smears, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), which were 28.6% and 21.4%, respectively. Molecular analyses showed that all the samples from abnormal cervical cytology subjected to HPV DNA extraction and gene amplification contained HPV DNA. The high prevalence of HPV DNA in abnormal cytology gives credence to the fact that the presence of HPV is a critical indicator of the development of cervical cancer. Thus more effort should be put into vaccine production and distribution in order to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer in Nigeria.

Investigating the Prevalence of Human Papilloma Virus in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Larynx and Its Correlation with Disease Prognosis.

The human papilloma virus (HPV) can play a role in the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Our aim was to assess the prevalence of HPV DNA in SCC of the larynx. The impact of HPV infection on patient survival was also evaluated. This case-control study was performed in 44 patients with SCC of the larynx (case group), while the control group comprised samples obtained from cadavers with no previous history of malignancy. A preliminary pathologic evaluation was performed on all samples in the control group (36 samples) to ensure the absence of dysplasia or malignancy. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect HPV DNA. After completing the treatment protocol, patients were followed to assess the impact of HPV infection on overall survival (OS). PCR evaluation in the case group showed that HPV DNA was successfully isolated from 11 (25%) samples, while only two (5.6%) HPV DNA-positive were obtained from cadavers. According to these results, a significant difference was obtained in the prevalence of HPV DNA and laryngeal SCC between cases and controls (P=0.031). No statistically significant difference was observed in the OS of patients with or without HPV infection in the case group (P=0.235). Based on these results, we suggest that the prevalence of HPV infection is higher in laryngeal SCC subjects compared with healthy individuals. Although a longer OS was seen in HPV-positive patients, survival analysis did not show a significant difference in the comparison of HPV-positive and negative findings in SCC patients.

Prevalence of HPV After Introduction of the Vaccination Program in the United States.

Since mid-2006, human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination has been recommended for females aged 11 to 12 years and through 26 years if not previously vaccinated. HPV DNA prevalence was analyzed in cervicovaginal specimens from females aged 14 to 34 years in NHANES in the prevaccine era (2003-2006) and 4 years of the vaccine era (2009-2012) according to age group. Prevalence of quadrivalent HPV vaccine (4vHPV) types (HPV-6, -11, -16, and -18) and other HPV type categories were compared between eras. Prevalence among sexually active females aged 14 to 24 years was also analyzed according to vaccination history. Between the prevacccine and vaccine eras, 4vHPV type prevalence declined from 11.5% to 4.3% (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR]: 0.36 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.21-0.61]) among females aged 14 to 19 years and from 18.5% to 12.1% (aPR: 0.66 [95% CI: 0.47-0.93]) among females aged 20 to 24 years. There was no decrease in 4vHPV type prevalence in older age groups. Within the vaccine era, among sexually active females aged 14 to 24 years, 4vHPV type prevalence was lower in vaccinated (≥1 dose) compared with unvaccinated females: 2.1% vs 16.9% (aPR: 0.11 [95% CI: 0.05-0.24]). There were no statistically significant changes in other HPV type categories that indicate cross-protection. Within 6 years of vaccine introduction, there was a 64% decrease in 4vHPV type prevalence among females aged 14 to 19 years and a 34% decrease among those aged 20 to 24 years. This finding extends previous observations of population impact in the United States and demonstrates the first national evidence of impact among females in their 20s.

Role of Human Papillomavirus in Penile Carcinomas Worldwide

BackgroundInvasive penile cancer is a rare disease with an approximately 22 000 cases per year. The incidence is higher in less developed countries, where penile cancer can account for up to 10% of cancers among men in some parts of Africa, South America, and Asia. ObjectiveTo describe the human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA prevalence, HPV type distribution, and detection of markers of viral activity (ie, E6*I mRNA and p16INK4a) in a series of invasive penile cancers and penile high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HGSILs) from 25 countries. A total of 85 penile HGSILs and 1010 penile invasive cancers diagnosed from 1983 to 2011 were included. Design, setting, and participantsAfter histopathologic evaluation of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples, HPV DNA detection and genotyping were performed using the SPF-10/DEIA/LiPA25 system, v.1 (Laboratory Biomedical Products, Rijswijk, The Netherlands). HPV DNA–positive cases were additionally tested for oncogene E6*I mRNA and all cases for p16INK4a expression, a surrogate marker of oncogenic HPV activity. Outcome measurements and statistical analysisHPV DNA prevalence and type distributions were estimated. Results and limitationsHPV DNA was detected in 33.1% of penile cancers (95% confidence interval [CI], 30.2–36.1) and in 87.1% of HGSILs (95% CI, 78.0–93.4). The warty-basaloid histologic subtype showed the highest HPV DNA prevalence. Among cancers, statistically significant differences in prevalence were observed only by geographic region and not by period or by age at diagnosis. HPV16 was the most frequent HPV type detected in both HPV-positive cancers (68.7%) and HGSILs (79.6%). HPV6 was the second most common type in invasive cancers (3.7%). The p16INK4a upregulation and mRNA detection in addition to HPV DNA positivity were observed in 69.3% of HGSILs, and at least one of these HPV activity markers was detected in 85.3% of cases. In penile cancers, these figures were 22.0% and 27.1%, respectively. ConclusionsAbout a third to a fourth of penile cancers were related to HPV when considering HPV DNA detection alone or adding an HPV activity marker, respectively. The observed HPV type distribution reinforces the potential benefit of current and new HPV vaccines in the reduction of HPV-related penile neoplastic lesions. Patient summaryAbout one-third to one-quarter of penile cancers were related to human papillomavirus (HPV). The observed HPV type distribution reinforces the potential benefit of current and new HPV vaccines to prevent HPV-related penile neoplastic lesions.

Socio-Economic Factors and its Correlation with HPV Positivity

Background: Impact of cervical cancer on the women’s life is gradually increasing in India. The causative organism Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) detection holds the potential to be used as a tool to identify women at risk. There is a pressing need for identifying prevalence of asymptomatic cervical HPV infection in the population to prevent its progression into cervical cancer. Objectives: The objectives of this study is to correlate some of the risk factors like education and financial status with the HPV positivity in women prone for cervical cancer. Materials & Methods: 50 women of reproductive age group visiting the gynecology outpatient department in Hyderabad were selected and subjected to polymerase chain reaction using GP5 GP6 primers to detect HPV. Statistical Analysis of the data was done. Results: 7(14%) women tested positive for HPV DNA and HPV prevalence was noted to be more common among literates of middle & low income group. Conclusion: The study generates prevalence of sub-clinical HPV in the women visiting a tertiary care institute as well as peripheral health centers. This data if done in larger groups may be useful for laying guidelines for mass screening of HPV treatment and prophylaxis in the population. In future perhaps cervical cancer screening will shift from a cytology based approach to one in which search for HPV becomes the focus of disease detection with refined and better protocols.

HPV Prevalence in Multiple Anatomical Sites among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Peru.

BackgroundHuman Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted viral infection worldwide. HPV is highly prevalent in sexually active men who have sex with men (MSM) and has been associated with anal cancer, penile cancer, and oropharyngeal cancer.MethodsFrom March to September 2011, we conducted a cross-sectional study of HPV prevalence among MSM above age 18 years. Participants were recruited using respondent driven sampling at Clinica Cayetano Heredia. All participants provided anal, genital, and oral samples for HPV DNA testing, and blood for HIV and HPV antibody testing.ResultsA total of 200 MSM were recruited in the study. The mean age was 34 years (range 18–59 years, SD = 9.4) and101 participants were HIV negative (99 HIV positive). HPV 6/11/16/18 or quadrivalent HPV vaccine (HPV4) genotype seroprevalence among HIV negative and positive MSM was 64.3% (55%-75.9%) and 93.8% (87.6%-99.2%) respectively (p<0.001). HIV positivity was associated with a higher prevalence of HPV4 and HPV 16/18 DNA at external genital sites and the anal canal. HPV4 DNA prevalence at external genital sites among HIV negative and positive MSM was 14.9% and 28.7% (p = 0.02) respectively, at anal canal was 50.9% and 79.0% (p = 0.001), and at the oral cavity was 9.9% and 8.5% (p = 0.6).ConclusionsHPV4 seroprevalence was high in our study among both HIV positives and negatives, with HPV DNA prevalence much lower, and the anal canal being the anatomical site with the highest HPV DNA prevalence. HPV prevention interventions are needed among MSM at high-risk for HIV infection.

Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection in a clinic sample of transsexuals in Italy

ObjectivesDetectable human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA is the most common sexually transmitted infection. Reports on the prevalence of detectable HPV DNA among transsexuals (not sex workers) are scarce. The objective of...