Prevalence Of High-risk Human Papillomavirus Infection Research Articles

Prevalence of high-risk HPV and cervical dysplasia in IUD users and controls: a cross sectional study

Objective To examine the prevalence of infections with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical dysplasia, and the clearance rate of HPV infections, in users of different kinds of intrauterine devices (IUDs) and other contraceptive methods. Methods A cross-sectional register-based study including 16,181 women aged 30–49 years participating in the screening programme for cervical cancer in a Swedish County in 2017–2018. Data on contraception from screening records was paired with the HPV test results, cytological and histological follow-up tests and subsequent HPV test. Results There was no difference in the risk of being HPV positive, or histological HSIL+, between users of copper-containing IUDs and women with no reported use of contraception. Use of levonorgestrel intrauterine system and hormonal contraception were associated with higher odds for HPV infection in age-adjusted models (aOR 1.21; 95% CI 1.04–1.41, and aOR 1.41; 95% CI 1.22–1.63, respectively) and for HSIL+ (aOR 1.45; 95% CI 1.02–2.06, and aOR 1.56; 95% CI 1.13–2.16, respectively). No significant differences were found in HPV clearance rates. Conclusions Reported use of levonorgestrel intrauterine system and hormonal contraception, but not use of copper IUD, was associated with a higher prevalence of HPV infections and histological HSIL + compared to no reported use of contraception.

Prevalence of High-Risk HPV Detection and HPV Vaccination in Cervical Cancer Screening During the HPV Vaccination Era at Siriraj Hospital - Thailand's Largest National Tertiary Referral Center.

To investigate the prevalence of high-risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV) detection and HPV vaccination among women undergoing cervical cancer screening during the HPV vaccination era at Siriraj Hospital - Thailand's largest national tertiary referral center. This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at our center's outpatient gynecology clinic during September-December 2021. Women aged ≥18 years with no previous hysterectomy, no history of preinvasive or invasive cervical cancer, and no current pregnancy who visited for cervical cancer screening were eligible for enrollment. Women with abnormal vaginal discharge/bleeding, and specimens with inadequate cellularity were excluded. We collected sociodemographic data, history of HPV vaccination, cervical cytology results, and high-risk HPV testing results. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to determine HPV genotype. A total of 216 women (mean age: 41.7 years (range: 25-65), 75.9% premenopausal) were enrolled. Twenty of 216 (9.3%) women tested positive for HR-HPV, and 15 of 216 (6.9%) women had been previously vaccinated for HPV. The most common HPV genotypes detected were Group B infection (HPV 35/39/51/56/59/66/68) (38.9%), followed by HPV16 (27.78%), Group A infection (HPV 31/33/52/58) (27.8%), and HPV18 (5.56%). No HPV45 infection was detected. The detection rate of cytologic abnormalities was 4.16%. Three-quarters (77.8%) of patients with cytologic abnormalities were HR-HPV positive. Among the 216 women who underwent cervical cancer screening in this study, there was a 9.3% prevalence of HR-HPV infection, and a 6.9% prevalence of HPV vaccination. Among the 15 vaccinated women, 2 tested positive for HPV16 (1 normal cytology, 1 abnormal cytology).

Epidemiology of human papillomavirus infection in women from Xiamen, China, 2013 to 2023.

Cervical cancer is primarily caused by HPV infection. The epidemiology of HPV infection in specific areas is of great meaning of guide cervical cancer screening and formulating HPV vaccination strategies. Here, we evaluated the epidemiological characteristics of HPV infection in Xiamen population. In total, 159,049 cervical exfoliated cell samples collected from female outpatients in Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen between January 2013 and July 2023 were analyzed. HPV DNA detection was performed using HPV genotyping kits (Hybribio Limited Corp, China). An analysis was conducted on the prevalence of HPV infection, taking into account factors such as age, year, and multiple patterns of HPV infection. The differences in prevalence among age groups and years were compared using χ2 test. The overall prevalence of any 21 HPV genotypes was 18.4%, of which the high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) positive rate was 14.6%. The age-specific prevalence of HPV infection showed a bimodal distribution, with two distinct peaks, one at <25 years (31.2%) and the other at 60-64 years (32.9%). There was a downward trend in the prevalence of HPV infection over time, decreasing from 26.2% in 2013 to 14.5% in 2021, and then increasing to 19.0% in 2023. The five most prevent HR-HPV genotypes were HPV52 (4.0%), 58 (2.6%), 16 (2.5%), 51 (1.8%), and 39 (1.7%). Among the positive cases, 76.7% were detected with only one genotype and 23.3% with multiple genotypes. The most common co-infection was HPV52 + HPV58 (0.24%), followed by HPV16 + HPV52 (0.24%), HPV52 + HPV53 (0.21%), HPV52 + HPV81 (0.21%), HPV51 + HPV52 (0.19%), HPV16 + HPV58 (0.18%), and HPV39 + HPV52 (0.17%). The study provided the largest scale information on the recent epidemiological characteristics of HPV infection in Xiamen, and even in Fujian Province, China, which would support making the prevention and control strategies for cervical cancer in the region.

Current status of high-risk HPV infection and correlation with multiple infections in cervical lesions in Western Guangzhou.

This study aims to investigate the current status of multiple HPV infection and its association with cervical lesions in the western region of Guangzhou. A retrospective analysis of clinical data from cervical cancer screening patients was conducted. The patients were grouped based on HPV genotypes and cervical pathology results to explore the prevalence of high-risk HPV infection and its relationship with cervical lesions in the western region of Guangzhou. The study also analyzed the relationship between high-risk HPV infection and cervical lesions among different age groups. A total of 13,060 patients were included in the study, with an overall infection rate of 18.46% (2,411/13,060). Among them, the infection rate of HPV genotype 16 was 14.14% (341/2,411), HPV genotype 18 was 5.23% (126/2,411), and other 12 high-risk HPV genotypes accounted for 71.96% (1,735/2,411). When comparing the incidence of HSIL+ (high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion or worse) among different HPV genotypes, the results showed that the HPV 16 infection group (47.50%) had a higher incidence than the HPV 18 infection group (25.40%) and the other 12 high-risk HPV genotypes group (15.97%; P < 0.05). In the multiple infection groups, the pathogenicity rates were 63.64% (7/11) for the 16+18 HPV infection group, 42.97% (55/128) for the 16+other 12 high-risk HPV genotypes infection group, 26.79% (15/56) for the 18+other 12 high-risk HPV genotypes infection group, and 57.14% (8/14) for the 16+18+other 12 high-risk HPV genotypes infection group. These rates were significantly different compared to the single infection group (P <0.01). Although there was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of cervical cancer between the HPV 16 infection group and the HPV 18 infection group, both groups had a higher incidence compared to the group with other 12 high-risk HPV genotypes infection (P < 0.05). Further analysis suggests that the severity of cervical lesions is not associated with the number of high-risk HPV infections, i.e., the severity of cervical lesions is unrelated to multiple HPV infections but is instead related to the pathogenicity of the HPV genotypes. The infection rate and multiple HPV infection rate of women under 35 years old were higher than those of women aged 35 and above (20% vs. 17.1%; 2% vs. 1.3%; P < 0.05). Moreover, the pathogenicity rate of HSIL+ among high-risk HPV infection increased with age. In the western region of Guangzhou, the overall infection rate of high-risk HPV is 18.46%. The severity of cervical lesions is unrelated to multiple HPV infections. The fundamental reason is the distinct pathogenicity of different HPV genotypes. The HSIL+ pathogenicity rates, from high to low, are in sequence for HPV 16, HPV 18, and the other 12 HPV types.

Prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus infection among women in Jingzhou, China: a population-based study of 51,720 women

BackgroundCervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide with a serious threat to women’s health. Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) has been identified as the main cause of cervical cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and genotype distribution of HR-HPV among women in Jingzhou, Hubei province, China, which is critical for the government to formulate the precision strategies of cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccine innoculation.MethodsTo obtain the baseline data on the population-based prevalence and genotype distribution of HR-HPV infection among age groups and different years, a total of 51,720 women from 2018 to 2022 who went to Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University for physical examination or gynacological treatment and received HR-HPV DNA genotyping were included in this retrospective study. The possible cervicovaginal infection of 15 high-risk HPV genotypes were analyzed by multiplex fluorescent real-time PCR, including HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68 and 82.ResultsThe overall high-risk HPV prevalence among 51,720 women was 18.75% (9,698/51,720), and the HPV-positive rate of physical examination group (PEG) was 13.22% (541/4,091), which was lower than the HPV-positive rate of gynacological checkup group (GCG) 19.23% (9,157/47,629), with statistical difference (χ2 = 89.069, P < 0.01). The five most common prevalent genotypes were HPV52 (6.55%), HPV58 (3.41%), HPV16 (2.58%), HPV68 (1.82%) and HPV51 (1.57%). Single HPV infection was the predominant (14.36%), which compared to double (3.34%) and multiple (1.05%) infections. The HPV-positive rate was the highest in the > 60 age group (31.73%), and the lowest in the 31–40 age group (15.46%).ConclusionsThe prevalence of high-risk HPV infection among women in Jingzhou area was 18.75%. HPV52, HPV58 and HPV16 genotypes were the most common. The higher prevalence was in the > 60 and ≤ 20 age group, which showed a “U” shape curve, suggesting the necessity of screening among older women to decrease the mortality of cervical cancer.

Prevalence and sociodemographic predictors of high-risk vaginal human papillomavirus infection: findings from a public cervical cancer screening registry

IntroductionHigh-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) screening is vital for early cervical cancer detection and treatment. With the introduction of the national cervical cancer screening programme and screening registry in Malaysia, there is a need to monitor population-based HPV screening uptake and high-risk HPV prevalence as part of cervical cancer surveillance.ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence and sociodemographic factors predicting high-risk HPV infection in Malaysia based on a public, community-based cervical cancer screening registry targeting women at risk of getting HPV infection.MethodsThe study used data from the Malaysian cervical cancer screening registry established by the Family Health Development Division from 2019 to 2021. The registry recorded sociodemographic data, HPV test details and results of eligible women who underwent HPV screening at public primary healthcare facilities. A vaginal sample (via self-sampling or assisted by a healthcare provider) was used for DNA extraction for HPV detection and genotyping. Registry data were extracted and analysed to determine prevalence estimates of high-risk HPV infection. Multifactorial logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine predictors of high-risk HPV infection. All analyses were performed using Stata version 14.ResultsThe programme screened a total of 36,738 women during the study period. Women who attended the screening programme were mainly from urban areas, aged 30–39 years, and of Malay ethnicity. The prevalence of high-risk HPV infection was 4.53% among women screened, with the yearly prevalence ranging from 4.27 to 4.80%. A higher prevalence was observed among urban settling women, those aged 30–49 years, those of Indian ethnicity, and those without children. The results from logistic regression showed that women from urban areas, lower age groups, of Indian or Chinese ethnicity, and who are self-employed were more likely to be infected with high-risk HPV.ConclusionTargeted and robust strategies to reach identified high-risk groups are needed in Malaysia. In addition, the registry has the potential to be expanded for an improved cervical cancer elimination plan.Trial registrationTrial registration number: NMRR ID-22-00187-DJU.

Prevalence and risk factors of oral human papillomavirus infection among 4212 healthy adults in Hebei, China

BackgroundHuman papillomavirus (HPV) infection is an essential cause of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma that is increasing in incidence worldwide. However, little is known about the epidemiology of oral HPV infection among healthy adults in China.MethodsA study in northern China was conducted in 2021 as baseline data of Diverse Life-Course Cohort (DLCC). Residents who aged above 20 were eligible to participate. Oral swab specimens and questionnaires were collected from 4226 participants. HPV DNA in oral exfoliated cells was tested by Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction approach and sequencing. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the associations between exposure factors and oral HPV infection.ResultsOverall prevalence of oral HPV infection was 4.08% (95%CI, 3.69%-4.68%). The most prevalent HPV type detected was HPV-81 (1.35%; 95% CI, 1.00%–1.70%), followed by HPV-16 (0.64%; 95% CI, 0.40%–0.88%). Oral HPV infection presented a bimodal pattern with respect to age in male and female participants. Oral HPV prevalence of male participants was significantly higher than prevalence of female participants (5.0% versus 3.6%, P = 0.041). Prevalence of oral HPV was higher among current smokers (OR = 1.59; 95% CI, 1.11–2.29; P = 0.039) and current drinkers (OR = 1.60; 95% CI, 1.14–2.25; P = 0.023). Current alcohol consumption was independently associated with oral HPV infection (OR = 1.74; 95% CI, 1.22–2.50; P = 0.010).ConclusionsAmong healthy adults aged above 20 in Hebei, China, the prevalence of high-risk HPV infection was 1.92% (95%CI, 1.51%-2.34%). Oral HPV prevalence was independently associated with alcohol consumption. More tailored prevention strategies are needed to prevent oral HPV infection through smoking cessation, reduction of alcohol consumption, and HPV vaccination.

Association between Dietary Vitamin E Intake and Human Papillomavirus Infection among US Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is responsible for most genital, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers, in which men contribute significantly to infection and subsequent tumorigenesis in women. Vitamin E has been shown to be associated with vaginal HPV infection and cervical cancer. However, the association of vitamin E consumption with HPV infection among the overall population remains unclear. We investigate the association between vitamin E consumption and genital and oral HPV infection in both men and women. We used cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2013 and 2016 to collect details on their dietary vitamin E intake, genital and oral HPV infection status, and other essential variables. In total, 5809 participants aged 18-59 years were identified, with overall prevalence of high-risk and low-risk HPV infection of 23.7% and 21.1%, respectively. Compared with the lowest vitamin E group Q1 (<5.18 mg/day), the adjusted OR for vitamin E consumption and overall high-risk HPV infection in Q2 (5.18-7.54 mg/day), Q3 (7.55-10.82 mg/day), and Q4 (>10.82 mg/day) were 0.91 (95% CI: 0.81-1.03, p = 0.134), 0.77 (95% CI: 0.69-0.87, p < 0.001), and 0.72 (95% CI: 0.65-0.80, p < 0.001), respectively. Restricted cubic spline regression showed a linear relationship between vitamin E consumption and overall high-risk HPV infection. This linear relationship also existed for vitamin E consumption and overall low-risk HPV infection. After being stratified by gender and site, vitamin E consumption was inversely related to vaginal low- and high-risk HPV infection, penile high-risk HPV infection, and male oral low-risk HPV infection. In conclusion, we identified inverse linear relationships between dietary vitamin E intake and overall high- and low-risk HPV infection. Future well-designed longitudinal studies are still required to validate the impact of vitamin E on HPV carcinogenesis.

First study of genital HPV infection among women living with HIV recruited from May to September 2018 in Eastern Algeria.

Genital HPV infection is recognized worldwide as one of the most common, if not the most common, sexually transmitted infection. Several studies have shown a higher prevalence of HPV infection in women living with HIV (WLWH). We aimed to determine the prevalence of HPV, the circulating genotypes, and its association with risk factors among Algerian WLHIV. Cervical specimens were collected from 100 WLHIV. The detection of HPV infection was performed by Roche Linear Array test. The overall prevalence of HPV infection was determined at 32%, all including high risk HPV (HR-HPV). We found a great diversity of HR-HPV genotypes, the most common individually were HPV52, HPV16, HPV18 and HPV58, The highest prevalence was found in groups of genotype 52, 25%. HPV16 and 18 were less common (16%). Cervical cytology was abnormal in 66% (81.3% in the HPV + population), with a predominance of inflammatory lesions (75% HPV +), The most important determining risk factor for HPV infection in this series was a low CD4 T cell count <200/mm3 found in 72% of the HPV positive participants. Our study is an initial database, to be completed by a multicenter study to determine the most frequent genotypes in Algerian WLHIV, in order to discuss the introduction of the vaccine against HPV in Algeria, especially among WLHIV.

High-risk human papillomavirus prevalence among patients with cervical cancer at Moewardi General Hospital in Surakarta, Indonesia

Link of Video Abstract: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ryf_-hvseVc Introduction: In Indonesia, cervical cancer is the second most prevalent type of cancer among the general population. Cervical cancer has the second-highest mortality rate of all cancers. Infection with the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is one of the causes that starts the growing phase of cervical cancer. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to determine the prevalence of HPV infection in patients with cervical cancer who were examined at Dr. Moewardi Hospital and lived in the ex-Surakarta Residency. Methods: Cervical tissue biopsy at the Anatomical Pathology Installation of Dr. Moewardi General Hospital Surakarta which had been diagnosed as cervical cancer was examined by the detection of E6 protein from HPV 16 and HPV 18 using immunohistochemical staining techniques. The data obtained would be analyzed based on the characteristics of the patient's age and the degree of histopathological malignancy with a p-value &lt; 0.05 deemed significant. Results: Overall, the prevalence of high-risk HPV infection was 77.8% (35/45), with women aged between 41-55 years having the highest prevalence of HPV infection (45.7, 16/35), followed by women aged 56-70 (42.9%), women over 70 (8.6%) and women under 40 (2.9%). The results of statistical tests showed that no significant relationship was found between HPV infection and age (p = 0.428). High-risk HPV infection was most prevalent in the poorly differentiated group (54.3%), followed by the well-differentiated group (34.3%) and the moderately differentiated group (11.4%). The results of statistical tests revealed a significant association between HPV infection and tumor grade (p = 0.027). Conclusion: To lower patient morbidity and mortality, it is crucial to receive a prophylactic HPV vaccine due to the incidence of HPV 16 and 18 infections in patients with cervical cancer at the Regional Hospital Dr. Moewardi Surakarta, with a prevalence of 77.8%.

Prevalence and Risk Factors for High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Infection and Cervical Disorders: Baseline Findings From an Human Papillomavirus Cohort Study.

A persistent infection by high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) is a prerequisite for the development of cervical neoplasms; however, most studies have focused on risk factors associated with HPV-16 and HPV-18 only. We assessed the association of risk factors with the prevalence of HPV-16, HPV-18, and non-16/18 HR-HPV infection and with the occurrence of cervical lesions in the baseline of a cohort study of HPV persistence in a Mexican population. Cross-sectional study within the baseline of a 5-year dynamic cohort study of HR-HPV persistence in women with an abnormal cytology study result from 2015 to 2021. HPV DNA was detected using the Anyplex II HPV 28 kit. Data on lifestyle, sociodemographic, and reproductive factors were assessed using bivariate and multivariate analyses to determine the association of risk factors with HR-HPV infection status and histopathologic diagnosis. A total of 373 women were included in the study. The overall prevalence of HR-HPV infection was 69.97%. The most prevalent HR-HPV genotypes, including single and multiple infections, were HPV-53 (13.4%), HPV-16 (11.8%), HPV-58 (10.9%), HPV-31 (10.9%), and HPV-66 (10.7%). We found 90 multiple HR-HPV infection patterns, all of them with α-6 and -9 species. Significant associations of multiple HPV-16 and non-16/18 HR-HPV infections were found with marital status, number of lifetime sexual partners, and smoking history. The most prevalent genotype in CIN1 and CIN2 patients was HPV-16. No association was found between biological plausibility risk factors and cervical lesions. The risk factors for non-16/18 HR-HPV multiple infections are no different than those linked to HPV-16 multiple infections.

Interest of high-risk HPV typing by hybrid capture 2 in severe cervical dysplasias (CIN2/3) in Algeria

Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) is the leading cause of cervical precancerous lesions and cervical cancer. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) types among women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN 2-3) and to evaluate the interest of high-risk HPV typing by hybrid capture 2 (HC2) in severe cervical dysplasias. 110 women were subjected to cyto-histological diagnostics and to the HPV test by HC2. The HC2 performance tests included Chi 2. Our results showed that the average age at the gynecological consultation in relation to cervical lesions was 38.75 ± 9.59 (22-72 years). The overall prevalence of HPV infection was 41.8%. High-risk HPV (HR-HPV) was detected in 31.8% of the total patients. In comparison with the other cytopathological stages, the HC2 test made it possible to evaluate the rate of HR-HPV at the CIN2/3 stage at 86% (p&lt;0.0061). In conclusion the prevalence of HR-HPV associated with cervical lesions is comparable to those in the literature. HC2 Allows good detection of HR-HPV in severe cervical dysplasias and can be used to compensate for the absence of vaccines in our country.

Genotype heterogeneity of high-risk human papillomavirus infection in Ethiopia.

Cervical cancer is a vaccine-preventable sexually transmitted disease. In the year 2020, there were an estimated 604,000 new cases and 342,000 deaths worldwide. Although its incidence is global, it is much higher in sub-Saharan African countries. In Ethiopia, there is a scarcity of data about the prevalence of high-risk HPV infection and its association with cytological profiles. Therefore, this study was conducted to fill this information gap. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April 26 to August 28, 2021, and enrolled 901 sexually active women. Socio-demographic and other relevant bio-behavioral and clinical data were collected using a standardized questionnaire. Visual inspection with acetic acid [VIA] was done as an initial screening method for cervical cancer. The cervical swab was then collected using L-Shaped FLOQSwabs in eNAT nucleic acid preservation and transportation medium. A Pap test was done to determine the cytological profile. Nucleic acid was extracted using STARMag 96 ProPrep Kit on SEEPREP32. A Real-time multiplex assay was performed to amplify and detect the HPV L1 gene used for genotyping. The data were entered into Epi data version 3.1 software and exported to STATA version 14 for analysis. A total of 901 (age range from 30 to 60 years, mean age = 34.8 years, and SD± 5.8) women were screened for cervical cancer using VIA and 832 women had a valid co-testing (Pap test and HPV DNA testing) results for further process. The overall prevalence of hr HPV infection was 13.1%. Out of 832 women, 88% of them had normal and 12% had abnormal Pap test results. The proportion of high risk HPV was significantly higher among women with abnormal cytology (X 2 = 688.446, p < 0.001) and younger age (X 2 = 15.3408, p = 0.018). Among 110 women with hr HPV, 14 genotypes (HPV-16, -18, -31, -33, -35, -39, -45, -51, -52, -56, -58, -59, -66, and -68) were identified while HPV-16, -31, -52, -58, and -35 genotypes were highly prevalent. The high risk HPV infection continues to be a significant public health problem among women 30-35 years old. The presence of high-risk HPV irrespective of genotypes is highly correlated with cervical cell abnormalities. Genotype heterogeneity is observed suggesting the importance of periodic geospatial genotyping surveillance for vaccine effectiveness.

Prevalence and Characteristics of Human Papillomavirus Infection in Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Papilloma.

Studies on human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in oropharyngeal squamous papilloma (OPSP) are lacking, although HPV infection has been recognized as the primary cause of oropharyngeal cancer for several decades. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of HPV infections in patients with OPSP. We retrospectively enrolled patients with histologically confirmed OPSP in whom the presence of HPV infections and p16 expression were evaluated. The results of HPV infection in OPSP were analyzed according to the clinicodemographic profiles. Of the 83 patients included in this study, HPV test results were positive in 12 patients, with an overall prevalence of 14.5%. HPV genotypes involved low-risk and high-risk HPV types in three (3.6%) and nine (10.8%) patients, respectively. The most prevalent genotype was HPV16, accounting for 58.3% of all HPV infections. None of the OPSPs showed p16 IHC positivity. There were trends toward a higher prevalence of high-risk HPV infection in patients with OPSP aged ≤45 years, never-smokers, and those with multifocal diseases. These findings could enhance our understanding of HPV infection in OPSP and be used as valuable epidemiological data for the management of HPV-associated OPSP and regarding the possible efficacy of HPV vaccinations in OPSP.

Prevalence and risk factors for human papillomavirus infection among female sex workers in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam: a cross-sectional study.

Female sex workers (FSWs) are at high risk of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and cervical cancer due to their high number of sexual partners. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of HPV and identify risk factors for high-risk HPV infection among FSWs in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Viet Nam. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Hanoi and HCMC between December 2017 and May 2018. We surveyed and screened 699 FSWs aged 318 years for HPV infection and abnormal cytology. A multivariable modified Cox regression model was used to determine risk factors for high-risk HPV infection. The overall prevalence of any HPV, high-risk HPV and HPV-16/18 infection in the 699 FSWs was 26.3%, 17.6% and 4.0%, respectively, and were similar in both cities. Multiple infections were identified in 127 participants (69.0%). HPV-52 was the most prevalent (7%), followed by HPV-58 (6%). Abnormal cytology was detected in 91 participants (13.0%). FSWs who are divorced (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR]: 1.96, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-3.81), widowed (aPR: 3.26, 95% CI: 1.49-7.12) or living alone (aPR: 1.85, 95% CI: 1.01-3.39) were associated with a higher prevalence of high-risk HPV infection. Almost one in five FSWs in Viet Nam are infected with high-risk HPV. This highlights the importance of prevention strategies such as HPV vaccination and screening in this high-risk group.

Performance of HPV testing, Pap smear and VIA in women attending cervical cancer screening in Kilimanjaro region, Northern Tanzania: a cross-sectional study nested in a cohort

ObjectiveThere is a concern about performance of the screening approaches, where information on the quality of novel and affordable screening approaches that will perform well in remote areas is warranted....

High prevalence of and factors associated with human papillomavirus infection among women attending a tertiary hospital in Gauteng Province, South Africa

BackgroundPersistent high-risk (hr) human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a necessary cause of cervical cancer. Cervical cancer is a major public health problem in Sub-Saharan Africa including South Africa. This study investigated the prevalence of and factors associated with hr-HPV infection among women attending a tertiary hospital in Gauteng Province, South Africa.MethodsCervical samples were collected from 526 participants aged ≥ 18 years using a Cervex Brush® Combi and tested for hr-HPV types on the Abbott m2000 analyzer using the Abbott RealTime HR HPV assay. Samples that tested hr-HPV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-positive were further tested for hr-HPV E6/E7 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) using the APTIMA® HPV assay on the Panther system (Hologic, Inc.). Sociodemographic data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Binomial regression analysis was used to assess factors associated with hr-HPV infection.ResultsOverall hr-HPV DNA prevalence was 48.1% (95%CI: 43.8–52.4%). Of the hr-HPV DNA-positives, 24.5% (95%CI: 19.3–30.1) had HPV-16; 12.3% (95%CI: 8.5–16.9) had HPV-18 and 87.4% (95%CI: 82.6–91.2) had other 12 h-HPVs. Of the samples positive for hr-HPV DNA, 84.2% (95%CI: 79.1–88.5) (213/253) were positive for hr-HPV E6/E7 mRNA. Advanced age was an important factor linked to hr-HPV E6/E7 mRNA positivity. Based on multivariate binomial regression analysis, unemployment (PR: 1.50; 95%CI: 1.23–1.83) and being married (PR: 0.61; 95%CI: 0.47–0.81) were identified as statistically significant (p < 0.0001) predictive and protective factors, respectively, for hr-HPV infection.ConclusionsThe prevalence of hr-HPV infection was high. Furthermore, hr-HPV DNA-positive samples had a high hr-HPV E6/E7 mRNA prevalence. The presence of hr-HPV E6/E7mRNA indicates active infection and thus a greater risk of developing the cervical disease. Therefore, HPV mRNA testing could be a better test to monitor women who are positive with Pap smear before colposcopy is performed to reduce the burden of referrals.

The prevalence of human papillomavirus among women in northern Guangdong Province of China

Globally, cervical cancer, whose etiologic factor is Human papillomavirus (HPV), is the third most common cancer among women. In cervical cancer screening, HPV testing is important. However, the prevalence of HPV in northern Guangdong Province has not been conclusively determined. A total of 100,994 women attending Yuebei People's Hospital Affiliated to Shantou University Medical College between 2012 and 2020 were recruited. HPV was tested by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based hybridization gene chip assay. The prevalence of HPV among these women was established to be19.04%. Peak prevalence was observed in women aged 40–49 (7.29%). Besides, the prevalence of single-type HPV infection (14.46%) was significantly high, compared to multiple-type infection (4.58%) (p < 0.01), while the prevalence of high-risk HPV infection (19.97%) was significantly higher than that of low-risk genotypes (5.48%) (p < 0.01). The most prevalent high-risk genotypes were HPV52 (4.16%), HPV16 (2.98%), HPV58 (2.15%), HPV53 (1.58%) and HPV68 (1.34%). HPV co-infection with up to 10 genotypes was reported for the first time. Our findings suggested a high burden of HPV infections among women in northern Guangdong. Establishing the prevalence and genotype distribution characteristics of HPV infections in the region can contribute to cervical cancer prevention through HPV vaccination.

Feasibility of self-sampling and human papillomavirus testing in rural and urban areas for cervical cancer prevention in Bolivia: an observational study

Cervical cancer is a major health problem in Latin America. In 2019, the Italian Agency for Development Cooperation (La Paz regional site) conducted a pilot study to estimate the prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) and the feasibility of HPV screening in Bolivia through self-sampling and portable and transportable laboratory instruments for HPV testing in urban and rural areas. Women aged 20-65 years from La Paz (urban area), Torotoro (rural area), and Acasio (rural area) were enrolled by invitation from local public health centres between Dec 1, 2019, and June 30, 2021. Self-sampling was carried out with the Viba-Brush system (Rovers, Oss, Netherlands) and samples were preserved in ThinPrep containers (Hologic Corporation, San Diego, CA, USA). The GeneXpert system (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) for high-risk HPV testing detects HPV E6 and E7 DNA via real-time PCR in a mobile system of easy execution requiring minimal manual intervention. The system provides results in about 1 h. Women with a positive test for HPV types 16, 18, or 45 were invited for a follow-up colposcopy. Data analysis was done considering the following age groups: <20, 20-34, 35-44, and 45-65 years. The study terminated later than expected (in June, 2021, instead of in November, 2020) due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and follow-up test retrieval is still ongoing. 2201 women were enrolled: 622 (28·3%) in La Paz, 768 (34·9%) in Torotoro, and 811 (36·8%) in Acasio. Only one sample was collected from each participant. 2076 (94·3%) of 2201 samples were adequate (yielding a negative or positive result) for HPV testing. 264 (12·7%) samples were positive for high-risk HPV. The observed prevalence was higher in the 20-34 age group (145 [15·5%] of 938) than in the 35-44 age group (60 [10·5%] of 571) and in the 45-65 years age group (37 [8·3%] of 444). Ages were not recorded for 123 samples, which are not included in the prevalence-per-age analysis. HPV positivity was detected in 94 (15·3%) of 614 samples from women from La Paz, 86 (12·9%) of 667 samples from patients from Torotoro, and 84 (10·6%) of 795 samples from patients from Acasio (risk ratio urban vs rural 1·4 [95% CI 1·04-1·80], p=0·029). Overall positivity was 58 (7·3%) of 795 for HPV type 16 and 38 (1·8%) of 2076 for HPV types 18 and 45. From the follow-up data available to date, all high-grade lesions detected on follow-up colposcopy were related to HPV types 16, 18, or 45, isolated or in co-infection with other high-risk HPV types. The total and age-adjusted prevalence of high-risk HPV infection in rural and urban areas in Bolivia, as measured with a validated test for screening, is similar to that observed in Europe and the USA. Our study shows that a screening protocol for HPV testing with self-sampling would be feasible in urban and rural areas in Bolivia, and that the high prevalence of cervical cancer in Bolivia is likely to be related to the scarcity of screening programmes, and not to a higher occurrence of high-risk HPV infections. Carrying out HPV tests locally avoids the issues associated with transport and storage of the material collected, and allows the participant to wait in the clinic for the test result. However, the cost of HPV testing, at about €15 per test, is still a major hurdle for low-income countries. Joint initiatives between the national scientific community, international institutions, and manufacturers could allow widespread testing of HPV to be rolled out in Bolivia and other countries with similar contexts. Italian Agency for Development Cooperation (Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs), as a part of an ongoing technical assistance programme with the Bolivian Ministry of Health.

The prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus among women in Guangxi, southern China

BackgroundHuman papillomavirus is a primary cause of cervical cancer and genital warts. HPV vaccine can prevent high-grade cervical lesions as well as cervical cancer. The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus among women in Guangxi before and after the HPV vaccine was approved for use in China.MethodsFrom January 2016 to May 2021, 41,140 women were tested for HPV infection. HPV genotyping included 15 high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) and 6 low-risk HPV (LR-HPV) genotypes. Total prevalence, annual trend, and specific age group prevalence and genotype distribution were analyzed.ResultsThe overall HPV infection rate was 18.10% among Guangxi women self-referred to clinic for gynecologic problems in southern China. During 2016–2018, the prevalence of HPV infection showed an upward trend, from 18.21% in 2016 to 21.99% in 2018, and later it showed a downward trend, from 18.35% in 2019 to 12.26% in May 2021. Pure HR-HPV genotypes (14.36%) were found in more infections than pure LR-HPV genotypes (2.77%) and mixed genotypes (0.97%). Two peaks of HPV infection were found in the ≤ 25 years (22.94%) and 56–65 years (21.25%) groups. The six most prevalent HR-HPV genotypes were HPV 52 (4.06%), 16 (2.70%), 58 (2.24%), 51 (1.87%), 39 (1.52%), and 53 (1.52%). The three most prevalent LR-HPV genotypes were HPV 6 (1.31%), CP8304 (1.01%), and 11 (0.82%). Infection with a single HR-HPV genotype was the most common type of infection, with an overall infection rate of 12.30%. Infection with two HPV genotypes was the most common multiple HR-HPV infection type, with an infection rate of 2.35%.ConclusionsThe cervical HPV infection rate of women in Guangxi is very high, and there is significant age specificity. There is a need to increase HPV vaccination of young people and the screening of middle-aged and elderly people.