Prevalence Of Halitosis Research Articles

An intra-oral infection Halitosis and its Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment Strategies – A Systematic Review

Halitosis, commonly known as foul breath, affects a substantial portion of the population and often goes unaddressed for an extended period before individuals seek help from specialized clinics. This condition can have significant social and psychological implications. While halitosis can stem from various underlying causes, the oral cavity is responsible for the majority of cases (about 90%). Factors such as bacterial buildup on the tongue and inflammation of the gums or surrounding tissues contribute significantly to oral halitosis. Dentists frequently encounter patients with halitosis in their practice and must possess effective strategies to manage it. Utilizing established methodologies, dentists can achieve considerable therapeutic efficacy. Despite the prevalence of halitosis, many individuals endure its effects for prolonged periods before seeking assistance from dedicated clinics. The literature provides numerous recognized methods for diagnosing and treating halitosis, and this article comprehensively explores these aspects.

Factors associated with halitosis reported by parents/caregivers in individuals with Down syndrome.

Data on halitosis among individuals with Down syndrome (DS) are scarce. The aim was to evaluate factors associated with the occurrence of halitosis reported by parents/caregivers (P/Cs) in individuals with DS. A cross-sectional study was conducted in non-governmental assistance institutions in the State of Minas Gerais-Brazil. P/Cs have answered an electronic questionnaire with sociodemographic, behavioral and oral health data. Factors associated with halitosis were evaluated by multivariate logistic regression. The sample comprised 227 P/Cs (age 48.8±13.2 years; 82.9% mothers) of individuals with DS (age 20.8±13.5 years). The prevalence of halitosis in the total sample was 34.4% (n=78) and its occurrence was associated: 1) in individuals with DS ≤18 years old (26.2%; n=27)-negative perception of oral health (OR=3.91); 2) in individuals with DS>18 years (41.1%; n=51)-gingival bleeding (OR=4.53), absence of tongue brushing (OR=4.50), negative perception of oral health (OR=2.72). The occurrence of halitosis in individuals with DS reported by P/Cs was relevant and associated with dental factors, having a negative impact on the perception of oral health. Oral hygiene practices, especially tongue brushing, should be reinforced to prevent and control halitosis.

Accuracy of two methods to detect the presence of halitosis: the volatile sulfur compounds concentration in the mouth air and the information from a close person.

This study aimed to analyze the accuracy of two methods for detecting halitosis, the organoleptic assessment by a trained professional (OA) with volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) measurement via Halimeter® (Interscan Corporation) and information obtained from a close person (ICP). Participants were patients and companions who visited a university hospital over one year period to perform digestive endoscopy. A total of 138 participants were included in the VSC test, whose 115 were also included in the ICP test. ROC curves were constructed to establish the best VSC cut-off points. The prevalence of halitosis was 12% (95%CI: 7% to 18%) and 9% (95%CI 3% to 14%) for the OA and ICP, respectively. At the cut-off point >80 parts per billion (ppb) VSC, the prevalence of halitosis was 18% (95%CI: 12% to 25%). At the cut-off point >65 ppb VSC, sensitivity and specificity were 94% and 76%, respectively. At the cut-off point >140 ppb, sensitivity was 47% and specificity 96%. For the ICP, sensitivity was 14% and specificity 92%. VSC presents high sensitivity at the cut-off point of >65 ppb and high specificity at the cut-off point of >140 ppb. ICP had high specificity, but low sensitivity. The OA can express either occasional or chronic bad breath, whereas the ICP can be a potential instrument to detect chronic halitosis.

Prevalence of halitosis among young adults in Dunedin, New Zealand.

To investigate the prevalence of halitosis in young adults. Young adults (n=372; mean age=21.0 ± 2.6 years old, range=18-30 years) in Dunedin, New Zealand, were recruited into the cross sectional study after providing informed consent. The prevalence of halitosis was determined using both objective measurements (parts per billion [ppb] volatile sulphur compounds [VSCs] in the exhaled air) and subjective measurements (self-reported halitosis questionnaire, tongue coating index, and organoleptic assessment). Volatile sulphur compounds measurements indicated that the prevalence of halitosis (values ≥140 ppb) was 31.2%; 25.6% of participants self-reported halitosis. The organoleptic assessment revealed that 14.3% of the participants had a score of ≥2. A positive correlation was found between the VSC measurements and organoleptic assessment (p < 0.05). No significant relationship was found between self-reported halitosis and either organoleptic assessment or VSC measurements. Self-reported dry mouth, smoking, oral hygiene index, DMFT index, and tongue coating score were significantly associated with the organoleptic assessment (p < 0.05). The self-reported dry mouth, mouth breathing and tongue coating score were significantly associated with the VSC scores (p < 0.05). Halitosis, as represented by VSC, was found in 31.2% of the participants. VSC scores and organoleptic assessment were positively correlated. There was no significant relationship between self-reported halitosis and either organoleptic assessment or VSC measurements.

Prevalence of Halitosis among Orthodontics Patients

Aim: To evaluate prevalence and knowledge about halitosis among the patients visiting orthodontic department after application of Orthodontics appliances. Study design: Cross-sectional study Place and duration of study: Department of Orthodontics, Bacha Khan College of Dentistry, Mardan from 1st October 2020 to 30th September 2021. Methodology: A questionnaire based study was carried out on a total of 700 orthodontic patients. Only those patients were included who had orthodontic appliances. Results: 52.30% of the respondents were having prevalence of bad breath. Among those who had prevalence of bad breath, approximately two third (73%) were self-aware of their bad breath. 530 (75.71%) were conscious that they should appointment a dentist while majority were uninformed of the medical term for bad breath i.e. meaning of Halitosis 470 (67.15%). Conclusion: The frequency of halitosis amongst the patients was found to be 52.30%. Keywords: Halitosis, Oral Hygiene, Awareness, Oral health status, Oral malodor

Prevalence of Halitosis in Children and Associated Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Prevalence of Halitosis in Children and Associated Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Prevalence of self-reported halitosis and associated factors in 15 years old male students in Karbala City-Iraq

Background׃ Halitosis is a common condition and is most often caused by a buildup of bacteria in the mouth because of gum disease, food, or plaque. It can result in anxiety among those affected, it is also associated with depression and symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder. The aim of this study isto assess the prevalence of self-reported halitosis and associated factors (dental plaque, gingival condition and dental caries) in 15 years old male students in Karbala city in Iraq. Additionally, we studied adolescents’ concern with their own breath and whether anyone had ever told them that they had halitosis. Methods׃ A cross sectional observational survey was conducted to15 years old high school students from public and private schools in the city of Karbala, Iraq. The random sample consisted of 400 adolescents from 44 schools. An interview with a structured questionnaire was administered along with measurement of oral parameters (PI, GI, DMF). Results׃ The prevalence of self-reported halitosis was 48.50% according to question one. Prevalence of halitosis according to total score of questionnaire was 86.5%. 13.5% reported that they didn’t have halitosis. It is concluded that there is high prevalence of self-reported halitosis, which is associated with a socioeconomic pattern. Most adolescents report concern with their own breath. Dental plaque and gingival status are associated significantly with self-reported halitosis. The high prevalence of self-reported halitosis according to questionnaire among the students may be due to the consumption of garlic or spicy food, in addition dental plaque, gingivitis and dental caries cause increase in volatile silver compound level which cause increase in halitosis. Conclusion׃ Self-reported halitosis is a prevalent situation in about 50% of adolescents in Karbala city. Patients’ self-reported halitosis is found to be associated with dental plaque, gingivitis and dental caries.

Prevalence and Psychosocial Impact of Halitosis: A Cross-sectional Study

Objective: This study's objective was to assess whether halitosis had a psychosocial impact among a sample of the Saudi population. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional survey of 320 randomly selected residents’ adults in Qassim province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was conducted using a distributed questionnaire in dense population facilities. Results: Half (50.0%) of the participants in this study expressed concern about halitosis. The participants that expressed concern about halitosis were mostly in the 25- to 27-year-old age group. Halitosis seems to be threatening to friendships, relationships, and marriages. Discussion: Prevalence of oral halitosis was reported by 17% of the male and 16% of the female in this study, which lower than the prevalence of halitosis in other studies. This study reported some obstacle that halitosis patient has: the shyness of speech and inability to meet other people because of this disease. A survey of other studies reported that 34% of halitosis participants had made them hesitant to speak to others, and 12.6% completely avoids others. Conclusion: Halitosis could have a socially crippling effect that could affect people's life. Participants who were affected by the conditions and aware of it most likely will seek treatment.

Prevalence of halitosis and related factors in North Indian population- A hospital based cross-sectional study

Prevalence of halitosis and related factors in North Indian population- A hospital based cross-sectional study

Targeted polymerase chain reaction-based expression of putative halitogenic bacteria and volatile sulphur compound analysis among halitosis patients at a tertiary hospital in Nigeria.

Halitosis (bad breath) can be a cause of anxiety, depression and psychosocial stress, with pathological changes in the oral microbiota playing an important role in its development. Despite its prevalence, studies on the microbiology of halitosis are rare in Nigeria. This study determines the presence of five putative periodontal pathogens viz: Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Treponema denticola on the tongue dorsa of halitosis and non-halitosis patients using a 16S rDNA-directed polymerase chain reaction assay. Furthermore, an association of these bacteria with oral malodour [as assessed by volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) measurements] with a portable sulphide monitor, the Halimeter (Interscan Corp, Chatsworth, California), was performed. The results showed that the prevalence of halitosis in this environment as defined by VSC level above 160ppb is 14.9%. Halitosis is affected by gender with males having it more than the females. Males also tend to present more with self-reported complaints of halitosis than females. Age does not appear to contribute to the incidence of halitosis. Fusobacterium nucleatum, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia are responsible for increased production of VSCs in halitosis patients while A. actinomycetemcomitans and T. denticola appear to play no part in the production of VSCs. Evaluation of halitogenic bacteria and VSCs may potentially become a surrogate biomarker for monitoring halitosis. Targeted assessment of putative halitogenic bacteria may provide a rapid point-of-care diagnostic tool for halitosis.

Prevalence and relevant factors of halitosis in Chinese subjects: a clinical research

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of halitosis among Chinese subjects and to analyze the associated factors that influence halitosis.MethodsThis study included subjects complaining of halitosis who came to the clinic between 2014 and 2016. Questionnaires were used to obtain general information from patients. An organoleptic test was conducted, and volatile sulfur compounds measurement was obtained to assess halitosis. In conjunction with these tests, the oral health status of each patient was recorded.ResultsIn total, there were 205 samples entered into data analysis, and the patients’ age ranged from 18 to 71 years (mean ± SD: 32.44 ± 10.31). Of these patients, 65.9% had an organoleptic score ≥ 2, and 41% of patients had a volatile sulfur compound level ≥ 110 ppb. The findings indicated that the prevalence of halitosis was higher in males than in females (55.6% vs. 44.4%, respectively, P = 0.018). Several factors including the duration of bad breath, rhinitis, tongue coating and periodontal conditions were found to be associated with the organoleptic score. Tongue coating was also associated with the volatile sulfur compound level.ConclusionsAmong these subjects, 65.9% had halitosis. Oral health status was strongly associated with halitosis, and tongue coating was the most important factor.

Halitosis syndrome in clinical practice

Definition of the medical term “halitosis” is presented in the article, historical aspects of its appearance are reviewed, probable prevalence of halitosis in the general population is indicated. Classification of halitosis with the allocation of its subtypes depending on the conditions of occurrence is given, the reasons for the development of true and false, physiological and pathological halitosis are analyzed. Various nosological items and pathological conditions are listed, the course of which may be accompanied by the appearance of bad breath. The influence of the emotional background on the occurrence of halitosis is described. The main substances, which metabolism is accompanied by the appearance of stomatodisodia, are named, the nature of unpleasant odors associated with the most common somatic diseases is indicated. The role of Helicobacter pylori, bacterial overgrowth and obesity syndrome in the development of halitosis is considered. The importance of a detailed collection of anamnesis and a thorough objective examination, as well as the exclusion of dental and otorhinolaryngological pathology in the implementation of a diagnostic search, were emphasized. The tactics of the doctor’s actions while treating patients with halitosis is outlined, the features of the intra-syndromic and nosological diagnostics are considered, the methods for performing the olfactory test, taking scrapings from the tonsils and the back of the tongue are described. The main directions of non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment of halitosis are listed, hygiene of oral cavity and dentures, modification of the usual diet are emphasized, the appropriateness of timely application of combined antiseptic solutions and the possibility of systemic antibacterial therapy are stressed.

Prevalence of Halitosis among Preclinical Medical and Dental Students

Halitosis is the unpleasant breath arising from a person’s oral cavity. It is a global problem affecting people of all age groups. It is deemed by many as a psychosocial stigma that can change a person’s social life. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence as well as knowledge of halitosis among preclinical dental and medical students of Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal. A pre-validated questionnaire consisting of multiple choice questions about halitosis was distributed among the participants. For each question, the participants were to choose an appropriate response from the provided list of options. Data collected were subjected to statistical analysis. The responses of male and female subjects were compared using the Chi-square test. A p-value < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. The prevalence of selfperceived halitosis was high (60%) among students of both genders. Halitosis was reported to be worst on awakening and was found to have a negative effect on the social life and self-confidence of most of the afflicted students. The dental and medical students of both the gender had limited knowledge regarding the various factors which can cause halitosis. There is a need to improve the level of education and awareness of halitosis among these preclinical students as they are the health care providers of the future. Hence they should strive to be a health symbol and keep their mouth free from halitosis so that they can be an inspiration for their patients and the society on the whole.

Prevalence of Halitosis and its Correlation with Various Intraoral Etiological Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Halitosis is one of the most frequent complaints while a patient visits to a dentist. It has negative impact on the psychology of the individuals because of the social stigma related to it. Halitosis can produce by the degrading action of gram-negative anaerobic bacteria on sulfur containing substance such as debris and plaque. In majority of cases the source of halitosis is oral cavity. Methods: A total of 300 patients were selected from the OPD of department of Periodontics. Out of all, 166 were male and 134 were female. Organoleptic scoring system was used to detect the grade of halitosis. Complete dental checkup of the patients were performed to find out the possible cause of malodor. Results: Prevalence of halitosis in the given population was 63% (n=188). Out of total subjects with halitosis, 62 subjects (32%) presented with grade-I, 46 subjects (24%) with grade-II, 38 subjects (20%) with grade-III, 24 subjects (13%) with grade-IV and 18 subjects (11%) with grade-V. Strongest correlation was found between tongue coating and prevalence of halitosis. Other causes reported was, dental caries, periodontal disease, smoking, tobacco chewing, and pericoronitis. Conclusion: Prevalence of halitosis in the given population was 63%. Men had significantly greater prevalence of halitosis compared to women. The major reported etiological factor for halitosis was tongue coating.

Factors Associated with Halitosis in White-Collar Employees in Shanghai, China.

ObjectiveTo investigate the factors associated with halitosis in Chinese white-collar employees.Materials and MethodsSubjects in three randomly selected office buildings in Shanghai, China, were enrolled in this cross-sectional study using cluster random sampling. Oral malodor was assessed by measuring volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) with a portable sulfide monitor. Subjects’ oral health, including dental caries, periodontal status, and tongue coating, was evaluated clinically. A questionnaire was used to obtain information about participants’ demographic characteristics, oral hygiene habits, and health behaviors.ResultsOf the 805 subjects invited to participate in this study, 720 were enrolled (89.4% response rate). Data from these subjects were used for statistical analyses. The prevalence of halitosis was 33.2%. In the final regression model, halitosis was significantly related to tongue coating thickness, periodontal pocket depth, no food consumption within 2 hours prior to oral examination, and less intake frequency of sweet foods.ConclusionsIn this Chinese white-collar population, tongue coating and periodontal disease were associated with halitosis. Oral hygiene education should be provided at the population level to encourage the maintenance of oral health and fresh breath. Consumption of sweet foods may reduce VSC production, although this finding requires further investigation.

우리나라 청소년의 구취증상 경험과 스트레스 및 심리상태와의 관계

본 연구는 우리나라 청소년이 경험하는 구취증상과 스트레스 및 심리상태간의 구조적 관계를 검증하는데 목적을 두었다. 이를 위해 2010 한국청소년건강실태조사 원자료를 활용하였고 연구대상자는 중 고등학생 3,689명(남학생 1,805명, 여학생 1,884명)이었다. 단변량 분석에서 확인된 구취와 관련된 요인은 경로모형에서 통제변수로 설정하여 투입하였고, 구취증상과 스트레스, 그리고 우울감, 불안, 긴장, 적대감으로 측정된 심리상태와의 관계와 그 경로를 검증하였다. 분석결과, 구취증상 경험이 있는 청소년은 27.4% 이었고, 경로모형을 검증한 결과에서는 구취증상<TEX>${\rightarrow}$</TEX>스트레스(<TEX>${\beta}=0.083$</TEX>, P<0.001), 구취증상<TEX>${\rightarrow}$</TEX>우울(<TEX>${\beta}=0.067$</TEX>, P<0.001), 구취증상<TEX>${\rightarrow}$</TEX>불안(<TEX>${\beta}=0.072$</TEX>, P<0.001), 구취증상<TEX>${\rightarrow}$</TEX>긴장(<TEX>${\beta}=0.072$</TEX>, P<0.001), 구취증상<TEX>${\rightarrow}$</TEX>적대감(<TEX>${\beta}=01.074$</TEX>, P<0.001)로 가는 경로가 유의하게 나타났다. 또한 구취증상은 스트레스를 매개로 우울, 불안, 긴장, 적대감에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 간접효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 결론적으로 구취를 예방하는데 있어 스트레스와 다양한 심리적인 요소도 고려되어야 할 것이며 구취가 있는 청소년에게서 심리적 지지를 위한 지원과 강화방안이 논의되어야 할 것이다. This study examined the relationships among halitosis, stress and psychological status using a cross-sectional survey of 3,689 adolescents (1,805 male 1,884 female) from the 2010 Korean Survey on the Health of Youth and Children. The related factors of halitosis were checked and the path model was also examined using AMOS 19.0 programs. The prevalence of halitosis was 27.4%. Based on path analysis, the significant coefficients paths were as follows: <TEX>$halitosis{\rightarrow}stress$</TEX>, <TEX>$halitosis{\rightarrow}depression$</TEX>, <TEX>$halitosis{\rightarrow}anxiety$</TEX>, <TEX>$halitosis{\rightarrow}tension$</TEX>, <TEX>$halitosis{\rightarrow}hostility$</TEX>. Halitosis had an indirect effect on the psychological status linked to depression, anxiety, tension, and hostility via stress. Overall, the results provide stronger support for the halitosis impact of stress and psychological health. Moreover, the effective prevention of halitosis may be important for understanding the specific psychological factors.

Pattern of presentation and outcome of routine dental interventions in patients with halitosis.

The aims of this study were to describe the pattern of presentation of halitosis and to evaluate the success rate following routine dental intervention irrespective of the type of halitosis. This cross-sectional study was conducted among sixty consecutive patients who presented in our Oral Diagnosis and Oral Medicine Clinic, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, on account of halitosis from May 2015 to April 2016. Diagnosis of halitosis was made using the organoleptic method from a whole mouth breath test as described by Miyazaki et al., 1999. Halitosis was assessed before treatment, 2 and 6 weeks after treatment. The results were analysed with STATA statistical software version 11. Sixty out of 305 patients seen in the clinics during the study period had halitosis, with a prevalence of 19.5%. Fourteen (23%) patients had pseudohalitosis while 46 (77%) had genuine halitosis; no case of halitophobia was seen. Majority (71.6%) brush their teeth once daily. The predominant extra-oral etiologic factors were respiratory 2 (3.3%) and ear, nose and throat disorders 1 (1.6%). Twenty-nine (63%) patients with genuine halitosis who had organoleptic scores of ≥4 had no perceivable odour, following routine dental interventions (P < 0.001); the remaining 17 (37%) patients only had slight malodour. Similarly, all the 14 (100%) patients with pseudohalitosis had complete remission after the treatment. The prevalence of halitosis was 19.5%, with male predilection. Routine dental interventions achieved >90% success rate. Preventive oral care is recommended for all halitosis patients.

Prevalence of halitosis and associated factors among medically compromised patients.

Prevalence of halitosis and associated factors among medically compromised patients.

Prevalence of halitosis in children considering oral hygiene, gender and age

To date, few studies have addressed halitosis in the paediatric population. As such, the aim of the present study was to investigate symptoms, signs and risk factors associated with halitosis in healthy children and to present a model based on the clinical data that predicts the presence of halitosis. A total of 101 individuals were included. All patients received a questionnaire that queried on sociodemographic characteristics, self-reported halitosis and dental treatment history. Individuals received a thorough intra-oral examination, and the volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) were measured to test the presence of halitosis with a portable sulphide monitor (Halimeter(®); Interscan Co., Chatsworth, CA, USA). The distribution of the sociodemographic characteristics, self-reported halitosis, dental treatment history and other oral features was evaluated. Finally, a statistical model was constructed with the best set of features to predict halitosis in children. The median age was 12.0 years (mean: 11.7 ± SD 2.7) with 54.5% males. Halitosis (VSC > 100 parts per billion, or ppb) was objectively measured in 37.6% of patients. For comparison purposes, Bayesian network was obtained using clinical and demographic data. The model consisted of four variables (sex, age, oral hygiene status and self-reported halitosis) directly related to the presence of halitosis (VSC > 100 ppb). This model achieved 76.4% area under receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC). Overall, female patients or individuals with dental plaque on more than 25% of the dental surfaces or patients older than 13 year old were more prone to present with halitosis. The results suggest that halitosis in the paediatric population is related to poor oral hygiene and may be more common in females and older individuals. This specific predictive model may be useful to identify subgroups to target for intervention to treat oral halitosis.

Prevalence and awareness of halitosis in a sample of Jordanian population.

Objectives:This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and awareness of halitosis among the subjects of a population, and also to compare the results of Halimeter® readings to self-estimation of halitosis and to assess the relationship between halitosis and oral health.Materials and Methods:A sample of 205 employees from the Jordan University for Science and Technology (JUST) were selected as study subjects. A standardized questionnaire focusing on dental hygiene, self-reported halitosis, and smoking was filled by all participants. In the clinical examination, the objective values for assessment of oral health and the presence of halitosis were gathered through an organoleptic test (OLT) and the measurement of volatile sulfur compound (VSC) level by Halimeter for each participant.Results:The prevalence of halitosis was 78%, with low rate of awareness (20.5%). The amount of TC played the most important role in increasing the concentration of VSCs in mouth air (P < 0.001).Conclusion:A statistically significant correlation was found between OLT and Halimeter values (P < 0.001). Subjective patients’ opinion did not correlate with the objective evaluation of halitosis. TC scores and smoking were the factors significantly associated to halitosis. The Halimeter showed promising characteristics regarding diagnosis of halitosis for clinical setting and field surveys.