Prevalence Of Gingivitis Research Articles

Periodontal status associated with dual habits of smoking and smokeless tobacco use: A cross-sectional study in young adults.

Background Tobacco smoke is an established risk factor for periodontitis. However, few studies have evaluated the periodontal status of smokeless tobacco (SLT) users, while that of individuals with dual habits has largely been unexplored. Therefore, the current study aimed to find if the periodontal status in individuals with dual habits of smoking and SLT use is different from those with any single habit.Methods Four groups (A: exclusive smokers, B: exclusive tobacco chewers, C: individuals with dual habits, and D: non-users of tobacco), each comprising 75 males in the age group of 20 to 35 years, were selected. Along with the history of tobacco use, a modified oral hygiene index (OHI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), and the number of teeth with gingival recession (GR) were recorded. The data were assessed using the Chi-squared test, one-way ANOVA, and logistic regression. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05.Results Group C exhibited the highest mean OHI scores, with 94.66% of participants having poor oral hygiene (OHI>3.0). The prevalence of severe gingivitis (GI>2.0) was significantly lower among exclusive smokers (group A) and those with dual habits (group C) compared to the other two groups. As much as 60% of group C participants had average PD in the range of 4-6 mm, while deeper average PD (>6 mm) was most common among smokers. The highest risk of having a tooth with GR was also associated with the dual habit (OR = 4.33, 95% CI = 3.24 - 5.76) compared with the non-users.Conclusion While both forms of tobacco were associated with poor periodontal status, the additive effect of smoking and SLT use was evident in almost all the parameters, more so with poor oral hygiene and the prevalence of gingival recession. These findings emphasize that individuals with dual habits have an additional risk for periodontal destruction.

INFLAMMATORY-DESTRUCTIVE PROCESS IN PERIODONTIUM WHILE MODELLING HYPО- AND HYPERREACTIVITY OF THE ORGANISM

The issues of clarifying the key mechanisms of development and course of generalized periodontitis in different conditions of reactivity of the organism remain relevant. The aim of the research is study of the peculiarities of course of the inflammatory-destructive process in the periodontium according to the dynamics of clinical and paraclinical indicators depending on the state of reactivity of the body in the conditions of modeling hyper- and hyporeaction.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The experiments were performed on 24 adult not purebred dogs weighing 8-12 kg. The animals were divided into three equal groups. In the first group, drugs that disrupt the reactivity of the organism were not used (normoreactivity of the organism). In the second group drugs simulated the state of hyperreactivity, and in the third they provoked the condition of the hyporeactivity of the organism. The condition of periodontal tissues was assessed initially, on the 14th and 28th day of observation of clinical and paraclinical parameters (creviculars liquor, PMA indices, PI Russell, GI Fedorov-Volodkina, Kulazhenko's test).&#x0D; Results. On the 14th day of modelling the states of hyper- and hyporeactivity of the organism a number of differences in the nature of inflammation in periodontal tissues were revealed in animals of different groups. Control of the amount of creviculars liquor increased in 1,1 times, PMA indices, PI Russell, GI Fedorov-Volodkina, Kulazhenko's test, respectively, in 1,12; 1,19; 1,33 and 1,29 times (p &lt;0,05).&#x0D; On the 28th day of the experiment, significant differences in the intensity of the destructive process in animals with unchanged and changed reactivity of the organism attracted attention. Thus, in cases of normoreactivity the depth of periodontal pockets reached 3 mm, the mobility of the teeth was I degree, with the changed - the depth of periodontal pockets was 5-6 mm, the mobility of the teeth was II-III degree. The amount of creviculars liquor, reflecting the intensity of the inflammatory reaction, increased compared with the 14th day, 1,3 times (p &lt;0,05); PMA index, which characterizes the prevalence of gingivitis, and the Kulazhenko test probably did not change (p&gt; 0,05); Russell's PI index, which indicates a pronounced intensity of inflammatory-destructive periodontal lesions, increased 2,05 times (р &lt;0,05).&#x0D; Conclusions. Thus, in cases of normoreactivity of organism the inflammatory-destructive process in periodontium has moderate nature; when modelling the hyper- and hyporeactivity of the organism it acquires the character of “rapidly progressing periodontitis”. Therefore, it is necessary to continue studying the question of explaining the mechanism of different clinical course of the inflammatory-destructive process with changed and unchanged reactivity of the organism.

Burden of Comorbid Diseases in Patients with Hemophilia: The Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Patient Reported Outcomes, Burden and Experiences (PROBE) Study

Background: Health status in patients with hemophilia (PWH) are affected by bleeding related complications, for instance, intermittent joint bleeding, hemophilic arthropathy and chronic pain. Aged PWH are also found to have comorbid diseases which impact their health status. Optimal care for PWH requires an integrated and multidisciplinary approaches. The aim of this study is to evaluate the burden of comorbid diseases in PWH.Methods: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of respondents who participated to the phase 1 (17 countries) and 2b (6 countries) of the PROBE study. All included participants were asked to answer the 29-item PROBE questionnaire. We calculated the prevalence of comorbid diseases reported by the participants including, hepatitis, stroke, hypertension, angina, heart attack, liver cancer, other cancer, diabetes, seizure, arthritis, gingivitis and HIV infection. Aged adjusted odds ratios of the prevalence of comorbid diseases in PWH were calculated as compared to participants without bleeding disorders.Results: There were 1170 PWHs and 525 participants without bleeding disorders included in the analysis. Mean age of participants was lower in PWHs group (34.18±17.84 vs 44.80±13.77). Among PWHs, 84.27% were hemophilia A and 15.73% were hemophilia B. With regards to severity of hemophilia 13.93% were mild, 17.81% were moderate and 66.27% were severe. Table 1 demonstrates prevalence of comorbid diseases in participants. PWHs were associated with higher prevalence of hepatitis B (OR 6.2, 95%CI 2.2-17.7), hepatitis C (OR 263.0, 95%CI 36.5-1894.3), HIV (OR 24.2 95%CI 5.9-99.6), hypertension (OR 2.5, 95%CI 1.6-4.0), angina (OR 2.2, 95%CI 1.07-4.6), seizure (OR 8.6, 95%CI 1.1-66.9), arthritis (OR 6.5, 95%CI 4.0-10.6) and gingivitis (OR 3.2, 95%CI 2.0-5.2).Conclusion: When compared to participants without bleeding disorders, PWHs frequently reported hemophilia related diseases (hepatitis B, C and HIV infection and arthritis). Moreover, PWHs were associated with higher prevalence of hypertension and gingivitis across all disease severity. These findings suggested that selective comorbid diseases assessment in PWHs should be incorporated in usual hemophilia care. [Display omitted] DisclosuresSkinner:Baxalta, now part of Shire; Bayer; Bioverativ; CSL; Novo Nordisk, Roche and Sobi with administrative support provided by the US National Hemophilia Foundation: Research Funding; US National Hemophilia Foundation: Other: non-financial support ; Baxalta, now part of Shire; Bayer; Bioverativ; CSL; Novo Nordisk, Roche and Sobi with administrative support provided by the US National Hemophilia Foundation: Research Funding; US National Hemophilia Foundation: Other: non-financial support . Curtis:Bayer: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Bioverativ: Research Funding; Genentech: Honoraria, Research Funding; Gilead: Honoraria; Pfizer: Research Funding; Novo Nordisk: Honoraria, Research Funding; Baxter: Research Funding; CSL Behring: Research Funding. Noone:Baxalta, now part of Shire; Bayer; Bioverativ; CSL; Novo Nordisk, Roche and Sobi with administrative support provided by the US National Hemophilia Foundation: Research Funding. O'Mahony:US National Hemophilia Foundation: Other: non-financial support.

Epidemiology and associated factors of gingivitis in adolescents in Guangdong Province, Southern China: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundGingivitis is the most prevalent form of periodontal disease in children and adolescents, being strongly associated to some socioeconomic factors and oral health behaviours. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of gingivitis and its association with socio-demographic factors and oral health-related behaviours in children aged 12–15 years in Guangdong, Southern China.Methods A total of 7680 children were sampled using an equal-sized, stratified, multistage, random sampling method and clinically examined between December 2015 and April 2016. A questionnaire on socio-demographic factors and oral health-related behaviours related to gingivitis was completed by each of the selected children. Gingival bleeding was recorded using the Community Periodontal Index probe, and children with a gingival bleeding positive score ≥ 10% were defined as having gingivitis. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between socio-demographic factors and gingivitis. All statistical tests were performed at a two-sided significance level of 0.05.ResultsThe weighted prevalence of gingivitis among 12–15-year-old children was 29.6%, with 22.6% having localised gingivitis and 7.0% having generalised gingivitis. Age differences were observed in the prevalence of gingivitis, whereas urban-rural differences were not. According to the multivariate logistic regression analysis results, factors such as increasing age, being the only child, lack of regular annual dental check-up, and heavy dental calculus were significantly associated with higher prevalence of gingivitis. In addition, the association of gingivitis with these factors was inconsistent among the urban and rural areas.ConclusionsDental calculus and oral health behaviour were found to be important factors for maintaining the gingival health of children aged 12–15 years in Guangdong. Maintaining gingival health in children requires promoting positive oral health behaviours and regular dental prophylaxis.

Oral Diseases and Quality of Life between Obese and Normal Weight Adolescents: A Two-Year Observational Study.

This study aimed to investigate the association between oral disease burden and oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL) among overweight/obese (OW/OB) and normal weight (NW) Malaysian adolescents. A total of 397 adolescents were involved in the two-year prospective observational cohort study. OHRQOL was measured through a self-administered questionnaire containing the short version of the Malaysian Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP[M]). Body mass index (BMI) was used for anthropometric measurement. Whilst, decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index, Significant Caries Index (SiC), simplified basic periodontal examination (S-BPE), and gingival bleeding index (GBI) were used for clinical assessment tools. Higher dental caries prevalence was observed in the NW group while higher SiC was reported in the OW/OB group. Regardless of the obesity status, the prevalence of gingivitis (BPE code 1 and 2) was high in this study. A reduction of GBI prevalence was observed in the two-year follow-up results with an increased prevalence of OHRQoL impact in the OW/OB group compared to the NW group (p > 0.05). The findings from this study suggested that obesity status did not have influence over the burden of oral diseases and OHRQoL. It offers insights referring to the changes in adolescents’ oral diseases burden and OHRQoL.

Prevalence of Dental Caries and Gingivitis among 6 - 12 Year Old Children in Thiruvananthapuram District, Kerala, India - A Cross-Sectional Study

Prevalence of Dental Caries and Gingivitis among 6 - 12 Year Old Children in Thiruvananthapuram District, Kerala, India - A Cross-Sectional Study

Oral health goes to school

Introduction Preventive dental care is an essential component of comprehensive health care and early epidemiological diagnosis plays a crucial role in the secondary prevention of oral disease [1,2]. The aim is to characterise oral hygiene habits, to measure dental plaque and gingivitis. Materials and methods On behalf the "VI edition of the health fair of Alhos Vedros", promoted by UCSP (Personalize Self-Care Unit) of Alhos Vedros – Portugal in 2018, with the theme "Health goes to school". Resorted to basic and disposable observation material, we observed a population composed with children, adults and elderly people and registered the presence of visible plaque and gingivitis (Figures 1–3). Subjects were answered two questions about oral hygiene habits. The sample was obtained by convenience and treated descriptively by the prevalence of cases. Figure 1. Prevalence of visible dental plaque. Figure 2. Prevalence of gingivitis among the population. Figure 3. Prevalence of oral hygiene habits among the population. Results Twenty-nine people were observed, aged 5–77 years. 79% of individuals brushed their teeth twice or more times daily, with a higher brushing frequency among the younger population. 65.5% of the individuals brushed their teeth with toothpaste, and 34.5% used toothpaste associated with a mouthwash (without plaque developer). 76% of the population observed had visible plaque, and more than half were children aged between 5–14 years. 48.3% of the population had gingivitis, most frequently on the adult population (68.4%), compared to 31.6% in the population aged 5–14 years (Figures 1–3). Discussion and conclusions The youngest population has higher prevalence values for brushing and bacterial plaque. The prevalence of gingivitis was higher in the adult population. The use of bacterial plaque developer may benefit the oral hygiene of this population.

Oral hygiene level and prevalence of gingivitis amongst pregnant women in a nigerian teaching hospital

Oral hygiene level and prevalence of gingivitis amongst pregnant women in a nigerian teaching hospital

The prevalence of patients with rheumatic diseases and its periodontal condition: data from a population-based study in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area

Introduction Periodontitis is a major condition associated with rheumatic diseases (RDs) [1] and some studies have clarified the effect of the oral microbiome in RDs [2,3]. However, due to the lack of information this observational study aimed to describe the periodontal status of RDs in a sample of patients from a population-based epidemiologic survey carried out in the southern Lisbon Metropolitan Area. Materials and Methods From December 2018 to April 2019, a total of 1064 patients, from public health centres of Almada-Seixal Group of Centres, were randomly enrolled in the study. RDs were assessed through a medical history and medication questionnaire. Periodontitis and Gingivitis were circumferentially evaluated according to the 2018 World Case Definitions [4,5] by two calibrated examiners (J.B. and V.M). This study was approved by the ARSLVT Ethics Committee (3525 & 8696/CES/2018). Results Overall, the prevalence of rheumatic conditions was 2.8% (95% CI: 1.8–3.8%) (n = 30). Individual RD prevalence distribution in the study group were as follows: rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 23.3% (n = 7), fibromyalgia (FM) 36.7% (n = 11), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 10.0% (n = 3), arthritis (ART) 13.3% (n = 4), gout 3.3% (n = 1), systemic scleroderma 3.3% (n = 1), FM + osteoarthritis (OA) 3.3% (n = 1), FM + SLE 3.3% (n = 1), FME + OA + ART 3.3% (n = 1). The prevalence of periodontitis among RD patients was 60% (n = 18), with 13.3% (n = 4), 16.7% (n = 5) and 26.7% (n = 8) of mild, moderate and severe stages, respectively. Gingivitis cases were residual, 3.3% (n = 1). The average missing teeth were 10.7 (±6.8) and the mean percentage of probing depth ≥4 mm was 5.7% (±10.9%). Discussion and conclusions Despite the low incidence of RDs, these results reveal a considerable high prevalence of periodontitis and gingivitis among those patients. Also, the average number of missing teeth is worrisome. These findings unveil a very disturbing high burden of periodontitis in this sample of Portuguese rheumatic patients and roots basis for future public health measures implementation.

Standard of periodontal examination and evaluation during oral diagnosis and treatment

Report of the fourth national oral health survey showed that the prevalence of gingivitis and periodontitis stayed at a high level in Chinese population and the periodontitis was the most common cause of tooth loss in Chinese adults. Therefore, the examination of periodontal health status, disease condition and risk assessment are particularly important. The Society of Periodontology of the Chinese Stomatological Association organized experts of related disciplines to formulate the standard of basic periodontal examination and evaluation during oral diagnosis and treatment, aiming to emphasize the necessity and importance of periodontal health and to improve dental clinicians' abilities in understanding, diagnosis and treatment planning of periodontal disease. As a national and professional standard, it will play an important and practically significant role in conservation of natural teeth and improvement of people's oral health in China.

Prevalence of gingivitis in patients with open bite

Prevalence of gingivitis in patients with open bite

Gender differences in patients with severe dental infections presenting to hospital.

Introduction Gender differences have been documented in prevalence and morbidity of caries, gingivitis and oral health, but not previously in cervicofacial infection. Identification and minimisation of gender inequalities is a World Health Organisation priority, and there are physiological, behavioural and cultural reasons to suspect that sex and gender differences may be present.Methods Analysis was carried out of the MTReC National Snapshot audit of cervicofacial infections. This database was created by oral and maxillofacial surgery trainees in 2017 and records over 400 variables in 1,002 individual patients admitted to hospital with severe odontogenic infection.Results Records were available for 1,002 patients with cervicofacial infection (456 females and 546 males). There were significant differences between recorded gender in those presenting with airway compromise (male 7% vs female 2%, p = 0.001), severe inflammatory response syndrome (male 60% vs female 39%, p = 0.007) and requirement for awake fibre-optic intubation on admission (male 4% vs female 1%, p = 0.014).Discussion These results suggest that male patients access healthcare later in their disease than female patients, and with more severe systemic compromise. This may be due to prevalent cultural and behavioural norms. As equality of access is the responsibility of the administrator, we discuss methods which might improve timely presentation in males with cervicofacial infections.

СТОМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ СТАТУС ЖЕНЩИН С БЕРЕМЕННОСТЬЮ, ОСЛОЖНЕННОЙ ГЕСТОЗОМ

Subject of our research is dental examination and identification of the features of the dental status in women with pregnancy complicated by gestosis. There is no doubt that pregnancy is a critical period for woman’s dental health. Objectives. Determine the dental status in women with pregnancy complicated by gestosis. Methods. As part of the study of the dental status of women with pregnancy complicated by gestosis, we conducted a clinical examination of the oral cavity in 127 women. The depth of the vestibule, the level of attachment of the bridles, the state of the bite, the indices of the KPU, IK, PMA, IZN were determined. Results. Our data indicate that the complication of the course of the third trimester of pregnancy with gestosis in women is accompanied by a deterioration in periodontal status, oral hygiene, and a 100% prevalence of gingivitis. Conclusions. The results of the study made it possible to obtain clinical and dental data characterizing the effect of pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia in women in the third trimester on the course of gingivitis, which is the basis for the development of methods for optimizing and increasing the effectiveness of therapeutic and prophylactic measures in this group of patients.

Prevalence and Severity of Gingivitis Among 19–22-Year-Old Patients Attending Private Dental College, Chennai: A Hospital Based Cross-Sectional Study

Prevalence and Severity of Gingivitis Among 19–22-Year-Old Patients Attending Private Dental College, Chennai: A Hospital Based Cross-Sectional Study

Oral Health, Caries Risk Profiles, and Oral Microbiome of Pediatric Patients with Leukemia Submitted to Chemotherapy.

Background Chemotherapy is the primary treatment modality used for patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), but inevitably causes microbiota-related oral complications. This study is aimed at investigating the effects of chemotherapy on oral health status, caries risk, and oral microbiome in pediatric patients with ALL. Methods Thirty-nine children with ALL receiving chemotherapy were enrolled, and a gender-, age-, dentition stage, and socioeconomic class matched healthy counterpart were recruited. Demographic information and overall health condition were obtained through the questionnaire and medical records. Oral examination was performed to assess caries and salivary status, plaque index, and other oral manifestations. Cariogram was used to assess the overall caries risk. Supragingival samples of thirteen ALL subjects and their counterparts were randomly selected to perform a 16S ribosomal RNA gene 454 pyrosequencing. Raw sequence data were screened, trimmed, and filtered using Seqcln and MOTHUR. Results The prevalence of dental caries, gingivitis, oral mucositis, xerostomia, and candidiasis in ALL groups was higher than that of the control group (p < 0.05). Children with ALL demonstrated higher caries risk compared to healthy controls (HC) based upon Cariogram (p < 0.05). The oral microbial structure of ALL patients receiving chemotherapy is different from that of healthy controls. Oral microbiota of ALL groups showed less alpha diversity and significant differences in the composition of the oral microbiome compared to healthy controls. Conclusions ALL patients receiving chemotherapy demonstrated compromised oral health, high caries risk, alteration of caries-related factors, and dysbiosis of oral microbiota. These findings may be of clinical importance in developing better strategies for personalized preventive management of oral diseases for pediatric children with ALL.

Salud bucodental durante el embarazo

La mujer embarazada adolescente es susceptible a padecer enfermedades periodontales, evidenciando que requiere más cuidados que generen hábitos correctos de salud. La movilidad y perdida de piezas dentales junto con las enfermedades periodontales son las afecciones más comunes en la población, manifestando que la prevalencia de enfermedades periodontales en mujeres adolescentes embarazadas es un tema poco indagado y de escasa atención. Se busca determinar la prevalencia de gingivitis y periodontitis que afectan la salud bucodental en mujeres adolescentes embarazadas. Se realizó la búsqueda de artículos tipo transversal en buscadores como Google Scholar, Elsevier, PubMed, Scielo Y Medline del 2010 al 2020 en español e inglés. La prevalencia en embarazadas adolescentes en Latinoamérica es de un 28,8% considerándose alta, de estas un 7.39% destacan en embarazos pubertos de 12 a 15 años con mayor frecuencia mientras que la prevalencia de enfermedad periodontal y gingival en embarazadas es del 81%, Constatando que un 47,66% poseen una escasa percepción en la salud bucodental durante el embarazo. La presencia de enfermedad periodontal constituye un factor de riesgo para el embarazo, evidenciándose en el momento del parto provocando partos prematuros, abortos, y bebés con bajo peso y talla al nacer. Palabras clave: Salud oral; Embarazo; Adolescentes; Enfermedad Periodontal.

Prevalence of gingivitis and associated factors in 619-year-old children in Rudraprayag District, Uttarakhand

Prevalence of gingivitis and associated factors in 619-year-old children in Rudraprayag District, Uttarakhand

Epidemiology of periodontal disease in adolescents in mainland China, 1983-2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease that includes primarily gingivitis and periodontitis, caused by bacterial infection of the supporting structures of the teeth. For years, much attention has been diverted to periodontal disease among the elderly, not enough attention is paid to adolescents. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to evaluate the epidemic trend of periodontal disease in adolescents in mainland China. We conducted a comprehensive literature search through PubMed, Embase, CNKI, Chongqing VIP database, Chinese Wan Fang Database, and CBM. A series of subgroup analyses were done to explore the epidemiological characteristics of periodontal disease (gender, location, age, survey year, and geographical distribution) with the help of related software. Thirty studies were included in this study. The data extraction and analysis were from three indexes, including bleeding on probing (BOP), pocket depth (PD), and dental calculus (DC). The detection rates of BOP(+), PD ≥4 mm and DC(+) were 48.8% (95% CI: 36.2-61.4%), 1.0% (0.0-2.0%), and 49.8% (41.0-58.6%), respectively. There were significant differences for the prevalence of gingivitis both in gender and area: the prevalence was higher in males than that in females, and risk ratio was 1.04 (95% CI, 1.01-1.06); a lower prevalence in urban areas compared with rural areas, and the risk ratio was 0.90 (95% CI, 0.85-0.96). This study shows a high prevalence of gingivitis among adolescents in China. Higher-quality epidemiological surveys with standard examination criteria are needed.

Interplay between Periodontal Disease and diabetes mellitus

Progress in the management of diabetes mellitus is turning attention toward comorbidities and conditions such as periodontal diseases. This article aims to present the evidence linking diabetes and periodontal disease. The potential effects of modifying factors of inflammatory origin on diabetic control are also discussed. Increased prevalence, extent, and severity of gingivitis and periodontitis are correlated with diabetes. Moreover, many plausible mechanisms have been exemplified to explain the effect of diabetes on the periodontium. While inflammation plays an important role in periodontal diseases, evidence in the medical literature also supports the role of inflammation as an important component in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. Research suggests that periodontal disease has a large amount of inflammatory components that can negatively affect the metabolic control of diabetes. Conversely, treatment of periodontal disease and decrease in oral inflammation have a positive effect on the diabetic control. Diabetic patients who have periodontal disease have two chronic conditions - diabetes and periodontal disease, each of which can impact the other and require regular professional evaluations, patient education, and consistent educational reinforcement by healthcare providers both medical and dental.

Biofilm dynamics at the gingival frontier

Microbial biofilms are common in the human body and in the environment. In recent years, dental plaque has been identified as a biofilm, and the structure, microbiology, and pathophysiology of dental biofilms have been characterised. The nature of the biofilm enhances the component bacterias' resistance to both the host's defence system and antimicrobials. If not removed regularly the biofilm undergoes maturation, resulting in dental caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis. The control of biofilm accumulation on teeth has been the cornerstone of periodontal disease prevention for decades. However, the widespread prevalence of gingivitis suggests the inefficiency of self-performed mechanical plaque control in preventing gingival inflammation. Studies indicate that effective antiseptic mouth-washes can provide significant gingivitis reduction beyond what can be accomplished with only brushing and flossing. Particularly, mouthrinses containing essential oils have well documented clinical antiplaque and antigingivitis effects. These mouthrinses have a positive track record of safety and their use does not increase the levels of resistant species. In summary, use of a well-established, essential oil mouthrinse can be recommended for daily use as an adjunct to mechanical methods of plaque control.