Prevalence Of Genital Infection Research Articles

Genital Infections in Couple Infertility in Dakar

Background: Couple infertility is a real public health problem affecting 8–15% of couples worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate genital infections in infertile couples in Dakar. Methodology: This was an 8-month prospective study of infertile couples followed up in 3 health facilities in the Dakar region. Standard bacteriology was performed on genital swabs and Triplex PCR for the detection of Neisseria gonorrhoea, Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium. Data analysis was performed using SPSS IBM 25 software. Results: A total of 98 women (65.3%) and 52 men (34.7%) with an average age of 34 years and extremes ranging from 18 to 56 years were included. In men, the prevalence of genital infections was 17.3% (n=9), with a predominance of Mycoplasma hominis (5.8%), Ureaplasma urealyticum (5.8%) and Escherichia coli (3. 8%). In women, 70.3% (n=59) had an infection, and the most frequently isolated germs were G. vaginalis (19%), U. urealyticum (17%) and Candida albicans (17%). Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Mycoplasma genitalium were absent in all patients. Chlamydia trachomatis, on the other hand, was positive in 10 patients using antigenic tests, with confirmation in just one patient by PCR. Conclusion: The prevalence of genital infections in infertile couples was very high in our study. Good medical management of these infections necessarily requires good laboratory diagnosis.

Evaluation of Genitourinary Infection in Preterm Labour: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction: Preterm labour is defined as the occurrence of regular uterine contractions (≥ 4 in 20 minutes or ≥ 8 in 1 hour) and cervical changes (effacement ≥ 80% and dilatation ≥ 1cm) in women with intact fetal membrane and gestational age less than 37 weeks. Genitourinary infection is the most important cause of preterm labour. The aim of this study was to determine the role of Genitourinary infection in causation of preterm labour. Methods: This is a descriptive cross sectional study done at National Medical College Teaching Hospital from 10 November 2021 to 9 November 2022 after obtaining IRC (F-NMC/549/078-79). Total of 90 patients in preterm labour fulfilling the inclusion criteria were enrolled in this study after taking informed consent. Clinical examination was done, vaginal swab, endocervical swab and urine samples were sent to microbiological department for examination. Preformed proforma were used to record the demographic, clinical finding and result of investigation. The data was analyzed statistically using SPSS 22 and mean age, frequency and prevalence of genitourinary infection were calculated. Results: In this study, 90 patients of preterm labour were enrolled. The mean age group of patients was 23.61 ± 4.25 years. Genital infection compromised of 41%, high vaginal swab showed 30% prevalence and endocervical swab showed 20% prevalence. The most common organism identified in genital infection was Gardenella vaginalis 55.55%. The prevalence of Urinary tract infection was 40% where E.coli was the most common organism 66.66%. Conclusions: Genitourinary tract infection plays an important role in causation of preterm labour and can easily be diagnosed with routine urine examination, urine culture and vagino-cervical swab. The prevalence of genital infections and urinary tract infection was 41% and 40% respectively. Gardnerella vaginalis was the most common pathogen identified in genital tract whereas E.coli was leading cause of UTI in Preterm labour patients.

Prevalence of Genitourinary Infections with Sodium Glucose Co-transporter-2 (sglt2) inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes

Objectives: The present study was conducted to observe the prevalence of urine and genital infections by the SGLT-2 inhibitors patients with type 2 diabetes Methods: This multi centre cross sectional study was conducted on type 2 diabetic patients using two different SGLT-2 inhibitors dapagliflozin and empagliflozin either as monotherapy or combination therapy over a period of 03 months from 02-02-2020 to 02-05-2020. The risk of urinary and genital tract infection was assessed on the basis of structured questionnaire performa and medical records. Results: Out of 615, 296(48%) patients were using dapagliflozin and 319(52%) were using empagliflozin. Male to female ratio in both group were i.e dapagliflozin: 65 %( 192) and 35 %( 104) empagliflozin 72 %( 230) and 28 %( 89%) respectively. The risk of urinary infection in dapagliflozin group was 4.3% while it was 6.5% in and empagliflozin. On the other hand the risk of genital tract infection was 3% in dapagliflozin and 4.3% empagliflozin respectively. The prevalence of genital infection was more in female 6(67%) by dapagliflozin and 10(71%) by empagliflozin versus male 3(33%) by dapagliflozin and 4(29%) by empagliflozin respectively. Similarly the prevalence of urinary infection was more in female 8(62%) by dapagliflozin and 14(67%) by empagliflozin versus male 5(38%) by dapagliflozin and 7(33%) by empagliflozin respectively. A significant co relation was found between prevalence of genitourinary infection with female sex and uncontrolled diabetes with p.value 0.001 and 0.003 respectively. Conclusion: SGLT-2 inhibitors are not associated with increased of risk of genitourinary infection in diabetic patients. Keywords: SGLT-2 Inhibitors, Dapagliflozin, Empagliflozin, Genitourinary infection

Infeção Genital por Chlamydia Trachomatis nos Adolescentes Portugueses

Os adolescentes (entre os 10 e os 19 anos) são um grupo etário com elevada prevalência de infeções sexualmente transmissíveis (IST), devido aos seus fatores biológicos e socio-comportamentais. Em Portugal, os adolescentes revelam fraca adesão ao preservativo, têm múltiplos parceiros sexuais, deficiente educação sexual e altas taxas de reinfeção. Nesta faixa etária, a infeção genital por Chlamydia trachomatis é a IST mais prevalente, cujo curso assintomático dificulta o diagnóstico e controlo epidemiológico. Pretendeu-se rever os dados publicados de prevalência da infeção genital por Chlamydia trachomatis no grupo dos adolescentes portugueses. Nos estudos populacionais encontrados em Portugal, bastante heterogéneos entre si, verificou-se uma prevalência entre 2,23% e 18,2%. As taxas de notificação portuguesas são inferiores às dos restantes países europeus e os dados oficiais nacionais não discriminam a faixa etária dos adolescentes. Entre os 15-24 anos, foram notificados 41 casos em 2015 e 56 casos em 2016. Segundo o relatório do European Centre for Disease Control, foram notificados 116 e 167 casos na mesma faixa etária, em Portugal, em 2017 e 2018, respetivamente. A compreensão da epidemiologia da infeção genital por CT nos adolescentes portugueses é impossibilitada devido ao subdiagnóstico, à subnotificação e ao não isolamento dos adolescentes nos grupos de estudo. É assim necessário um esforço conjunto a nível clínico e político para que seja possível delinear uma estratégia eficaz no combate a esta infeção nos adolescentes.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Lower Reproductive Tract Infections in Symptomatic Women in Dakar, Senegal.

Background:Lower reproductive tract infections in women are important causes of morbidity but can also lead to complications and sequelae. This study aimed to establish the prevalence and risk factors of lower genital tract infections among women of reproductive age in Dakar (Senegal).Methods:This was a prospective study conducted in 6 maternity hospitals from July to November 2015. Participants ranged in age from 18 to 49 years and presented at health facilities with signs and symptoms of genital infection. Consenting individuals who met the inclusion criteria were recruited for the study.Results:During the reporting period, 276 patients were enrolled. According to the laboratory results, the prevalence of any genital infection was 69.6% (192 of 276). The most common vaginal infections were bacterial vaginosis (39.5%) and vaginal candidiasis (29%), with the third most common cause, trichomoniasis, trailing behind in terms of prevalence (2.5%). Among the microorganisms responsible for cervical infections, Ureaplasma urealyticum was the most frequent (27.5%), followed by Mycoplasma hominis (14.5%), Chlamydia trachomatis (4.7%), and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (1.1%). Multivariate analysis showed that young women and women with low levels of education were at increased risk for vaginal/cervical infections.Conclusions:This study revealed a high prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and vaginal candidiasis and suggests that health care providers should increase awareness and communication to improve vaginal hygiene practices. If infection with Trichomonas vaginalis, C trachomatis or N gonorrhoeae is suspected, we also recommend systematically performing laboratory diagnostic confirmation.

Meta-Analysis of The Prevalence of Genital Infections Among Hiv Carriers and Uninfected Women

Background & Aim:The risk factors in acquiring genital co-infections associated with HIV infection still present many questions. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the prevalence of genital infection among HIV-infected and uninfected women.Methods:We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Scielo for the relevant studies up until October 2017. Data were collected from the included studies and methodologically assessed. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were pooled using fixed or random-effects models.Results:Thirty-six articles involving 23,863 women with retroviruses were included. HIV-infected women were significantly more diagnosed with the following genital infections:Herpes simplexvirus type 2 (HSV-2) (OR 3.70; 95% CI: 2.42–5.65),Neisseria gonorrhoeae(GC) (OR 4.18; 95% CI: 2.15-8.13),Chlamydia trachomatis(CT) (OR 2.25; 95% CI: 1.20-4.23) and Human papillomavirus (HPV) (OR 3.99, 95% CI: 3.35-4.75). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis (OR 1.09; 95% CI: 0.91-1.30),Candida sp. (OR 1.51; 95% CI: 0.71-3.25),Treponema pallidum(OR 1.56; 95% CI: 1.00-2.45) andTrichomonas vaginalis(OR 1.00; 95% CI: 0.47-2.15).Conclusion:The prevalence of HPV, HSV-2, GC and CT genital infection was significantly higher among HIV-positive women.

Mycoplasma genitalium in Spain: prevalence of genital infection and frequency of resistance to macrolides

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium infection and the resistance to macrolides within a general population in Madrid in 2015. MethodsWe collected 359 urine samples from a general population with symptoms of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). All samples underwent a real-time PCR. For the detection of macrolide resistance, a 283bp fragment of region V of the 23S rRNA gene of M. genitalium was amplified and sequenced. ResultsWe found a prevalence of 3.34% of M. genitalium and a macrolide resistance rate of 20%. In males, the prevalence was 6.62% and in women 0.96%, being significantly higher in males. ConclusionsThe prevalence obtained shows that it is a pathogen to consider in our environment. These findings stress the need for routine testing of M. genitalium infections and would seem to suggest the advisability of resistance testing.

Genital HPV infection among heterosexual and homosexual male attendees of sexually transmitted diseases clinic in Beijing, China.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been identified as etiologic agent of various cancers for both men and women. However, HPV vaccine has not been recommended for men in China by far. To provide more evidences to promote HPV vaccination among males at high-risk of infection, this study investigated genital HPV genotypes among male attendees of sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic. Male attendees (⩾18 years old) were recruited from STD clinic of Beijing Ditan Hospital. Data on sociodemographic characteristics and self-reported sexual behaviors were collected based on questionnaire. Genital swab specimens were collected for HPV genotypes. Finally, a total of 198 eligible participants were included in the study. Nearly half of them were infected with at least one type of HPV. The prevalence of genital infection among participants with only heterosexual behaviors (50·91%, 56/110) was significantly higher than those with only homosexual behaviors (36·36%, 32/88) (P < 0·001). However, the distribution pattern of the most frequently observed HPV subtypes were found to be similar between these two subgroups. HPV31, HPV18, HPV16 and HPV58 were the most frequently identified high-risk types and HPV11, HPV6, HPV81 and HPV61 were the most frequently observed low-risk types. Our results, although need further verification by larger sample size, suggested that currently available HPV vaccines covered most prevalent HPV types observed in Chinese men. As HPV vaccine has been approved for application in females in China, molecular epidemiological studies and intervention studies among high-risk males should be promoted as well.

Mycoplasma genitalium in Spain: prevalence of genital infection and frequency of resistance to macrolides

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium infection and the resistance to macrolides within a general population in Madrid in 2015. MethodsWe collected 359 urine samples from a general population with symptoms of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). All samples underwent a real-time PCR. For the detection of macrolide resistance, a 283bp fragment of region V of the 23S rRNA gene of M. genitalium was amplified and sequenced. ResultsWe found a prevalence of 3.34% of M. genitalium and a macrolide resistance rate of 20%. In males, the prevalence was 6.62% and in women 0.96%, being significantly higher in males. ConclusionsThe prevalence obtained shows that it is a pathogen to consider in our environment. These findings stress the need for routine testing of M. genitalium infections and would seem to suggest the advisability of resistance testing.

FEATURES AND TREATMENT OF BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS IN WOMEN

Introduction. The prevalence of genital infections in the structure of maternal and perinatal morbidity , according to various published data, about 60 - 80%. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a proven factor in the development of various complications of pregnancy, adversely affect pregnancy, fetal growth and development.Aim. Determine the effect on pregnancy and effectiveness of treatment for the prevention of complications, depending on the stage of pregnancy.Materials and methods. The material for the study were discharge from the vagina and cervix, methods of examination of clinical and laboratory, microscopic, bacteriological, ultrasound fetal, statistical.Research results. A clinical and laboratory examination of 100 pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis (BV) and 20 healthy pregnant women up to 24 weeks of pregnancy. Local treatment of BV conducted under standard treatment regimens. It was established that the effectiveness of treatment of BV is independent of gestational age. In the absence of treatment rate is significantly higher, in particular, threatened abortion, fetal infection, premature discharge of amniotic fluid, the incidence of complications increases with gestation the absence of treatment.obstetrics.Conclusions. The effectiveness of treatment depends on the gestational age. In the absence of treatment failure or complication rate is significantly higher, in particular, threatened abortion, fetal infection, premature discharge of amniotic fluid, in the absence of treatment frequency of complications increases with gestational age.

P3.172 Prevalence of Genital Infections with Chlamydia Trachomatis (CT), Neisseria Gonorrhoea (NG) and Trichomonas Vaginalis (TV) in Clients of Public HIV Counselling Institutions in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany: The STI-HIT Study

BackgroundChlamydia (CT), gonococci (NG) or trichomonas (TV) infections are not notifiable in Germany. Only few prevalence data exist for the general population. We measured CT, NG and TV prevalence in...

4.0 Screening and monitoring of HIV‐positive pregnant women

4.0 Screening and monitoring of <scp>HIV</scp>‐positive pregnant women

British HIV Association guidelines for the management ofHIVinfection in pregnant women 2012

British HIV Association guidelines for the management of<scp>HIV</scp>infection in pregnant women 2012

PaPilomavírus Humano (HPv) em mulHeres submetidas a rastreamento Para CânCer de CérviCe uterina, belém – Pará – brasil

Introduction: human papillomavirus (HPV) is the agent of cervical uterine cancer. Objective: determine the prevalence of genital infection due to HPV and their correlation with results in the oncotic cytology. Methods: in a cross-sectional study, 1021 women, age 30 to 45 years were enrolled and submitted to cervical cancer screening. All patients answered a standard protocol. Samples of the uterine cervix were sent to citopathological analysis and to identification of HPV. Results: prevalence of HPV was 12.4%; in women with normal cervical cytology the prevalence of HPV was 8,7% compared to 43,4% in women with altered cervical cytology (28.9% among women with ASCUS/AGUS; 60.0% among women with LSIL; 90.0% among women with HSIL and 100.0% both in women with invasive carcinoma and in situ adenocarcinoma). Chance of detection of HSIL was 94 times higher in women who had HPV in the uterine cervix. A separate analysis including only the 116 HPV infected women revealed that HPV oncogenic types corresponded to 79.3% of the cases (71.8% in women with negative cervical cytology and 91.1% in women with altered cervical cytology). The frequency of oncogenic HPV types in 116 women infected with HPV was 79.3% [71.8% in women with negative citology and 91.1% in women with abnormalities in the citology exam). The odds to detect abnormalities in the citopatology exam was four times greater in the presence of HPV of high risk. HPV 16 was the most frequent type observed (24.4% of women with abnormal cytology and in 7,0% of those with negative cytology). Multiinfection was detected in 5.7% of women with abnormal cytology and in 1.1% with negative cytology. Conclusion: in this study, HPV infection and abnormal cytological findings in the uterine cervix were frequently observed and there was an association between them.

Effect of infection on semen parameters in a sample of Iraqi infertile males.

Background: Several studies were carried out on association of infection with male infertility, which revealed great variations in the prevalence of genital infection in different parts of the world. This work was designed to study the effect of infection on semen parameters in a sample of Iraqi infertile males.Methods: A sample of 400 infertile male patients attending the High Institute for Embryo Research and Infertility Treatment for laboratory investigations and treatment were selected. This study was carried out during the period Nov. 2002 to April 2003, inclusive. Seminal fluid analysis was performed on samples obtained by masturbation into a glass container after 48 to 72 hours from of abstinence from sexual intercourse. Analysis (examination of volume, liquifaction, sperm count, motility percent, normal morphology percent and presence of pus cells) was performed within an hour after ejaculation.Results: Clinical infection was detected in 14% of infertile males and 29% had subclinical infection. Liquifcation time and leukocyte had significant variation between infected and non infected patients. Conclusion: Early diagnosis and treatment of genitourinary infection in necessary to reduce complication and infertility in future.

Herpes Simplex Virus Type-Specific Serology: Where Does it Fit in the Diagnostic Armamentarium?

Herpes Simplex Virus Type-Specific Serology: Where Does it Fit in the Diagnostic Armamentarium?

The Bali STD/AIDS study: association between vaginal hygiene practices and STDs among sex workers

Objectives: To assess the association between genital cleansing practices and the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases and of sexual health knowledge among female sex workers in Bali, Indonesia. Methods: Low...

Inflammatory smears in cervicovaginal cytology. A finding meaning infection?

Inflammatory changes are relatively frequent findings in cervical smears and are generally believed to be a consequence of genital infection. However, clinical signs of infection are frequently absent and no consensus exists on the management of these patients. The objective of this study was to assess whether or not inflammatory smears are exclusively a consequence of genital infection. For this purpose, the prevalence of genital infection in a group of women with inflammatory cells in the cervical smear and a control group with normal smears was compared. Sixty-two regularly menstruating women aged 17 to 48 years, attending the outpatient Gynaecology sector of S. João Hospital, were prospectively evaluated. Cervical smears were analysed by the same cytologist who chose 10 inflammatory cells per high power field (400x) as the cut-off value for normality. Infection by Candida spp., Trichomonas vaginalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Chlamydia trachomatis and bacterial vaginosis was investigated. Human Papillomavirus infection was evaluated by colposcopy and biopsy of abnormal colposcopic findings. Thirty-four women and inflammatory cells on their cervical smear and 15 of these (44%) had a genital infection. Of the 28 women with normal smears, 12 (43%) had a genital infection. No statistically significant difference in the prevalence of infection was found between the two groups. Our results suggest that the presence of inflammatory cells in cervical smears is not necessarily due to infection and other causes may be responsible for their appearance.

Should screening of genital infections be part of antenatal care in areas of high HIV prevalence? A prospective cohort study from Kigali, Rwanda, 1992-1993. The Pregnancy and HIV (EGE) Group.

To study the prevalence and incidence of genital infections and their association with HIV-1 infection among pregnant women in Kigali, Rwanda. HIV+ and HIV- pregnant women were followed prospectively during the last three months of pregnancy. At enrolment, syphilis test (RPR) on blood sample, Chlamydiae trachomatis ELISA test on cervical smear, laboratory gonococcal culture, trichomonas and candida direct examination, CD4 lymphocyte count were performed. At each monthly follow-up clinic visit until delivery, genital infections were screened in the presence of clinical signs and symptoms. The HIV seroprevalence rate was 34.4% (N = 1233), 384 HIV+ women and 381 HIV- women of same parity and age were enrolled. Prevalence of genital infections at enrolment was generally higher in HIV+ women than in HIV- women: syphilis, 6.3% versus 3.7% (p = 0.13); Neisseria gonorrhoea, 7.0% versus 2.4% (p = 0.005); Trichomonas vaginalis, 20.2% versus 10.9% (p = 0.0007); Chlamydia trachomatis, 3.4% versus 5.5% (p = 0.21); Candida vaginalis, 22.3% versus 20.1% (p = 0.49). Until delivery, the relative risk of acquiring genital infections was also higher in HIV+ women than in HIV- women: 1.0 for syphilis (95% CI: 0.5-2.2), 3.7 for Neisseria gonorrhoea (1.0-13.3), 2.6 for Trichomonas vaginalis (1.5-4.6) and 1.6 for Candida vaginalis (1.1-2.4). In the context of high HIV-1 seroprevalence among pregnant women, prenatal care should include at least once screening for genital infections by clinical examination with speculum and a syphilis testing in Africa.

Prevalence of genital infections in medical inpatients in Blantyre, Malawi

The limited information on the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in Malawi suggests that they are common. In studies in Lilongwe in 1989 and Blantyre in 1990, the prevalence of STDs was 4.4% in unselected outpatients and 42% in antenatal clinic patients respectively. Malawi is one of the countries worst affected by the HIV pandemic, with an estimated national HIV seroprevalence of 10% in the age group over 15 years and of 32% in pregnant women who attended antenatal clinics in Blantyre in 1993. Heterosexual intercourse is the main mode of HIV transmission in sub-Saharan Africa, accounting for up to 80% of cases of HIV infection. Concomitant genital ulcer disease facilitates sexual transmission of HIV. Non-ulcerative STDs may also play a role in facilitating sexual transmission of HIV but the evidence is less clear. The identification and treatment of people with STDs therefore presents an opportunity for decreasing HIV transmission. Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (QECH) is the District Hospital for Blantyre, Malawi's largest city (about 500,000 population) and the tertiary referral hospital for Malawi's Southern Region. There are two general medical wards, one male and one female, to which about 11,000 patients were admitted in 1993. Bed occupancy can run at up to 150-200% and resources are limited. The top ten causes of admission are malaria, gastroenteritis, anaemia, pneumonia, dysentery, tuberculosis, AIDS, meningitis, hypertension and ascites. The leading causes of death are AIDS and tuberculosis.