Genital Human Papillomavirus Prevalence Research Articles

HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS, CLINICAL, DERMATOLOGICAL AND GYNECOLOGICAL APPROACH

Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is associated with a wide range of cutaneous and mucosal manifestations. The spectrum of HPV ranges from inapparent infections, through multiple benign clinical presentations, including cutaneous and mucosal disease, to malignant and premalignant conditions. Cervical cancer is the fourth cancer with the highest incidence in women in the world, being the second cause of cancer death in women between 15 and 44 years of age, one of the risk factors for this cancer is the human papillomavirus. Objective: to detail the current information related to human papillomavirus, description, etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, anamnesis, physical examination, evaluation, treatment, differential diagnosis, prognosis, prevention and complications taking into account a clinical, dermatological and gynecological approach. Methodology: a total of 27 articles were analyzed in this review, including review and original articles, as well as clinical cases, of which 18 bibliographies were used because the other articles were not relevant for this study. The sources of information were PubMed, Google Scholar and Cochrane; the terms used to search for information in Spanish, Portuguese and English were: human papillomavirus, HPV, dermatosis, warts, infection, papanicolau, tumor virus infections. Results: HPV has been associated with the development of laryngeal, mouth, lung and anogenital cancers. Subtypes 6 and 11 are low risk and are usually associated with the formation of condylomas and low-grade precancerous lesions. Subtypes 16 and 18 are high-risk and are responsible for high-grade intraepithelial lesions that progress to malignant neoplasia. There are more than 180 HPV subtypes.The prevalence of genital HPV in adults aged 18-59 years is about 45.2% in males and 39.9% in females. The prevalence of high oncogenic risk HPV genotypes is 2.26%; (95%CI: 1.75-2.78), with the most common genotype being 16 (28.89%). Cervical cancer screening with cytology has significantly reduced the incidence and mortality of this type of cancer in developed countries, despite the fact that its sensitivity for detecting CIN2+ is around 66%. Conclusions: it is of remarkable importance to know the human papillomavirus outlook, especially because it is linked to a number of underlying clinical manifestations both benign, premalignant and malignant conditions. The authors recommend prevention, especially suggesting that boys and girls be vaccinated against HPV starting at 11 to 12 years of age, in addition to the other measures outlined in the article. It is important to understand that HPV alone does not cause cancer, but requires triggering factors such as smoking, folate deficiency, exposure to ultraviolet light, immunosuppression and pregnancy. Individuals with cutaneous warts have numerous treatment alternatives available, including surgical removal, cryotherapy, irritant or immunomodulatory drugs, and laser removal. KEY WORDS: HPV, infection, pap smear, warts.

Prevalence of Oral Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in Patients with Genital HPV Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background and aims: The relationship between oral-genital infections caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) in men and women is not well studied. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the prevalence of concurrent and concordant oral-genital HPV infection. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted by selecting 89 articles from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, exclusively searching for English studies published in international journals up to June 2023. The study summarized the percentages of concurrent (presence of any HPV in both oral and genital sites) and concordant (presence of the same types of HPV in both oral and genital sites) oral-genital HPV infections. The quality of these studies was evaluated using the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies (QATQS). Moreover, meta-analysis was done using comprehensive meta-analysis (CMA) software with a random-effects method at a significant level of 0.05. Results: The meta-analysis incorporated a total of 86 articles. Based on QATQS, 83% of these studies achieved ‘Moderate’ ratings. The overall prevalence of concurrent oral-genital HPV infection was 15.5% (95% CI: 11.2–21) in women and 14% (95% CI: 8–23.3) in men. The concordance rate was 41.9% (95% CI: 33.8–50.5) in women and 32.2% (95% CI: 11–64.7) in men. Additionally, the prevalence of genital and oral HPV infections was 61% (95% CI: 21.3–90.6) and 9.5% (95% CI: 7.7–11.7), respectively. Conclusion: This meta-analysis showed that the high prevalence of genital HPV and oral-genital HPV can be a reason for the possibility of self-contamination.

Association of endometriosis with genital human papillomavirus infection in US women: a national population-based study

The prevalence of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) in women with endometriosis has never been reported in a national representative survey. We aimed to investigate the association of endometriosis with the prevalence of HPV. We analyzed the data on 1768 women (representing 43,824,157 women) in the United States aged 20–54 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in the prevaccination era (2003–2006). The diagnosis of endometriosis was based on a self-report. The prevalence of any HPV in women with endometriosis did not differ from that in women without endometriosis after controlling for potential confounders such as age, ethnicity, family income, marital status, and the number of deliveries (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) 0.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.61–1.15). No significant association was found between the prevalence of high-risk HPV and the diagnosis of endometriosis (aPR 0.71, 95% CI 0.44–1.14). If the participants were not covered by health insurance, the prevalence of any HPV infection in women with endometriosis was higher than in those without endometriosis (aPR 1.44, 95% CI 0.94–2.20). In contrast, in a subgroup who had health insurance, a lower prevalence of any HPV infection was observed in women with endometriosis (aPR 0.71, 95% CI 0.50–1.03), and P for interaction was statistically significant (P = 0.01). There was no association between endometriosis and HPV infection in this study of HPV vaccine-naïve women of reproductive age. The association was not different by the type of HPV. However, access to healthcare may modify the association between endometriosis and HPV infection.

Global Type-Specific Genital Human Papillomavirus Prevalence in Men, by Sexual Orientation: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Knowledge on genital type-specific HPV prevalence among men is important for prevention of HPV-related cancers and other diseases. Men who have sex with men (MSM) have higher anal prevalence than men who have sex with women only (MSW) but for genital HPV this is unclear. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of type-specific genital HPV prevalence among men, by sexual orientation. MEDLINE and Embase were used for searching publications reporting on male genital HPV prevalence with data from November 2011 onwards. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted estimating pooled type-specific and grouped external genital and urethral HPV prevalence. Subgroup analyses were conducted for sexual orientation. Twenty-nine studies were eligible. Of those, 13 studies reported prevalence among MSM, 5 among MSW and 13 studies did not stratify by sexual orientation. The most common genotypes were HPV-6 and HPV-16 for both anatomical locations, although heterogeneity was high. HPV prevalence was similar among studies reporting on MSW, MSM and men with unknown sexual orientation. Genital HPV is common among men, with HPV-6 and HPV-16 being the most common genotypes. Type-specific HPV genital prevalence appears to be similar among MSM and MSW, which contrasts with earlier findings on anal HPV.

Disparities in HPV vaccination in young vs. older Hispanic adults and genital HPV prevalence (378)

<b>Objectives:</b> To compare the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination rates in young versus older women and correlate with genital HPV infection rates in the United States. <b>Methods:</b> HPV vaccination rates for teenage girls (13-17 years) were evaluated using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's TeenVax dataset between 2008 and 2018. HPV vaccinations rates on women (18-49 years) were obtained from the Behavioral Risk Factor Assessment Monitoring System from 2008 to 2016. Trends were described using average annual percent change (AAPC). Data on HPV infection were obtained on women (20-59 years) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2011 to 2016. HPV infection was detected through vaginal swab samples and analyzed using the Roche Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test. <b>Results:</b> Between 2008 and 2016, HPV vaccination increased annually from 3.0% to 15.1% at an increase of 23.4% per year (p<0.001). The vaccination rates for the 13-17 years versus 18-24 and 25-29, 30-34, 35-39, 40-44, 45-49 were 57.4%, 44.1%, 33.2%, 14.56%, 5.96%, 3.98%, and 2.65%, respectively. In 2018, HPV teenage vaccination rates were 61.7%, 60.6%, 57.7%, 54.2% in Hispanic, Black, Asian, and White, respectively. Between 2011 and 2016, 46.0% of other Hispanic and 35.2% of Mexican American tested positive for any genital HPV compared to 32.0% of White women (p<0.0001). On multivariate analysis, we found that other Hispanic race (OR: 1.88, p<0.0001), income below the poverty line (OR: 1.38, p=0.0072), low income (OR: 1.34, p=0.03), divorced/separated (OR: 1.67, p=0.004) and more than four lifetime sexual partners (OR: 2.69, p<0.0001) were predictors of HPV infection. <b>Conclusions:</b> Overall, HPV vaccination rates increased in both teenage and adult women. However, we found that Hispanics had higher vaccination rates as teens compared to adults.

Genital Human Papillomavirus Prevalence and Genotyping Among Males in Putuo District of Shanghai, China 2015-2019.

BackgroundReports of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and genotype distribution in Chinese men are limited, and HPV vaccination has not yet been recommended for men in China.Material/MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the prevalence and genotyping of male genital HPV. A total of 1227 male patients (aged 17 to 81 years) attending the dermatology and sexually transmitted disease clinics at Putuo District Center Hospital in Shanghai from 2015 to 2019 were included. Genital exfoliated specimens were obtained for detection and genotyping of 27 HPV types by Luminex-based multiplex assay.ResultsThe prevalence of any HPV was 65.5% (804/1227). The rate of multiple infection was 25.8% (317/1227). The 5 main HPV types were 6 (32.0%), 11 (23.2%), 16 (5.6%), 43 (4.3%), and 59 (4.0%). Among all detected HPV genotypes, 65.5% (875/1336) were 9-valent HPV genotypes. No significant differences were observed in the detection rate of HPV infection over 5 years (P>0.05). Age groups ≤24 years (70.7%) and ≥55 years (72.9%) showed higher infection rates, and significant differences were detected in rates of low-risk HPV infection in different age-stratified groups (P<0.05). Prevalence of HPV infection among patients with warts (74.4%) was significantly higher than that of patients with other clinical characteristics (40.4%) and physical examination (63.6%).ConclusionsOur study suggested that more than half of Chinese male patients have detectable HPV infections, and penis-genital and anogenital warts were the most common clinical manifestations. Moreover, the available 9-valent HPV vaccine covers the most frequently observed HPV types among men.

Prevalence of Genital Human Papillomavirus by Age and Race/Ethnicity Among Males.

Genital and oral cancers are often caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) types that can be prevented through HPV vaccination. Since HPV is sexually transmitted, knowledge of penile prevalence of vaccine-type HPV among US males can help predict potential disparities in these cancers. This study examines penile HPV prevalence by age and race/ethnicity among males. This study was a secondary analysis of publicly available data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Using data from penile swab samples collected from males between 2013 and 2016, the prevalence of 4vHPV and 9vHPV vaccine types was examined across age groups and by race/ethnicity. Logistic regression models adjusting for demographics, sexual behavior, and circumcision were examined to determine whether associations remained after accounting for confounders. Among 2548 males evaluated, HPV infection prevalence differed by race/ethnicity, with Black males exhibiting a higher prevalence of HPV. Examination of 4vHPV type prevalence by age group showed that 18-26-year-old males had a lower prevalence than older age groups. After controlling for confounders, 4vHPV prevalence was only significantly elevated among 27-34-year-old males, those who were single, and males with ≥3 lifetime sex partners. In adjusted models, 9vHPV type prevalence remained elevated among Black males compared with White males. Variations in 9vHPV type prevalence between Black and White individuals indicate future disparities in HPV-related genital cancers may continue in the United States during the next decade. Revaccinating certain populations with the 9vHPV vaccine may be appropriate to help mitigate this.

Genital Human Papillomavirus Prevalence Over the Lifespan Among Females and Males in a National Cross-Sectional Survey, United States, 2013-2016.

Patterns of human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence by age differ by sex. To further the descriptive epidemiology of genital HPV, we analyzed prevalence by age for nonvaccine (non-4vHPV) type and vaccine (4vHPV) type HPV by sex using 2013-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, the first 4 years of national data from both sexes. Penile and cervicovaginal swabs were self-collected from 15- to 59-year-olds and tested for 37 HPV types. The 4vHPV-type (6/11/16/18) and non-4vHPV-type (any of 33 other types) prevalences were estimated by 3-year age group and participant characteristics. Average percent changes (APCs) in prevalence were estimated using segmented log-binomial regression. Among females, a positive relationship between non-4vHPV-type prevalence and age was seen from 15-17 to 21-23 years (APC, 56.5), followed by a negative relationship through 30-32 years (APC, -13.2); thereafter, prevalence was not related to age. The 4vHPV-type prevalence was positively related to age through 24-26 years (APC, 56.9), then negatively related through 57-59 years (APC, -6.0). Among males, non-4vHPV-type prevalence had a positive relationship with age through 21-23 years (APC, 102.4) with a smaller positive relationship through 57-59 years (APC, 1.4). For both sexes, modeled joinpoints for 4vHPV-type prevalence occurred at older ages compared with joinpoints for non-4vHPV-type prevalence. Sex differences in age-specific non-vaccine-type HPV prevalence may reflect natural history and sexual behavior. Differences in vaccine-type and non-vaccine-type modeling results suggest vaccine impact as joinpoints occur in mid-late 20s for vaccine-type HPV but early 20s for nonvaccine types. These data can assist in refining HPV vaccination models and inform HPV vaccination practices and policy.

Worldwide burden of genital human papillomavirus infection in female sex workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Although female sex workers (FSWs) have long been identified as a key human papillomavirus (HPV)-affected population, the burden and scope of their disproportionate risk for HPV infection have not been systematically estimated. We therefore aimed to estimate the prevalence of HPV and the distribution of HPV types in FSWs at the country, regional and global levels. We searched the PubMed, Embase, SCOPUS, EBSCO, ProQuest, Cochrane Library and Web of Science databases for articles published between 1 January 1990 and 31 June 2019. Studies of genital HPV prevalence in FSWs, or with sufficient data (e.g. adequate number of HPV-positive cases and sample size) to compute prevalence rates in FSWs, were included in this systematic review. The meta-analysis was completed using the random effects model. We ultimately identified 107 studies in 45 countries or regions with sufficient data to calculate HPV prevalence in FSWs. The pooled global HPV prevalence among FSWs was 39.5% (95% CI 35.3, 43.9%), with notable variations by WHO region and country. Globally, the five most common HPV types in FSWs were HPV16 (9.0%), HPV 52 (8.3%), HPV89 (7.0%), HPV58 (6.2%), and HPV53 (5.3%). Our findings suggest that FSWs are disproportionately affected by HPV, which is more pronounced in the Western Pacific and African regions, and are therefore in need of prevention, treatment and care services.

Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of anogenital Human Papillomavirus (HPV) carriage in a cross-sectional, multi-ethnic, community-based Asian male population.

Addressing the burden of HPV-associated diseases among men is increasingly becoming a public health issue. The main objective of this study was to determine HPV prevalence among a healthy community-based Malaysian men. This was a cross-sectional study that recruited 503 healthy males from 3 community-based clinics in Selangor, Malaysia. Genital and anal samples were collected from each participant for 14 high risk and 2 low risk HPV DNA detection and genotyping. All participants responded to a set of detailed sociodemographic and sexual behaviour questionnaire. The median age at enrolment was 40 years old (IQR: 31-50). The anogenital HPV6/11 prevalence was 3.2% whereas high risk HPV prevalence was 27.1%. The genital HPV prevalence for HPV6/11 was 2.9% while high risk HPV was 18.8%. HPV6/11 prevalence in the anal canal was 1.6% and high risk HPV was 12.7%. HPV 18 was the most prevalent genotype detected in the anogenital area. There was a significant independent association between genital and anal HPV infections. Anogenital HPV infection is common among Malaysian men. These findings emphasize the ubiquity of HPV infection and thus the value of population-wide access to HPV prevention.

Importance of Lifetime Sexual History on the Prevalence of Genital Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Among Unvaccinated Adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys: Implications for Adult HPV Vaccination.

Although the United States Food and Drug Administration recently approved the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine for individuals aged 27-45 years, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention did not change its guidelines for routine HPV vaccination. Since recommendations for adult vaccination emphasize shared clinical decision-making based on risk of new infections, we examined the relationship between HPV prevalence and sexual behavior. This study was conducted among 5093 HPV-unvaccinated, sexually experienced adults aged 18-59 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (2013-2016). For each sex and age group, adjusted prevalences of 9-valent vaccine-specific, high-risk, and any HPV infection were estimated by number of lifetime sexual partners (LTSPs) using logistic regression. An analysis restricted to persons who did not have a new sexual partner in the past year (ie, removing those at highest risk of newly acquired HPV) was also conducted. In each age group, genital HPV prevalence was higher among persons with >5 LTSPs compared with 1-5 LTSPs in both males and females. There were only slight reductions in HPV prevalence after removing participants who reported a new sexual partner in the past year. For example, among females aged 27-45 years with >5 LTSPs, the adjusted prevalence of 9-valent vaccine-type HPV infection was 13.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.9%-17.0%) in the full population compared to 12.1% (95% CI, 8.8%-15.4%) among those with no new sexual partners. Prevalent HPV infection was primarily reflective of cumulative exposures over time (higher LTSPs). New exposures had limited impact, emphasizing the need to consider sexual history in the decision-making process for adult HPV vaccination.

Prevalence of Genital Human Papillomavirus Among Sexually Experienced Males and Females Aged 14-59 Years, United States, 2013-2014.

Differences in human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence among males and females have been reported. Using the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we evaluated sex differences in prevalence overall and by demographic and sexual behavior characteristics. Self-collected penile and cervicovaginal swabs from participants aged 14-59 were tested for HPV DNA. Prevalences of any HPV and high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) were estimated for sexually experienced males and females. Overall and in models stratified by demographic characteristics and behaviors, prevalence was compared in males and females using prevalence ratios (PR). Overall, males had higher prevalence than females of any HPV (PR, 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-1.27) and HR-HPV (PR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.07-1.43). Prevalences were lower among males than females at ages 14-19 and higher at ages 40-49 and 50-59. Sex differences in models stratified by race/ethnicity, poverty, sexual behaviors, and smoking were observed. After adjusting for lifetime sex partners, most sex differences were attenuated, but males had lower prevalences at ages 14-19 and 20-24 and higher HR-HPV prevalence among non-Hispanic blacks. Any HPV and HR-HPV prevalences were significantly higher in males; sex differences varied by age group and race/ethnicity. Lifetime partners explained many of the differences by sex.

Tobacco Use and High Risk Genital HPV Infection Among United States Females [16M

INTRODUCTION: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted infection which causes cervical cancer that has association with tobacco use. We investigated the associations between objective biomarkers reflective of current tobacco exposures and high risk genital HPV prevalence among adult females in the United States. METHODS: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) sampled a representative cross-section of the non-institutionalized US population. During NHANES 2011-2012 cycle, 2838 adult females with valid HPV results were included in the analysis. DNA was extracted from self-collected vaginal swab specimens, and HPV genotyping was accomplished by PCR amplification. Nicotine metabolites were collected from serum and self-collected urine specimens. RESULTS: Nicotine exposure was a significant predictor of high risk (HR) genital HPV infection, p &lt; 0.001. Compared to non-smokers, individuals with second hand nicotine exposure and infrequent smoker were more likely to be HR HPV positive; Odds Ratio (OR) 3.7, (95% Confidence Interval (CI), 1.6-8.5). Active smokers were more likely to test positive for at least one of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine type strains (HPV types 6,11,16,18); OR 2.2; (95% CI, 1.4-3.7) compared to the non-exposure group. The high risk HPV prevalence remained elevated in the nicotine exposure group, although analysis was adjusted for sexual behavior. CONCLUSION: In this large cross-sectional, population-based study, we demonstrated significant relationship between current tobacco exposure and high risk genital HPV infection, which causes cervical cancer. These findings highlight the need to examine the role of tobacco in the natural history of genital HPV infection and malignancy progression.

Prevalence of Genital Human Papillomavirus in Males, United States, 2013-2014.

We report the first nationally representative prevalence data on genital human papillomavirus (HPV) in males in the United States, using findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 2013-2014. Using penile swabs from males aged 14-59 years, we estimated the HPV DNA prevalence and prevalence ratios (PRs) with respect to sexual behaviors and demographic characteristics. The prevalence of any HPV was 42.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 38.3%-46.1%) and of high-risk (HR) HPV was 23.4% (95% CI, 21.3%-25.6%). Prevalence of any HPV was 12.5% in 14-19 year olds and was higher in older age groups, through ages 25-29 years, and then similar through age 59 years. After adjustment for age and race, any HPV prevalence was associated with lifetime number of sex partners (≥15 vs 1-2; PR, 3.27; 95% CI, 2.12-5.02) and past-year number of sex partners (≥2 vs 0; PR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.09-1.46). Comparisons of consecutively older age groups revealed that the prevalence of quadrivalent HPV vaccine types (4vHPV), types 6, 11, 16, and 18, was significantly higher only between ages 25-29 and 20-24 years (PR, 2.79; 95% CI, 1.31-5.96), whereas the prevalence of other HPV types was significantly higher only between ages 20-24 and 14-19 years (PR, 3.39; 95% CI, 2.49-4.61). Overall, 42.2% of US males aged 14-59 years have detectable genital HPV infections. Differences in the age-specific prevalence of 4vHPV types and non-4vHPV types suggest that the vaccination program has had an impact on the prevalence of HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18 among males.

Relationship between circumcision and human papillomavirus infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Male circumcision (MC) is reported to reduce human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence in men. However, the efficacy remains imprecise. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the relationship between MC and genital HPV infection and genital warts. PUBMED, EMBASE, and Web of Science were searched from inception to March 22, 2015. We identified 30 papers, including a total of 12149 circumcised and 12252 uncircumcised men who were evaluated for the association of circumcision with genital HPV or genital warts. Compared with men who were not circumcised, circumcised men may have had significantly reduced odds of genital HPV prevalence (odds ratio [OR]: 0.68; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.56–0.82). There was no significant association between MC and genital HPV acquisition of new infections (OR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.62–1.60), genital HPV clearance (OR: 1.38; 95% CI: 0.96–1.97), and prevalence of genital warts (OR: 1.17; 95% CI: 0.63–2.17). This meta-analysis suggests that circumcision reduces the prevalence of genital HPV infections. However, no clear evidence was found that circumcision was associated with decreased HPV acquisition, increased HPV clearance, or decreased the prevalence of genital warts. More studies are required to evaluate adequately the effect of MC on the acquisition and clearance of HPV infections and prevalence of genital warts.

Prevalence of genital human papillomavirus among rural and urban populations in southern Yunnan province, China.

This study was designed to investigate and compare the HPV prevalence, genotypes distribution and associated risk factors in rural and urban women living in Xishuang Banna district, in the province of Yunnan. A total of 177 and 190 women from rural and urban areas were engaged, respectively. HPV DNA was amplified using the L1 consensus primers system (MY09/11 and GP5/6) and HPV GenoArray test was conducted for genotyping. Proportions were compared by chi-square test, and logistic regression was used to evaluate risk factors. A total of 54 women were positive for HPV DNA. Among rural women, 23 women were positive for HPV infection, of which 21 showed a single infection and 2 had a multiple infection. HPV-16 (10/23) was the most prevalent genotype followed by HPV-52 (5/23), and HPV-58 (5/23). Urban women had a higher infection rate for overall HPV (31/54) and for multiple genotype infection (8/31). HPV-52 (9/31) was the most prevalent genotype followed by HPV-39 (7/31) and HPV-68 (5/31). The age-specific HPV prevalence was also different between rural and urban women. In urban area, women with age <35 years had the highest HPV prevalence, which declined thereafter as age advanced. However, in rural women the highest HPV prevalence was observed in an older age group (>56 years). Ethnicity, smoking and parity were significantly associated with HPV infection among urban women. Our study demonstrates that HPV prevalence and genotype distribution varies among women from rural and urban areas in the south of Yunnan.

Prevalence of genital human papillomavirus among men in Europe: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the commonest sexually transmitted infection worldwide and causes substantial morbidity in both sexes. Most European countries offer HPV vaccination for girls, but vaccine recommendations for boys are warranted. The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of genital HPV, identify parameters that affect the prevalence, and describe the type-specific prevalence among men in Europe. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the published literature in PubMed and Embase. Genital HPV prevalence and factors influencing prevalence in general and high-risk male populations in Europe. We included 31 articles that gave the prevalence of genital HPV DNA among men in northern, southern and western Europe; no studies from eastern Europe were identified. The pooled HPV prevalence among 1,863 men representing the general population (nine studies) was 12.4%, with large heterogeneity between studies (I(2) = 96.3%, P < 0.0001). The pooled HPV prevalence among 6,428 men in the high-risk population (22 studies) was 30.9%, also with substantial heterogeneity (I(2) = 95.6%, P < 0.0001). In unadjusted meta-regression analysis, the HPV prevalence in the general population was significantly higher in studies published after 2000 (28.5%) than in earlier studies (8.8%) (P = 0.0179). In the meta-regression analysis adjusted by publication year, the heterogeneity in the two population groups could not be explained by geographical region, anatomical sampling site, or HPV detection method. HPV16 was the most prevalent high-risk type in both populations. HPV prevalence differs in male general and high-risk populations, but HPV16 and HPV18 are among the most common HPV types detected in both groups. Our findings contribute knowledge that may be useful as a baseline measure before the introduction of HPV vaccination for boys in Europe, and add to understanding of the epidemiology of HPV infection in men.

Screening of the genital human papillomavirus infection among 8581 women in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University.

To investigate the prevalence of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among women in Shaan'xi Province of China, and to detect the characteristics of genital HPV infection among these women. Totally 8581 women in the Department of Gynaecology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University were enrolled to detect HPV-DNA in their genital tracts by PCR+flow-through hybridization. Some subjects were also screened by cytology or histology. Among these subjects, the prevalence of female genital tract HPV infection was 33.06%, among which high risk (HR)-HPV infection accounted for 30.08% and multiple HR-HPV infection 27.18%. The genotypes HPV-16, -52,-58, -6, and HPV-18 were the most prevalent strains. The distribution of HPV infection differed among different age groups:the first infection peak occured less than 25 years and the second peak was above 51 years. Among the HR-HPV DNA positive women, the rates of HR-HPV infection with normal histology, cervical intraepithelial neoplasias 1 (CIN1), CIN2 ,CIN3, and cervical cancer (CC) were 88.72%, 97.48%, 97.35%, 95.88%, and 99.23%, respectively. For women with CC, HPV-16 was the most common genotype, followed by HPV-18, HPV-58, HPV-52, and HPV-33. HPV-16 ,-18, and 58 were responsible for 94.62% of CC cases in this region. The most common genotypes of HPV infection among women in Shaan'xi province are HPV-16, HPV-52, HPV-58, HPV-6, and HPV-18. HPV-16, HPV-18, HPV-58, HPV-52, and HPV-33 are the most frequently genotypes found in cervical carcinoma, in particular HPV-16, HPV-18, and HPV-58. HR-HPV infection aggravates the cervical lesions. The multiple HPV infections increase the risk of cervical lesions.

HPV Prevalence among Women from Appalachia: Results from the CARE Project

BackgroundCervical cancer incidence and mortality rates are high among women from Appalachia, yet data do not exist on human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence among these women. We examined the prevalence of genital HPV among Appalachian women and identified correlates of HPV detection.MethodsWe report data from a case-control study conducted between January 2006 and December 2008 as part of the Community Awareness, Resources, and Education (CARE) Project. We examined HPV prevalence among 1116 women (278 women with abnormal Pap tests at study entry [cases], 838 women with normal Pap tests [controls]) from Appalachian Ohio. Analyses used multivariable logistic regression to identify correlates of HPV detection.ResultsThe prevalence of HPV was 43.1% for any HPV type, 33.5% for high-risk HPV types, 23.4% for low-risk HPV types, and 12.5% for vaccine-preventable HPV types. Detection of any HPV type was more common among women who were ages 18–26 (OR = 2.09, 95% CI: 1.26–3.50), current smokers (OR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.26–2.73), had at least five male sexual partners during their lifetime (OR = 2.28, 95% CI: 1.56–3.33), or had multiple male sexual partners during the last year (OR = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.25–3.14). Similar correlates were identified for detection of a high-risk HPV type.ConclusionsHPV was prevalent among Appalachian women, with many women having a high-risk HPV type detected. Results may help explain the high cervical cancer rates observed among Appalachian women and can help inform future cervical cancer prevention efforts in this geographic region.

HPV Dectection by Self-Sampling in Nunavik, Quebec: Inuit Women’s Sampling Method Preferences

There is a higher incidence of cervical cancer and prevalence of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among the Inuit in Canada than the general population. Self-sampling of cervicovaginal cells for HPV testing has the potential to increase cervical cancer screening coverage in this population, but only if it is acceptable to women. We sought to determine acceptance of and preference for self-collection of cervicovaginal samples for HPV testing in comparison with provider-collection, and to explore demographic characteristics of preference for self-collection among a sample of Inuit women from Nunavik, Quebec. Women aged 18–69 years were recruited from a previously formed cohort on the natural history of HPV in Nunavik. Both self-collected and provider-collected specimens were collected with polyester-tipped swabs, and women completed a short written questionnaire immediately after specimen collection. Logistic regression was used to estimate predictors of preference. Of the 109 eligible women who were approached to participate, 93 (85%) accepted. Self-sampling was preferred by 56% of the women over provider-sampling. Education was the only predictor of preference for self-sampling, where having at least a grade 9 education was inversely associated with preference for self-sampling (OR = 0.29, 95% CI [0.09, 0.92]). Self-sampling has the potential to increase cervical cancer screening coverage, but any implementation of self-sampling should be concurrent with an education campaign on the importance of cervical cancer screening, the relationship between HPV virus and cervical cancer, and the accuracy of self-sampling.