Prevalence Of General Obesity Research Articles

Prevalence of Obesity and Correlated Hypertension and Hyperglycaemia Status among Participants of a Health Screening Programme in Inanam Sub-District, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

Obesity is a known risk factor for non-communicable diseases, including hypertension and diabetes mellitus, with Malaysia having the highest prevalence of obesity among Southeast Asian countries. Additionally, the delivery of medical services to the rural communities remains challenging despite efforts to increase accessibilities to the healthcare facilities. Therefore, regular health screening programmes specifically aiming at these communities are necessary for early diagnosis and intervention to prevent complications while improving the patients’ quality of life. A health screening programme was conducted in a sub-district of Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, where 50 participants were examined for general obesity based on body mass index (BMI) together with central obesity according to waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). Bioelectrical impedance analysis was performed to estimate body fat percentage (fat%) and body fat mass, along with the measurement of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and capillary blood glucose. The median age of the participants was 39.50 years. The prevalence of general obesity, central obesity based on WC and WHR, hypertension, and hyperglycaemia was 28%, 78%, 74%, 24%, and 20%, respectively. Both fat% and fat mass had positive correlations to the BMI (fat%: r = 0.656, p = 0.001; fat mass: r = 0.868, p = 0.001) and WC (fat%: r = 0.505, p = 0.001; fat mass: r = 0.761, p = 0.001). DBP had positive correlations with the BMI (r = 0.390, p = 0.005), WC (r = 0.467, p = 0.001), and WHR (r = 0.331, p = 0.019), while SBP had a positive correlation only with WC (r = 0.341, p = 0.015). Conversely, capillary blood glucose had no significant correlation with either BMI, WC, or WHR. The higher prevalence of central obesity among participants of the health screening program compared to the national level should raise concern among the healthcare providers regarding the future risk for hypertension and hyperglycaemia in this community.

Association Between Obesity Type and Common Vascular and Metabolic Diseases: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: The association between different types of obesity and some chronic diseases in Dehui, Jilin province, China, is still unclear. The aim of our study was to clarify the association between different types of obesity and chronic diseases.Methods: Residents aged 40 years or older were randomly selected using a multistage stratified cluster sampling method. Data were collected by means of face-to-face interview, physical examination, and laboratory examination. Descriptive data analyses were performed, and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to explore the adjusted association between different types of obesity and common vascular and metabolic diseases.Results: The prevalence of general obesity alone, central obesity alone and compound obesity were 0.15, 54.29, and 14.36%, respectively. The prevalence of coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus was highest in the compound obesity group, and lowest in the non-obesity group. Hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus were associated with compound obesity and central obesity alone [compound obesity (OR = 4.703, 95% CI: 3.714–5.956 for hypertension; OR = 4.244, 95% CI: 3.357–5.365 for dyslipidemia; OR = 4.575, 95% CI: 3.194–6.552 for diabetes mellitus); central obesity alone (OR = 2.210, 95% CI: 1.901–2.570 for hypertension; OR = 2.598, 95% CI: 2.241–3.012 for dyslipidemia; OR = 2.519, 95% CI: 1.834–3.459 for diabetes mellitus)]. Coronary heart disease was associated with compound obesity (OR = 1.761, 95% CI: 1.141–2.719) but not central obesity alone (OR = 1.409, 95% CI: 0.986–2.013). Stroke was associated with neither compound obesity (OR = 1.222, 95% CI: 0.815–1.833) nor associated with central obesity alone (OR = 1.080, 95% CI: 0.786–1.485).Conclusions: Central obesity alone and compound obesity are associated with the risk of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus. Compound obesity but not central obesity alone is associated with the risk of coronary heart disease, but further research is needed to confirm it. There are no significant relationship between stroke and central obesity alone or compound obesity.

General and abdominal obesity is related to socioeconomic status and food choices: a cross-sectional study

PurposeThis paper aims to evaluate the prevalence of general obesity (GO) and abdominal obesity (AO) in the north-west of Iran and investigate the association with food choices and socioeconomic status (SES).Design/methodology/approachIn this cross-sectional study, 500 subjects aged ≥ 18 years were studied. Data on their basic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, dietary habits and physical activity were collected. The authors examined the association between GO and AO with SES and food choices using multiple logistic regression analysis.FindingsThe prevalence of GO and AO was 26.6 and 43.4%, respectively. A positive association was observed between age and GO (p for trend <0.001) and AO (p for trend 0.005) in both sexes. However, a negative correlation was detected between education and income with GO and AO (p for trend <0.001). Two or more servings of fruit consumption a day were associated with lower odds of obesity. It was observed that the odds of GO and AO decreased by three or more servings of daily fruit. The consumption of dairy products in two or more servings a day led to a reduction in odds of GO and AO. The consumption of five or more servings of legumes, beans and nuts a week was associated with lower odds of GO and AO.Originality/valueEducational attainment, greater income and a higher intake of some specific food groups were associated with lower odds of obesity in the area. More population-based investigations are required to develop effective preventive strategies to control the status of being overweight and obesity in different regions.

Eating fast is positively associated with general and abdominal obesity among Chinese children: A national survey

Eating faster is related to more energy intake, but less is known about the relationships between children’s eating speed, food intake and adiposity, especially in high school children. This study aimed to investigate the associations of eating speed with general and abdominal obesity among Chinese children basing on a national survey. A total of 50,037 children aged 7–17 years were enrolled from 7 provinces in China in 2013. Anthropometric indices were objectively measured. Data on eating speed were collected by questionnaires. Increasing trends across the slow, medium, and fast eating speed group were observed in the prevalence of general obesity (7.2%, 10.0% and 15.9%), abdominal obesity (16.1%, 21.8%, and 29.4%) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) ≥ 0.5 (11.1%, 14.8%, and 22.0%). Compared with medium eating speed, fast eating speed was positively associated with obesity, abdominal obesity, and WHtR ≥ 0.5 (odds ratios [ORs]: 1.51~1.61), while slow eating speed was negatively associated with these outcomes (ORs: 0.65~0.75). Increased trends of consumption of fruits, meat/meat conducts, sugar-sweetened beverages, fried food, and fast food were observed in pace with increasing eating speed (P < 0.05). Our findings suggest that eating speed is positively associated with childhood general and abdominal obesity, which may be an important, modifiable factor to prevent childhood obesity.

Economic burden of obesity and four obesity-related chronic diseases in rural Yunnan Province, China.

To analyze the economic burden of obesity and four obesity-related chronic diseases in rural Yunnan Province, China. A community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted among rural residents in Yunnan Province. A multistage stratified random sampling approach was applied to collect a sample of the population aged ≥35 years in this region. Questionnaires were conducted and measurements were taken from 5040 participants. A two-step model was used to measure direct economic burden of disease, whereas a human capital approach was applied to measure indirect economic burden. The prevalence of general obesity, central obesity, hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, and stroke was 7.1%, 37.0%, 35.3%, 9.9%, 3.8%, and 1.7%, respectively, while obese participants as expected had a higher risk of the aforementioned four obesity-related illnesses than their counterparts (P<0.01). The total, direct, and indirect costs of the four illnesses were $30,350.8 million, $28,642.5 million, and $1708.3 million, respectively, with 12.7% attributable to general obesity and 28.7% attributable to central obesity. The economic burden of the four studied chronic diseases attributable to obesity in rural Yunnan Province is substantial. Interventions for controlling obesity should be applied to prevent obesity-related diseases and reduce the economic burden of disease.

Obesity and chronic kidney disease: A population-based study among South Koreans.

Obesity and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are major global health problems. There are very little data concerning the prevalence and its associated factors of obesity in non-dialyzed patients who have different stages of CKD. Therefore, in this study, we examined the prevalence of obesity and its associated factors according to the stages of CKD. We used nationwide representative data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which was conducted over a 7-year period from 2008 to 2014 by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The results indicated that: (1) general obesity and abdominal obesity were more prevalent in patients with CKD compared to those without CKD; (2) the prevalence of general obesity and abdominal obesity was highest in stage 2 CKD; (3) stages 3a and 3b were the factors associated with general obesity, and stage 3a was significantly associated with abdominal obesity; (4) the association between general obesity/abdominal obesity and CKD disappeared in people with advanced stage 4/5 CKD; and (5) the presence of comorbidities contributed to the development of both general obesity and abdominal obesity. The findings of this study might support the idea that weight loss is a good potential intervention for the prevention of disease progression in moderate CKD (stage 3), but not severe CKD (stage 4/5).

Prevalence and clinical characteristics of fatty pancreas in Yangzhou, China: A cross-sectional study

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of fatty pancreas in Yangzhou, China. MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study. Initially, 2093 subjects were included in the study. After the exclusion of 865 subjects based on incomplete information, a total of 1228 subjects were selected for further analysis. The subjects were stratified into two groups (the fatty pancreas group and the non-fatty pancreas group) based on the results. Anthropometric and biochemical findings were compared between the groups. ResultsAmong the 2093 study subjects, 56 (2.7%) had fatty pancreas. Overall, 53 out of 1228 subjects were diagnosed with fatty pancreas and included into the fatty pancreas group. Univariate analysis showed significant differences in age and the prevalence of general obesity, central obesity, alcohol consumption, metabolic syndrome and fatty liver between the two groups (all p < 0.01). The fatty pancreas group had higher levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, serum uric acid, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein, and lower levels of high-density lipoprotein than did the non-fatty pancreas group (all p < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age (p = 0.007), central obesity (p = 0.002) and fatty liver (p = 0.006) were independent risk factors for fatty pancreas, with odds ratios (ORs) of 1.034 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.009–1.059), 5.364 (95% CI: 1.890–15.227), and 2.666 (95% CI: 1.332–5.338), respectively. ConclusionThe prevalence of fatty pancreas in the examined population is approximately 2.7%. Increased age, central obesity and fatty liver disease are independent risk factors for fatty pancreas.

A study of the prevalence of generalized obesity, abdominal obesity, regional adiposity, and metabolic syndrome among young adults

Background: Overweight, obesity, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are rapidly increasing in India. Aims and Objectives: This study demonstrated the prevalence of generalized, abdominal obesity including intra-abdominal and subcutaneous adiposity along with other associated factors in young adults. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 200 subjects. The anthropometric parameters (body mass index [BMI], waist circumference [WC], and skinfold thickness), fasting blood glucose (FBG), and blood pressure were recorded. Percentage of body fat (BF), total abdominal fat (TAF), intra-abdominal adipose tissue (IAAT), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT), and basal metabolic rate (BMR) were measured by predictive equations. Data were analyzed using t-test, analysis of variance, and Pearson’s correlation tests. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of generalized obesity (GO) (by BMI [>25 kg/m2]) was 11%. The prevalence of abdominal obesity according to WC was 17 %, whereas that measured by TAF was 8%. Increased IAAT was more in females (26.02%) as compared to males (8%) with overall prevalence 16.5%. The overall prevalence of SCAT was 27%, more in males (41.56%) as compared to females (17.89%). The prevalence of impaired FBG was 19% (prediabetic), MetS 5.5%, hypertension according to systolic blood pressure 6%, and according to diastolic blood pressure 13%. The predictive BMR was significantly higher with obese subjects as compared to healthy members in both sexes (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence of GO, abdominal obesity, regional adiposity, and MetS among young adults necessitates public health intervention.

Association of Smoking with General and Abdominal Obesity: Evidence from a Cohort Study in West of Iran.

This study aimed to examine the association between smoking and obesity among adults in Kermanshah Province, west of Iran. A cross-sectional study. A total of 8822 participants, aged 35-65 yr, form Ravansar Non-communicable Disease (RaNCD) cohort study (2014-2016) were enrolled. Smoking habits were categorized in terms of smoking status (current, former and never smokers) and smoking intensity (light, moderate and heavy). General obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2 and abdominal obesity were defined as a waist to hip ratio (WHR) ≥90 for men and ≥85 for women. Multiple logistic regressions were used to examine the association between general and abdominal obesity with smoking status and smoking intensity while controlling for age, sex, years of education and wealth index. Overall, 12% were current smokers, 8.4% former smokers and 79.6% never smokers. The prevalence of light, moderate and heavy smokers among current smokers was 30.8%, 18%, and 51.2%, respectively. The prevalence of general obesity was 27.6%, while the prevalence of abdominal obesity was 82.3%. The probabilities of general and abdominal obesity for current smokers were lower than never smokers by 34% and 36%, respectively. The probability of abdominal obesity for heavy smokers was 31% lower than light smokers. We did not observe significant associations between smoking intensity and general obesity. Current smokers compared to never smokers were less likely to be obese. The reverse association between smoking and obesity; however, should not be interpreted as a causal relationship.

Associations between general and central obesity and hypertension among children: The Childhood Obesity Study in China Mega-Cities

In this study, we examined the associations of general and central obesity and hypertension among Chinese children. Data was collected from 1626 children aged 7–16 years and their parents in four mega-cities across China. Mixed effect models examined associations of general and central obesity with hypertension, and between body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). The prevalence of general obesity, central obesity, and hypertension among the children was 11.1%, 19.7%, and 9.0%, respectively. More boys had general and central obesity than girls (15.2% vs. 6.9%; 27.4% vs. 11.7%, respectively; both P < 0.0001). Sex difference in hypertension rate was not statistically significant (9.3% in boys vs. 8.8% in girls, P = 0.7341). Both SBP and DBP were positively associated with BMI, WC, and WHtR, regardless of sex and region. General obesity (OR = 5.94, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.69–9.55) and central obesity (OR = 3.45, 95% CI: 2.27–5.23) were strongly associated with hypertension. The prevalence of general obesity, central obesity, and hypertension was high among Chinese children in the four mega-cities across China. Children’s BMI, WC, and WHtR were positively associated with their SBP and DBP. Obese children were 3–6 times more likely to have hypertension.

Obesity contributes toward hypertension in young and older adult

Background&lt;br /&gt;Obesity and hypertension are independent risk factors in the increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases. The proportion of obesity in Indonesia has increased in the last 5 years according to the National Health Survey. The purpose of this research was to obtain the contribution of obesity toward hypertension in the age group of 18 years and above.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Methods&lt;br /&gt;An observational study of cross-sectional design was conducted using the National Basic Health Research 2013 population data. The total sample of subjects was 2,741,297 from 33 provinces in Indonesia. Data were collected through interviews, blood pressure measurement, and anthropometry. Analysis of categorical data was by means of the chi-square statistical test, followed by calculation of the attributable fraction in the population, and analysis of factors influencing the impact fraction.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Results&lt;br /&gt;The prevalence of general obesity (BMI&amp;gt;25 kg/m2) was 31.5% in males and 48.0% in females, while central obesity was 20.9% in males and 42.5% in females. In females with general obesity the risk of hypertension was 1.84 (95% CI: 1.82-1.86) times higher than in those with normal BMI. If general obesity and central obesity can be reduced, the prevalence of hypertension may be reduced by 2.9% in males and by 12.2% in females.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Conclusion&lt;br /&gt;The prevalence of hypertension in the age group of 18 years or more can be reduced by 2.9% in males and by 12.2% in females, by overcoming the contribution of obesity. Therefore efforts should be geared towards promoting healthy eating habits and maintaining a healthy weight through health education.

Types of Obesity and Its Association with the Clustering of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Jilin Province of China.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has become a serious public health problem in recent years in China. Aggregation of CVD risk factors in one individual increases the risk of CVD and the risk increases substantially with each additional risk factor. This study aims to explore the relationship between the number of clustered CVD risk factors and different types of obesity. A multistage stratified random cluster sampling design was used in this population-based cross-sectional study in 2012. Information was collected by face to face interviews. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), chi-square test, Kruskal-Wallis test and multiple logistic regression were used in this study. The prevalence of general obesity, central obesity and compound obesity were 0.3%, 36.1% and 14.7%, respectively. The prevalence of hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes in the compound obesity group were higher than those in other groups (compound obesity > central obesity > general obesity > non-obesity), while smoking rate in the non-obesity group was higher than those in other groups (non-obesity > general obesity > central obesity > compound obesity). People with obesity were more likely to have one or more CVD risk factor compared with non-obesity subjects (general obesity (OR: 2.27, 95% CI: 1.13–4.56), central obesity (OR: 2.64, 95% CI: 2.41–2.89), compound obesity (OR: 5.09, 95% CI: 4.38–5.90). The results were similar when the number of clustered CVD risk factors was ≥ 2 and ≥ 3. As a conclusion, more than half of the residents in Jilin Province have a problem of obesity, especially central obesity. Government and health department should take measures to improve people’s awareness of central obesity in Jilin Province of China. The prevalence of hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes are associated with obesity types. Compound obesity has a greater risk to cluster multiple CVD risk factors than central obesity and general obesity. Taking measures to control obesity will reduce the prevalence of CVD in Jilin Province.

Relationship Between C-Reactive Protein and Obesity in Adults

body fatness (3). Raised body mass index (BMI) is a major risk factor for non-communicable diseases such as: CVD (mainly heart disease and stroke), which were the lead- ing cause of death in 2012. In 2014, more than 1.9 billion adults, 18 years and older, were overweight. Of these over 600 million were obese. Overall, about 13% of the world's adult populations (11% of men and 15% of women) were obese. In 2014, 39% of adults aged 18 years and over (38% of men and 40% of women) were overweight. The world- wide prevalence of obesity more than doubled between 1980 and 2014. In this cross-sectional study, A total of 260 adult healthy men and women that being agreed by the chan- cellor and research deputy of Islamic Azad University of Hamadan. BMI (weight/height 2 in kg/m 2 ) was calculated for each participant. Obesity is defined as BMI 30 kg/m 2 . Blood samples were collected into the tube. CRP mea- surements were performed in the laboratory. The serum was transferred into plastic tube. Plasma CRP levels were measured by means of a colorimetric competitive enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that prevalence of overweigh was 42.4% and the relation- ship between overweigh and CRP was P = 0.006. Waist cir- cumference in excess of 89 cm in men was 12.7% and in women waist circumference in excess of 89 cm was 21%. The overall prevalence of general obesity was 16.9% and was closely linked to CRP. Subjects with elevated CRP had higher BMI, WC (Waist circumference). For elevated CRP, subjects in the highest BMI quartile had compared with subjects in the lowest BMI quartile. The result shows the re- lationship of CRP with BMI throughout the BMI spectrum (P = 0.0002). CRP levels were strongly correlated with BMI (P = 0.0002). Levels of CRP also increased steadily across WC quartiles (P = 0.0001). Waist circumference quartiles were also strongly associated with odds of elevated CRP. Men in the highest WC (91 cm) and women in the highest WC (89 cm) had an odd of elevated CRP of 5.24 (95% CI, 3.15 - 14.0). Consequently, WHO has the unique authority and the clear mandate to lead the development and implemen- tation of the global strategy for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases and thereby to create a bet- ter environment for world health in 2020 and beyond.

Effect of Maternal Age at Childbirth on Obesity in Postmenopausal Women: A Nationwide Population-Based Study in Korea.

The object of this study was to assess the obesity in postmenopausal women, according to age at childbirth.We analyzed the association between age at first childbirth, age at last childbirth, parity, and subject obesity status (general obesity; BMI >25 kg/m2, nongeneral obesity; BMI ≤25 kg/m2, abdominal obesity; waist circumference >85 cm, nonabdominal obesity; waist circumference ≤85 cm), using data from a nationwide population-based survey, the 2010 to 2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Data from a total of 4382 postmenopausal women were analyzed using multivariate regression analysis with complex survey design sampling. And, the subjects were subdivided into groups according to obesity or not. Age, smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, education, income level, number of pregnancies, oral contraceptive uses, breast feeding experience were adjusted as the confounders.The prevalence of general obesity among Korean postmenopausal women was 37.08%. Women with general obesity and abdominal obesity were significantly younger at first childbirth compared with women with nongeneral obesity and no abdominal obesity (23.89 ± 0.1 vs. 23.22 ± 0.1, P <0.001). Age at first childbirth was inversely associated with obesity, while age at last childbirth was not associated with obesity or abdominal obesity. Women with a higher number of pregnancies were also more likely to have obesity and abdominal obesity. Age at first childbirth remained significantly associated with obesity, after adjusting for confounding factors.Obesity in postmenopausal women is associated with first childbirth at a young age, and higher parity. Further research is needed to clarify the association between obesity and reproductive characteristics.

Prevalence of General Obesity and Abdominal Obesity in the Spanish Adult Population (Aged 25–64 Years) 2014–2015: The ENPE Study

Introduction and objectivesAccording to the 2013 analysis of the Institute of Health Metrics, high body mass index values are the most important risk factor for disease in Spain. Consequently, we describe the prevalence of total obesity and abdominal obesity in the Spanish adult population (25–64 years) for 2014-2015. MethodsThe sample was taken from the ENPE study, a cross-sectional study with a representative sample of the noninstitutionalized population (n = 6800) carried out between May 2014 and May 2015. This analysis refers to the population between age 25 and 64 years (n = 3966). The anthropometric measurements were performed by trained observers at participants’ homes according to standard international protocols. Body mass index ≥ 25 was defined as overweight and ≥ 30 as obesity. Abdominal obesity was classified as waist > 102 cm in men and > 88 cm in women. ResultsThe estimated prevalence of overweight in the Spanish adult population (25–64 years) was 39.3% 95% confidence interval [95%CI], 35.7%-42.9%). The prevalence of general obesity was 21.6% (95%CI, 19.0%-24.2%) and, more specifically, was 22.8% (95%CI, 20.6%-25.0%) among men and 20.5% (95%CI, 18.5%-22.5%) among women, and rose with age. The prevalence of abdominal obesity was estimated at 33.4% (95%CI, 31.1%-35.7%) and was higher among women (43.3%; 95%CI, 41.1%-45.8%) than among men (23.3%; 95%CI, 20.9%-25.5%), and also rose with age. ConclusionsThe prevalence of general obesity and abdominal obesity in Spain is high, although the distribution differs according to autonomous community. A comparison with earlier data reveals a considerable increase in overweight, indicating the need for routine monitoring and comprehensive initiatives.

Comparison of dietary profile of a rural south Indian population with the current dietary recommendations for prevention of non-communicable diseases (CURES 147).

Background & objectives:Despite the rising prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in rural India, data on the dietary profile of the rural Indian population in relation to the recommendations for prevention of NCDs are scarce. This study was conducted to assess the dietary intake of a rural south Indian population in relation to the current dietary recommendations for the prevention of NCDs.Methods:The dietary profiles of 6907 adults aged ≥ 20 yr, from a cluster of 42 villages in Kancheepuram district of Tamil Nadu State in southern India, were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire.Results:The prevalence of general obesity was 27.4 per cent and that of abdominal obesity, 14.0 per cent among this rural population. The median daily energy intake of the population was 2034 (IQR 543) kcals. More than 3/4th of the calories (78.1%) were provided by carbohydrates. Refined cereals, mainly polished rice, was the major contributor to total calories. About 45 per cent of the population did not meet WHO recommendation for protein due to low intake of pulses, flesh foods and dairy products and more than half (57.1%) exceeded the limit of salt intake; 99 per cent of the population did not meet WHO recommendations for fruits and vegetables and 100 per cent did not meet the requirement of n-3 poly unsaturated fatty acids.Interpretation & conclusions:The dietary profile of this rural south Indian population reflected unhealthy choices, with the high consumption of refined cereals in the form of polished white rice and low intake of protective foods like fruits, vegetables, n-3 poly and monounsaturated fatty acids. This could potentially contribute to the increase in prevalence of NCDs like diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases in rural areas and calls for appropriate remedial action.

Studying the Relationship Between Body Mass Index, Waist-Hip Ratio and Quality of Life Among Adult Saudi Females

Overweight and obesity are received a great concern and becoming a high priority globally. Obesity is associated with diversity of health problem as well as decline in quality of life. This study was designed to estimate the prevalence of obesity; the association between body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio and quality of life. The design used in this study was descriptive correlational design. Study subjects were convenience samples of 310 adult female recruited from female colleges in Wadi Addawasir. The data was collected using self-administered questionnaire that consisted of socio-demographic data, participants' weight perception, World Health Organization Quality of Life-Brief (WHOQOL-Brief) and anthropometric measurements included weight, height, waist circumference, hip circumference. The main findings of this study indicated that the prevalence of general obesity according to BMI was 29.7%, and abdominal obesity according to WC, and WHR were 34.2% and 35.5%, respectively. A statistically significant difference between participants' weight perception and the existing BMI, X ² = 50.52, P = 0.00, indicated participants misperception of their weight. The mean total score of WHOQOL-Brief scale was (70.01±11.31) and social relationships domain was the highest score, the mean = 73.02 ± 17.10, while lowest score was psychological domain, the mean = 64.76 ± 13.73. Moreover, 32.3% of subjects good quality of life, while only 3.9% had poor quality of life. A significant negative correlation was revealed between BMI, WC, WHR and total score of quality of life, p = -.012,.033,.012 respectively. Moreover, the participants with increased BMI had decreased quality of life compared to those of normal BMI F = 3.209, P =.023. Conclusion: General and abdominal obesity were highly prevalent among adult Saudi females as measured by BMI, WHR. Misperception of weight was revealed and minority of subjects had good quality of life. Obesity was associated with significant decrease in quality of life. Recommendation: Effective health education strategies are required to help in increase females' awareness and perception of their weight, thus affecting their decisions and behaviors to minimize obesity and its negative influences on their health and consequently their quality of life.

Obesity as a Potential Risk Factor for Blepharoptosis: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2010.

PurposeTo examine obesity parameters as potential risk factors associated with blepharoptosis in a representative Korean population.MethodsWe analyzed the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), conducted between 2008 and 2010. 10,285 Korean adults (4,441 men and 5,844 women) aged 40 years or older was enrolled. We compared body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and percentage body fat (BF), according to the severity of blepharoptosis. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the associations of each obesity parameter with blepharoptosis.ResultsThe overall prevalence of age-related blepharoptosis was 14.8 % in South Korea. There were significant and graded associations between increasing blepharoptosis severity and the mean value of obesity parameters (P for trend < 0.05). As marginal reflex distance 1 (MRD1) decreased, the prevalence of general obesity and overweight status increased (P for trend=0.121 in men and < 0.001 in women); the prevalence of abdominal obesity increased (P for trend < 0.001 for both genders); the prevalence of highest quartile of percentage BF increased (P for trend ≤0.001 for both genders). Blepharoptosis was significantly associated with general obesity in women (adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 2.14; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 1.32-3.47); and with the highest quartile of percentage BF in men (aOR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.34-2.97) and in women (aOR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.06-2.3317, after adjusting for age, smoking exercise, drinking alcohol, total energy intake, fat intake, total cholesterol, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, diabetes, hypertension, and family history of eye disease.ConclusionsThe etiology of age-related blepharoptosis may be multifactorial and is unclear. Our results suggest that obesity parameters such as BMI, WC and percentage BF might be potential risk factors for age-related blepharoptosis in a representative Korean population.

Obesity and its relationship with hypertension among adults 50 years and older in Jinan, China.

BackgroundThe relationship between obesity and hypertension varies with geographical area, race and definitions of obesity. Our study aimed to investigate the prevalence of obesity using standard Chinese criteria based on the body mass index (BMI) and the waist circumference (WC) and to examine the association between obesity and hypertension among middle-aged and elderly people in Jinan city.MethodsThis cross-sectional study examined 1,870 subjects from the blocks randomly selected from among the 6 communities of Jinan, China in 2011–2012. The Student's t-test was used to compare numerical data, and the χ2 test was used to compare categorical data. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the effects of general and central obesity on hypertension after adjusting for age or for education level, smoking, alcohol consumption, and continuous age.ResultsThe prevalence of general obesity among people age 50 years and older was 21.1% (17.0% for males and 23.1% for females), and the prevalence of central obesity was 77.8% for men and 78.7% for women. For men, compared with a normal BMI, the ORs and 95% CIs for overweight and general obesity were 1.853 (1.252, 2.744) and 3.422 (1.894, 6.182), respectively, after adjusting for age, smoking, alcohol consumption and educational level. Compared with a normal WC, the ORs and 95% CIs for central obesity were 2.334 (1.573, 3.465) and 2.318 (1.544, 3.479), respectively, for men. For women, compared with a normal BMI, the ORs and 95% CIs were 1.942 (1.473, 2.599) and 4.011 (2.817, 5.712), respectively, after adjusting for age, smoking, alcohol consumption and educational level. Compared with a normal WC, the ORs and 95% CIs for central obesity were 2.488 (1.865, 3.319) and 2.379 (1.773, 3.192), respectively, for women.ConclusionsThe relationship between hypertension and general obesity was stronger than the relationship between hypertension and either overweight or central obesity in both genders.

An update on overweight and obesity in rural Northeast China: from lifestyle risk factors to cardiometabolic comorbidities.

BackgroundNot enough is known about the prevalence of overweight and obesity in rural China in the current decade. We aim to update our knowledge of the prevalence of obesity and its associated risk factors and comorbidities in a large population sample in rural Northeast China.MethodsA population-based survey of 11,579 participants aged 35 years and older was conducted in rural areas of Liaoning Province during 2012–2013. Anthropometric measurements, information on health-related variables and blood biochemical indexes were collected by well-trained personnel.ResultsThe prevalence of general obesity and overweight was found to be 7.8% and 37.2%, respectively. The overall prevalence of abdominal obesity was 15.1%. Female gender, ethnic minority, middle-school education and a family income of 5,000–20,000 CNY per year were found to be risk factors for general obesity, while older age, female gender, ethnic minority and longer sleep duration (>8 h/d) increased the risk of abdominal obesity, after adjusting for confounders. Overweight and obese participants had significantly higher risks to develop prehypertension, hypertension, high LDL-C and low HDL-C compared with normal weight participants, while abdominal obesity was associated with increased risks of diabetes and high TG after adjusted for multiple factors. Compared with participants with a normal BMI and no abdominal obesity, the participants classified as abdominally obese and normal BMI; as abdominally obese and overweight; and abdominally obese and generally obese each had a progressive increase in the odds of hypertension (OR: 1.961, 95% CI: 1.154 to 3.331, OR: 2.744, 95% CI: 2.126 to 3.541, and OR: 8.990, 95% CI: 5.858 to 13.795, respectively) and high TG (OR: 3.165, 95% CI: 2.183 to 4.588, OR: 3.980, 95% CI: 3.332 to 4.755, and OR: 4.340, 95% CI: 3.574 to 5.271, respectively).ConclusionsThe prevalence of obesity in rural Northeast China exhibited a remarkably increasing upwards trend. General and abdominal obesity were associated with different subtypes of cardiometabolic comorbidities, the combined effects of which on the comorbidities dramatically increased.