Prevalence Of Exclusive Breastfeeding Practice Research Articles

Nexus between postpartum depression and exclusive breastfeeding practices among lactating mothers in Assosa Town, West Ethiopia.

Across the globe, breastfeeding stands out as a highly effective strategy for reducing infant and child morbidity and mortality. Concurrently, postpartum depression (PPD) emerges as a notable public health issue, adversely affecting both exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) practices for infants and the fulfillment of parenting roles. Despite the lack of substantial evidence in Ethiopia and the specific study areas, indicating the association between PPD and EBF practices, this study endeavors to fill this gap. The primary objective is to examine the correlation between PPD and EBF practices, along with exploring other pertinent factors, in Assosa Town, West Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out from 7 March to 5 April 2019. The study involved the recruitment of 462 participants through a systematic random sampling method. Data collection was facilitated by conducting a structured and pre-tested questionnaire. To screen for PPD, we used the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) tool. This tool, EPDS, was used solely as a screening tool and not for diagnostic purposes. The collected data were entered into Epi-Data version 3.1 and subsequently exported to SPSS version 24 for comprehensive statistical analysis. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association between independent variables and dependent variables. Odds ratios, along with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs), were calculated to ascertain the presence and strength of any associations. Statistical significance was acknowledged at a p-value of <0.05. The overall prevalence of EBF practices was found to be 58.2% (95% CI: 51.4-65.7), while the prevalence of PPD was 18.7% (95% CI: 15.94-26.7). Among mothers without PPD, the prevalence of EBF practices was notably higher at 62.4% (95% CI: 55.9-65.2%) compared to mothers experiencing PPD, where the prevalence was 31.3% (95% CI: 24.7-32.5%). Mothers who experienced PPD exhibited 51% reduced odds of practicing EBF compared to their counterparts (AOR = 0.49. 95% CI: 0.25-0.8). Furthermore, factors such as having a higher family monthly income (AOR = 8.7, 95% CI: 4.2-17.2), being multiparous (AOR = 5.8, 95% CI 4.9-10.8), attending antenatal care (ANC) visits (AOR = 4.9, 95% CI: 3.4-14.1), opting for vaginal delivery (AOR = 9.8, 95% CI: 5.6-17.4), and receiving husband's support (AOR = 5.3, 95% CI: 4.6-12.7) demonstrated a statistically significant positive association with EBF practices. In this study, a substantial number of mothers demonstrated suboptimal EBF practices during the first 6 months of their infants' lives. Consequently, the findings underscore a clear association between PPD and EBF. Thus, it is imperative to intensify efforts in the early detection and treatment of PPD, enhance household income, advocate for ANC, and encourage active husband involvement to bolster EBF practices.

The Prevalence of Exclusive Breastfeeding Practice and Its Predictors in the First Six Months of Life Among Working Mothers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Introduction The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations are early initiation of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for the first six months of infants' lives.Despite the WHO and UNICEF recommendationsand expanding evidence of the significance of exclusive breastfeeding, about two-thirds of infants worldwide have not received exclusive breastfeeding for the six recommended months. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of working mothers exclusively breastfeeding in the first six months of infants' lives and investigate their predictors in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods A cross-sectional community-based study was conducted for four months in 2022. The study included working mothers who have a child in the age range of 6-24 months living in Riyadh. Data was collected through an online questionnaire and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)version 29 (IBM SPSS Statistics, Armonk, NY) program. Results A sample of 118 participants were included in the study. Their prevalence for EBF practice for the recommended period is 28% (n=33). Around 58.5% (n=69) of the participants did not receive breastfeeding counseling during antenatal visits. Almost half the infants were given prelacteal feeding. Male infants are two times more likely to be exclusively breastfed for the recommended period than female infants. Work-related pressures were a key factor in the discontinuation of breastfeeding (53.4%, n=63). Conclusion This study highlights the lack of breastfeeding counseling and breastfeeding work regulation, alongside concerns about colostrum avoidance and prelacteal feeding. While EBF rates show progress, delayed initiation and work-related pressures remain challenges. Gender disparity in exclusive breastfeeding urges targeted interventions for more equitable outcomes.

Association of Pregnant Women's Perinatal Depression with Sociodemographic, Anthropometric and Lifestyle Factors and Perinatal and Postnatal Outcomes: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: In recent decades, the incidence of depression has gradually increased in the general population globally. Depression is also common during gestation and could result in detrimental gestational complications for both the mother and the fetus. The survey presented aimed to evaluate whether pregnant women's perinatal depression could be associated with socio-demographic, anthropometry and lifestyle factors, and perinatal and postnatal outcomes. Methods: This is a cross-sectional survey conducted on 5314 pregnant women. Socio-demographic and lifestyle factors were recorded by relevant questionnaires via face-to-face interviews. Anthropometric parameters were measured by qualified personnel. Perinatal depressive symptomatology status was evaluated by Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI-II) questionnaire. Results: Depressive symptoms throughout gestation were found in 35.1% of the enrolled women. Perinatal depression was significantly associated with lower educational and economic level, pre-pregnancy regular smoking and reduced levels of Mediterranean diet adherence levels, a higher prevalence of gestational diabetes and preterm birth, as well as a higher incidence of delivering by caesarean section and abnormal childbirth weight. Perinatal depression was also significantly associated with a higher prevalence of maternal postpartum depression and lower prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding practices, as well as with a higher incidence of childhood asthma. Conclusions: Pregnant women's perinatal depression appears to be associated with various socio-demographic, anthropometry, and lifestyle characteristics and with a higher frequency of several adverse pregnancy complications. The present findings emphasize the importance of pregnant women's perinatal mental health, highlighting the need to develop and apply public strategies and policies for psychological counseling and support of future mothers to minimize probable risk factors that may trigger perinatal depression. Novel well-organized, follow-up surveys of enhanced validity are highly recommended to establish more definitive conclusions.

Assessing pooled prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding practice and addressing principal barriers to its practice in North African countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is a public health priority globally. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), the global prevalence of EBF during the first six months of life remains low particularly in low- and middle-income countries. In this systematic review (SR) and meta-analysis (MA) we examine the existing evidence of the pooled prevalence and determinants of EBF during the first 6 months of infants’ lives in North African (NA) countries. Methods: This SR and MA followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. International databases were systematically searched. Inclusion criteria included studies conducted among mothers in NA countries (Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Libya, Egypt, Sudan) on breastfeeding prevalence. Meta-analyses were conducted using R (version 4.2.3). Results: 16 studies with a total of 7,849 participants were included in the analysis. The global pooled prevalence of EBF during the first six months in NA countries was 29.0% (CI95% [18.0; 42.0]) with heterogenous results (Tau2 = 1.41, I2 = 99%, p &lt; 0.01). Tunisia had the lowest prevalence of EBF (11%) while Sudan (63%) and Morocco (48%) had the highest. The prevalence of EBF until the first six months of life (among infants aged at least 6 months) was 30.0% (CI95% [14.0; 52.0]). Barriers to EBF practice were examined, including mother's educational level, maternal employment, and mode of delivery. However no statistically significant factors were identified. Conclusion: EBF in NA countries falls below the recommendations of the WHO. Concerted efforts and adoption of a multi-dimensional approach is needed to promote and support EBF practices. EBF rates in NA vary widely, and efforts to promote and support this practice need to be context-specific and tailored to each country's unique challenges and opportunities. Implementation of Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiatives can contribute to the improvement of breastfeeding practices in this region.

Prevalence and Factors Influencing Exclusive Breastfeeding Practice among Breastfeeding Mothers in Kathmandu, Nepal

Introduction: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for up to six months has several benefits for children in reducing their morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to find out the prevalence of EBF practice and its influencing factors.&#x0D; Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 362 breastfeeding mothers attending selected health facilities in the Kathmandu district. Data were collected using structured questionnaires through a face-to-face interview. The knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy and social support of breastfeeding were assessed by Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale (IIFAS), Breastfeeding Self-efficacy Scale Short Form (BSES-SF) and Exclusive Breastfeeding Social Support Scale (EBSSS) scales respectively. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, through SPSS.&#x0D; Results: The prevalence of EBF practices for the six months was 64.1%. The higher proportion (99.2%) of the respondents had high self-efficacy for breastfeeding, 95.3% of the respondents had positive attitudes toward EBF, and 89.8% had high social support for EBF practices. The determinant of the Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale was being a Hindu religion (aOR 6.1, 95% CI, 2.23-16.58). The determinants of the exclusive breastfeeding social support scale were being a mother who did colostrum feeding (aOR 11.8, 95% CI, 2.29-61.14), had institutional delivery (aOR 7.4, 95% CI, 2.21-24.54), and had school level education (aOR 3.6, 95% CI, 1.54-8.53). The determinants of EBF practices were of being an unemployed mother (aOR 2.7, 95%CI, 1.40-5.07) and mothers aged 26 year-old and below (aOR 1.7, 95%CI, 1.08-2.64).&#x0D; Conclusion: Findings reveal that high level of knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy and social support towards exclusive breastfeeding, but the prevalence of EBF practice is still low, so it should be promoted by having targeted intervention programs for mothers who are at-risk groups. Breastfeeding awareness programs should be integrated into the existing immunization clinics and give information to mothers about its long-term benefits.

To determine the survival, prevalence and associated factors of exclusive breastfeeding practices in South India.

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) provides protection to the child from risk of obesity, overweight, type II diabetes and helps in enhancing brain development, learning capabilities and also reduces gastrointestinal infections. Breast problems, societal barriers, insufficient support, poor knowledge, mode of delivery and community beliefs are associated. To determine the survival and prevalence of exclusive breast-feeding practice and their associated factors. An ambispective community-based observational study was conducted. A sample of 441 mothers was estimated with a prevalence of EBF of 54.9% based on the National Family Health Survey 2015-16. The selected mothers with an infant less than one year of age and those with infants less than six months were interviewed retrospectively and prospectively and information on the duration of EBF, demography and factors associated were collected. The data were analysed using IBM SPSS, version 22. The Chi-square test and binary logistic regression were used to determine the associated factors for EBF. A P value of <0.05 was considered significant. EBF survival rate was good till three months and decreased drastically after five months. EBF practice in the present study was 69.4%. Birth order, maternal age, birth weight, paternal education and religion were significantly associated with EBF. Primary health care providers in the community should also consider the cultural factors and educate the mothers on the practice of EBF to reduce morbidity and mortality and promote better health for a healthy, strong, younger population.

PREVALENCE AND ITS ASSOCIATED FACTORS OF EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING PRACTICE AMONG MOTHERS WITH CHILDREN 0–6 MONTHS AT FINOTE SELAM TOWN, NORTHWEST ETHIOPIA: A COMMUNITY-BASED CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Objective: This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding practice and its associated factors among mothers with children 0–6 months at Finote Selam town, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study design was conducted on (n=415) women with children 0–6 months derived using simple and multistage sampling techniques. Data have been analyzed using univariate, binary, and multivariate logistic regression. Results: The prevalence rate of exclusive breastfeeding practice in the study area was 67%. Results display that the vulnerable groups, such as mothers being illiterate, low-income group, and lived in rural regions, have come on a double burden of death throughout delivery and have much fewer practices of breastfeeding in comparison with different moms of children aged 0–6 months due to the fact that the respondents have variations in socioeconomic traits and how the way they’re under the different cultural influence. Conclusion: This study might allow policymakers, medical sociologists, and health extension practitioners to broaden extra powerful all-rounded interventions to minimize the poor exercise of exclusive breastfeeding.

Factors influencing exclusive breastfeeding practice among under-six months infants in Ethiopia

BackgroundWorld Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for the first 6 months of life. EBF has sustainable long-term health benefits for both infants and mothers. Despite its benefits, the practice of EBF in Ethiopia is lower than the internationally recommended one. This study aimed at identifying factors influencing EBF practice among under-6 month infants in Ethiopia.MethodsThis study used data drawn from the 2019 Ethiopian Mini Demographic and Health Survey (2019 EMDHS) data. A multivariable logistic regression model was employed to investigate factors significantly associated with EBF practice among under-6 month infants in Ethiopia. An adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was used to measure the association of factors with EBF practice.ResultsA total of 566 infants under the age of 6 months were included in the study. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding practice was 83% (95% CI: 79.70–86%). Urban residences (AOR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.22–0.73), mothers having secondary education (AOR: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.29–1.84) and higher education (AOR: 3.18, 95% CI: 0.68–15.02), mothers having ANC visits of 1 to 3 times (AOR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.24–1.88) and ANC visits of 4 and more times (AOR: 4.27, 95% CI: 1.06–17.25), family size of more than 5 (AOR: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.26–0.88), caesarean births (AOR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.42–0.95), and deliveries at health facilities (AOR: 2.51, 95% CI: 1.12–5.63) were factors significantly associated with EBF practice among under-6 month infants.ConclusionIn this study, EBF practice among under-6 month infants was significantly associated with place of residence, maternal educational level, ANC visits, family size, mode of delivery, and place of delivery. Therefore, encouraging ANC visit and promotion of institutional (health facility) delivery are recommended. Furthermore, special attention has to be given to mothers with no or less education to make them better aware of the EBF and its benefits to enhance exclusive breastfeeding practice.

Exclusive breastfeeding practice among HIV infected mothers in the southern highlands of Tanzania; assessing the prevalence and factors associated with the practice, an analytical cross-sectional survey

BackgroundThere is no other better way to safeguard an infant’s health in the first 6 months of life than exclusive breastfeeding (EBF). Breast milk is valuable in all aspects of an infant’s physical and mental growth as well as immune development. The study aimed to assess the prevalence and factors associated with EBF practice among HIV-infected mothers in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania.MethodA hospital-based analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among lactating HIV-infected mothers. A random sampling procedure was used to obtain 372 HIV-infected mothers of infants from 6 to 12 months of age who were still breastfeeding at the time of data collection. An interviewer-administered structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with EBF practice. Statistical package for social science (SPSS volume 20) software was used for data entry and analysis.ResultsThe prevalence of EBF practice was 58.1% at 95% Confidence Interval of 52.9% to 63.1%. More than half of the respondents 199 (53.5%) had adequate knowledge while 173(46.5%) had inadequate knowledge about EBF. After adjusting for confounders, factors associated with EBF practice were knowledge about EBF [Adequate knowledge (AOR = 5.11 at 95% CI 3.2–8.17, p < 0.001)], ANC visits [Adequate (AOR = 1.76 at 95% CI 1.09–2.82, p = 0.002)], Income per day [1 0r more USD (AOR = 1.83 at 95% CI 1.14–2.94, p = 0.013)], positive perception of EBF [ positive perception (AOR = 3.51 at 95% CI 2.25–5.47, p < 0.001) and having ever experienced a breast problem AOR = 3.91 at 95% CI 1.89–8.08, p < 0.001.ConclusionMore than half of interviewed mothers with HIV practiced EBF. The EBF practice among HIV lactating mothers was significantly influenced by adequate knowledge of EBF, positive perception toward EBF, adequate ANC visits, and having never experienced breast problems. Strengthening adherence to ANC routine visits, counseling on breastfeeding, and improving mothers’ knowledge about exclusive breastfeeding would contribute to the enhancement of EBF practice in this region. An innovative interventional study is recommended to develop more effective strategies to improve EBF knowledge and practice among HIV-infected mothers.

Effect of maternal employment on exclusive breastfeeding practice among mothers of infants 6–12 months old in Wolkite town, Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional study

IntroductionExclusive breastfeeding (EBF) means providing only breast milk for infants for up to six months without the addition of solid or liquid matter. Even though EBF had great benefits for infants and mothers, the rate of EBF is so limited below the global target. In Ethiopia, the overall EBF practice is 59%. This low EBF practice had a great unexplained variation among employed and unemployed mothers. Therefore, this study aimed to compare EBF practice and associated factors among employed and unemployed mothers of infants aged 6–12 months in Wolkite town, Southern Ethiopia, 2020.MethodsA community-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in March 2020. A total sample of 485 (241 employed and 244 unemployed) study subjects was involved in the study. A simple random sampling technique was used to recruit study subjects. A pre-tested structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify associated factors of EBF practice for the whole study participants and then for employed and unemployed mothers independently.ResultsThe pooled prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding practice was 63.9% [95% CI (59.8–68.2%)]. Exclusive breastfeeding practice was 54.8% [95% CI (48.5–61.4%)] and 73% [95% CI (66.8–78.7%)] among employed and unemployed mothers respectively. Three or more years of a birth interval [AOR = 4.03; 95% CI (1.80–8.99)], three or more ANC visits [AOR = 5.39; 95% CI (1.49–19.45)], and having PNC service [AOR = 4.56; 95% CI (2.0–9.4)] significantly associated to exclusive breastfeeding practice among employed mothers. No history of breastfeeding counseling during ANC visits [AOR = 0.15; 95% CI (0.06–0.41)], had history of breast disease [AOR = 0.28; 95% CI (0.08–0.99)], three or more ANC visits [AOR = 5.11; 95% CI (1.66–15.8)], and having social support [AOR = 3.05; 95% CI (1.23–7.6)] significantly associated to EBF practice among unemployed mothers.ConclusionEmployment among mothers was found to discourage EBF practice. The predictors of exclusive breastfeeding practice are different for employed and unemployed. Therefore Policymakers and program planners are called to come together and create a conducive environment for lactating employees, and appropriate intervention at respective predictor variables is needed to enhance EBF practice.

Examining norms and social expectations surrounding exclusive breastfeeding: Evidence from Mali

Do mothers' perceptions of community behavior and their beliefs about exclusive breastfeeding affect their own infant feeding behavior? We explore this relationship using a primary survey of 925 mothers with children of two years or below conducted in 2019 in the Kayes and Sikasso regions of Mali. Among other information, we collected self-reported data on the respondent’s social expectations about the beliefs and behaviors of their community members apart from their own infant feeding behavior. The findings from regression estimations, after controlling for a host of potential confounding factors, indicate that children whose mothers think most individuals in her community exclusively breastfeed their infants, regardless of factual accuracy, are significantly more likely to be exclusively breastfed in the first six months. Beliefs about community approval of exclusive infant breastfeeding behavior are also found to be significantly associated, albeit modestly. In addition, children of mothers who hold false but positive beliefs and over-predict the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding practices in the community are more likely to be exclusively breastfed. Further, we utilize responses from hypothetical vignettes where the levels of social expectations are experimentally manipulated. Here, prevalence of and beliefs about community infant feeding behavior are randomized across the respondents and then they are asked to predict the breastfeeding behavior of an imaginary vignette character under such conditions. The findings indicate a positive and robust relationship between the prevalence of community level exclusive breastfeeding and the predicted behavior concerning exclusive breastfeeding. A number of additional tests are conducted to ensure that the estimates are not confounded by unobserved heterogeneity. We assert that our findings can potentially represent an important foundation for the design of interventions aimed at altering social expectations, and thus effecting a measurable change in infant breastfeeding behaviors.

Intention and practice on breastfeeding among pregnant mothers in Malaysia and factors associated with practice of exclusive breastfeeding: A cohort study.

BackgroundExclusive breastfeeding rate in Malaysia is low despite its known health benefits. This study aims to determine the prevalence of intention to breastfeed among pregnant mothers, the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding practice after delivery, and factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding practice.MethodsThis was a prospective cohort study. All pregnant women at 36 weeks gestation or above from 17 antenatal health clinics in an urban district were invited to participate in the study. A self-administered questionnaire was used, encompassing sociodemographic, breastfeeding knowledge, attitude, and intention towards the practice of breastfeeding. The participants were followed up one month post-natal for their practice of breastfeeding via telephone or during their post-natal follow-up appointment.Results483 pregnant mothers participated in the study initially. 462 (95.7%) were contactable after one month. 99.4% (459/462) of participants intended to breastfeed. 65.4% (302/462) of participants practiced exclusive breastfeeding. There was no significant association between intention and practice of exclusive breastfeeding. Multiple logistic regression analysis shows, pregnant mothers with high breastfeeding knowledge (AOR = 1.138; 95% CI 1.008–1.284) and Malay ethnicity (AOR = 2.031; 95% CI 1.066–3.868) were more likely to breastfeed their infant exclusively.ConclusionsPrevalence of exclusive breastfeeding practice at one month in the studied district was 65.4%. Malay mothers and mothers with high breastfeeding knowledge were more likely to breastfeed exclusively. Thus, we recommend targeted intervention towards non-Malay mothers and increasing breastfeeding knowledge to all pregnant mothers.

Exclusive breastfeeding practice and its associated factors among children aged 6-23 months in Woldia Town, Northwest Ethiopia.

Inappropriate practice of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is still a major problem worldwide. To identify exclusive breastfeeding practice and its associated factors among children aged 6-23 months in Woldia Town. A Community based cross-sectional study was carried out.Interviewer-administered questionnaire was utilized to collect the data. The questionnaire was adapted from the 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey. Hosmer-Lemeshow model was fitted at a P-value of 0.91. Finally, Variables having P-Value <0.05 with 95% CI was considered as significant factors. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding practice was 46.2% (95% CI: 42.0, 49.8). Being employed mothers (AOR=0.62,95% CI:0.44,0.87), being head of a household (AOR=0.52,95% CI:0.32,0.83), not g getting husband support (AOR:0.5,95%CI:0.34,0.74), not fed colostrum's (AOR:0.36,95%CI:0.23,0.57), not affected by traditional belief (AOR:3.59, 95% CI:2.09-6.17) shows significant association with Exclusive breast feeding practice. The prevalence of exclusive breast feeding practice was relatively lower than the National prevalence. Some demographic variable and traditional beliefs were significantly associated with exclusive breast feeding. Designing model policies that empower the role of women and eradicating bad traditional beliefs in the community is fundamental step.

MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH STATUS RELATED TO NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN DURING LACTATION PERIOD: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY AMONG MOTHERS WITH CHILDREN AGE 0 – 6 MONTHS IN AGRICULTURAL AREAS OF INDONESIA

Maternal and child health status (MCHS) plays an essential role in the exclusive breastfeeding practice (EBP), which in turn helps to determine the nutritional status and development of children (NSC &amp; CD) aged 0-6 months. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors influencing EBP, NSC, and CD to MCHS in Jember, East Java, Indonesia. A family-based survey was conducted among 470 mothers with children aged 0-6 months, by using a stratified random sampling method. Furthermore, a self-administered questionnaire was used to measure the characteristics of children and mothers, MCHS, EBP, NSC (z score with weight per age= WAZ and height per age= HAZ), and CD (pre-screening developmental questionnaire=PSDQ). The prevalence of EBP was 74.7% (95% CI= 65.5 – 81.2%), with influential factors being education, family income, children's age, and distress to limitations. Also, the Z-score of WAZ and HAZ were 2.99±0.22 and 3.01±0.22, respectively (3% of underweight and 1.7% of stunting). The factors influencing WAZ were children's age, birth weight, approach, and attentional shifting. However, the factors that only influenced the HAZ was the children's age. Also, among children three months old, the score of PSDQ was 8.30±1.33 (0.8% of deviation and 56.5% of suspect development), and their influenced factors were mother's work, infant's age, and the weight of birth. Among those that were 6 months old, the PSDQ score was 8.83±1.42 (7% of deviation and 24.3% of suspect development), and their influenced factors were mainly relationship. The analysis of the result further showed that the EBP, NSC, and CD, are related to MCHS, in rural agricultural areas. Therefore, the relationship of the parent-child should function appropriately, in order to support infant growth and development during lactation.

Breastfeeding Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of New-Mothers Presenting in Obstetrical Out-Patient Department

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) with colostrum feeding improves the survival of the newborns. This varies with the time of initiation of breast-feeding, its duration and the age of weaning. Knowledge of breast feeding, attitude of mothers and their practices varies with many factors among populations. Objective: (1) To determine the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding practice among mothers of infants 0–6 months of age presenting in obstetrical out-patient department. (2) To assess the level of knowledge, attitude and practices of new-mothers regarding breastfeeding presenting in obstetrical out-patient department. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Settings: Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology, Faisalabad Medical University, Faisalabad Pakistan. Duration: One month from August 01, 2020. Methodology: All new mothers of healthy infants 0–6 months old born between 37 and 42 gestation weeks attending the obstetrics OPD were included in the study. A detailed history was taken from all mothers. Parity, current age of infant, weight, height, BMI, BMI category, educational status, exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) and any pre-lacteal feed given, was noted. The independent variables for the study were maternal knowledge and attitudes towards EBF. 15 questions for assessment of knowledge and 12 for maternal attitude were used. Results: Among these 100 women, 66% (n=66) were currently feeding their newborns, but only 17% (n=17) of the total 100 women were practicing exclusive-breast-feeding. 95% were having good and above average knowledge regarding breast feeding practices. Still only half of the mothers had a positive attitude towards breast feeding; only 66% of the women were practicing breast feeding. Among educated mother 47.6% had a positive attitude toward breast feeding. Mothers with knowledge of breast-feeding above average/good were of 25 years or above age group. Conclusion: Education of the mothers can be linked to their high knowledge but is not significantly associated with their positive attitudes. Positive campaigns are required focusing not only un-educated young mothers, but also involving young educated primiparous women. Women should be encouraged from the first pregnancy regarding exclusive breast feeding and colostrum feeding, without the use of any pre-lacteal feeds, whatever the mode of delivery is.

Exclusive Breastfeeding and Normative Belief among Rural Mothers in Ethiopia, 2019: A Cross-Sectional Survey Embedded with Qualitative Design.

Background Exclusive breastfeeding has an irrepressible benefit to a child. However, the practice is still low with salient factors in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess exclusive breastfeeding practice and normative beliefs among mothers who have children less than two years of age in Ethiopia, 2019. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample size of 423 in Ethiopia from March 12 to December 18, 2019. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. Gender-matched six Focus Group Discussions were conducted. Semistructured guiding questions were used to carry out the discussion. The binary logistic regression model was used to determine the association between dependent and independent variables of the quantitative part. Results The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding practice was 77.5% (95% CI: 73.5, 81.5%). Married mothers (AOR = 2.57; 95% CI: 1.68, 5.65), mothers with antenatal care follow-up (AOR = 4.11; 95% CI: 2.66, 11.17), mothers who delivered at a health institution (AOR = 4.07; 95% CI: 2.99, 10.72), and mothers counseled during antenatal care (AOR = 1.96; 95% CI: 1.12, 4.73) had a positive association, whereas mothers who were unable to read and write (AOR = 0.11; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.99) and employed mothers (AOR = 0.22; 95% CI: 0.16, 0.56) were the variables that had a negative association with exclusive breastfeeding practice. Conclusions Although the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding was good when compared with other studies, rigorous interventions are needed to achieve the WHO recommendation of all infants should exclusively be breastfed. Marital status, educational status, occupation, antenatal care service, place of birth, and counseling of mothers during ANC were factors associated with the exclusive breastfeeding practice.

Less than one-fifth of the mothers practised exclusive breastfeeding in the emerging regions of Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis of the 2016 Ethiopian demographic and health survey

BackgroundThe burden of low coverage of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) has a significant impact on the health of a newborn and also on the family and social economy in the long term. Even though the prevalence of EBF practices in Ethiopia is low, the practices in the pastoral communities, in particular, are significantly low and affected by individual and community-level factors. Besides, its adverse outcomes are mostly unrecognised. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the individual and community-level factors of low coverage of EBF practices in the emerging regions of Ethiopia.MethodsIn this analysis, data from 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) were used. A two-stage stratified sampling technique was used to identify 1406 children aged 0 to 23 months in the emerging regions of Ethiopia. A multilevel mixed-effect binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine the individual and community level factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding practices. In the final model, variables with a p-value of < 0.05 and Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI) were found to be statistically significant factors that affect exclusive breastfeeding practices.ResultsOverall, 17.6% (95% CI: 15.6–19.6) of the children aged 0 to 23 months have received exclusive breastfeeding. Employed mothers (AOR: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.21–0.53), richer household wealth status (AOR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.16–0.96), mothers undecided to have more children (AOR: 2.29, 95% CI: 1.21–4.29), a child with a history of diarrhoea (AOR: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.16–0.61) were the individual-level factors, whereas Benishangul region (AOR: 2.63, 95% CI: 1.44–4.82) was the community-level factors associated with the exclusive breastfeeding practices.ConclusionsLess than one-fifth of the mothers have practised exclusive breastfeeding in the emerging regions of Ethiopia. The individual-level factors such as mother’s employment status, household wealth status, desire for more children, presence of diarrhoea and community-level factors such as region have contributed to the low coverage of exclusive breastfeeding. Therefore, the federal and regional health bureaus and other implementers should emphasise to those emerging regions by creating awareness and strengthening the existing community-based health extension program to enhance exclusive breastfeeding practices.

Factors influencing exclusive breastfeeding practices in rural areas in south Benin

This study is part of the national programme for the promotion of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) and was technically supported by the International Atomic Energy Agency. It aimed to determine the factors leading to the cessation of EBF among mothers living in areas benefiting from an important breastfeeding promotion actions in southern Benin. The practice of EBF was measured using “deuterium oxide dose to the mother” technique in 105 mothers during 6 month’s post-partum. Factors influencing the duration of this practice were investigated through an individual interview with the mothers and their relatives. The prevalence of EBF practice in lactating mothers was 58.7%, 29.1%, and 2.4% at 1, 3, and 6 months postpartum respectively. The main factor favoring this practice at 1 and 3 months was sufficient breastmilk supply. Continuation up to 6 months was due to the support of the family and belief in its benefits. On the other hand, the principal factors that led to its interruption at 1 and 3 months were insufficient breastmilk production and the giving of herbal teas and water to the babies. After 6 months, the drastic drop of EBF was due to the lack of the support from fathers. Integrating these factors into EBF promotion actions might increase practice.

Exclusive Breast-Feeding Practice and Associated Factors among HIV-Positive Mothers in Governmental Health Facilities, Southern Ethiopia.

Introduction Globally, over 90% of HIV infections among children are due to mother-to-child transmission and breastfeeding accounts for 5–20% of the burden. Avoidance of inappropriate feeding practices and practicing exclusive breastfeeding is recommended to reduce mother-to-child HIV transmission, but it is hardly practiced. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding practice and associated factors among HIV-positive mothers attending governmental PMTCT clinics in Southern Ethiopia. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April to May 2019. The participants of the study were 209 HIV-positive mothers at the selected PMTCT sites. The study subjects were drawn from 10 health institutions located at 6 towns in Southern Ethiopia which constituted six hospitals and four health centers. Quantitative data were collected using the pretested structured questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between the predictors and outcome variable. Results Among the 209 participants, 81.6% (95% CI: 75.8–86.5) practiced exclusive breastfeeding and 18.4% (95% CI: 13.5–23.7) practiced mixed feeding. Mothers who had attended the recommended four antenatal visits [AOR: 3.01, 95% CI (1.1–8.28)], who had disclosed their serostatus [AOR: 3.17, 95% CI (1.12–8.99)], who had sufficient knowledge about infant feeding practice [AOR: 3.32, 95% CI (1.15–9.55)], and favorable attitude towards infant feeding practice [AOR: 5.39, 95% CI (1.65–17.6)] were more likely to practice exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusion Exclusive breastfeeding was predominantly practiced. But mixed feeding was also being practice considerably. Improving maternal knowledge and attitude towards appropriate infant feeding practice through appropriate counseling on ANC visits could significantly improve EBF practice. It was also evident that promoting disclose of serostatus could empower the mothers to make an informed decision on how to appropriately feed their newborn.

Exclusive breastfeeding practice and associated factors among first-time mothers in Bahir Dar city, North West Ethiopia: A community based cross sectional study

BackgroundBreastfeeding can offer the ideal food for infants. It contains all the necessary nutrients for the growthand development of infants and antibodies that can protect from many childhood illnesses. Understanding the extent of, and barriers to exclusive breastfeeding in Ethiopia is important for learning how to best improve level of exclusive breastfeeding. No single study has been conducted on first-time mothers in the country. . Therefore, this study aimed to assess prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding practice and associated factors among first-time mothers in Bahir Dar city, North West Ethiopia. MethodA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March to April, 2016 among (n = 400) randomly selected first-time mothers in Bahir Dar city, northwest Ethiopia. Data were collected using structured interviewer-administered questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version20., bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were carried out. Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was used to measure the strength of association. Statistical significance was declared at P -value <0.05. ResultsPrevalence of exclusive breastfeeding practice 24 h before the survey was 57.3% (95%CI: 52.3%–62%). Mothers not being married (aOR = 2.79, 95 %CI: 1.08, 7.17), supported by their husband (aOR = 4.15, 95%CI: 2.13, 6.28), with no breast complication (aOR = 3.66, 95% CI: 2.13, 6.28), who had four or more antenatal care (aOR = 2.51, 95%CI: 1.49, 4.23) were more likely to practice exclusive breastfeeding. ConclusionA significant proportion of mothers had a low level of exclusive breastfeeding practice that was lower than the national recommended level. Mothers not being married, supported by their husbands, with no breast problems who had four or more antenatal care visits were more likely to practice exclusive breastfeeding. These results suggest that multi-sectorial and multi-disciplinary approaches are needed to increase exclusive breastfeeding in the first-time mothers.