Prevalence Of Enterococcus Faecalis Research Articles

Prevalence of Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans in endodontic retreatment Cases: A comprehensive study

IntroductionEndodontic treatment failures often stem from the presence of microbial pathogens, particularly Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. This study systematically assesses the prevalence of E. faecalis and C. albicans in endodontic retreatment cases, aiming to explore their impact on treatment outcomes. MethodsEmploying a systematic sampling approach, 30 patients with a history of previous endodontic treatment were selected. Rigorous clinical and radiographic assessments were conducted, following standardized protocols for root canal sample collection. Microbiological analysis, utilizing selective culture media, was employed to identify and quantify E. faecalis and C. albicans. Statistical analyses, including chi-square and logistic regression tests, were performed. ResultsThe study involved 30 patients undergoing endodontic retreatment, with comprehensive clinical and radiographic evaluations for cases with and without periradicular lesions. Microbiological analysis unveiled a significant prevalence of E. faecalis and C. albicans, establishing a robust association between these pathogens and retreatment failure. These findings underscore the critical need for targeted antimicrobial interventions to enhance the overall success rates of endodontic retreatment procedures. ConclusionThis study highlights the substantial prevalence of E. faecalis and C. albicans in endodontic retreatment cases, emphasizing the importance of identifying and effectively managing these pathogens for successful treatment outcomes. The notable association between these microbial agents and retreatment failure underscores the imperative for tailored antimicrobial strategies to enhance the efficacy of endodontic retreatment procedures.

Virulence characteristics and phylogenetic background of antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus faecalis from abattoir, poultry and clinical origin in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria

Enterococcus faecalis is a major cause of nosocomial infection in human and severe extra-intestinal infections in animals. Enterococcus spp possesses the ability to acquire and spread genes linked with antimicrobial resistance which makes them an important nosocomial pathogen. This study aims to determine the distribution of antibiotic resistance and virulence genotype of Enterococcus faecalis in animal, poultry and clinical sources. A total of 150 samples made up of poultry droppings, abattoir and clinical specimens were collected. Standard bacteriological methods were used in the isolation and characterisation of E. faecalis. Fifteen E. faecalis isolates were examined for virulence determinant genes through quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction analysis, while disc diffusion technique was used in determining the antibiotic-resistant pattern of the isolates. The highest prevalence of Enterococcus faecalis was in poultry droppings (94.0%) and lowest in clinical samples (24.0%). Enterococcal surface protein (Esp) was detected in 2/7, 0/5 and 0/3 of poultry, abattoir and clinical isolates, respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates indicated high resistant in poultry, abattoir and clinical samples as follows: Erythromycin (87.2%), (100.0%), (100.0%); Cloxacillin (72.3%), (90.5%), (91.7%); Cefuroxime (68.1%), (100.0%), (66.7%) and Augmentin (63.8%), (81.0%), (66.7%). High prevalence of antibiotic resistance and high virulence potential were observed among the E. faecalis isolated. There is a need for constant epidemiological surveillance and strict enforcement of good hygiene practices in the study areas. Key words: Enterococcus faecalis, antibiotic resistance, virulence, Nigeria.

Preliminary Report: Prevalence of vancomycin-resistantEnterococcus faecalisin public restrooms in central Kentucky

Enterococci are complex Gram positive cocci found in the intestines of humans and animals. For over 30 years, Enterococcus has shown increased resistance to vancomycin and other antimicrobials as seen in nosocomial infections in the United States. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) in the community was first reported in the United States in 2010, but Europe has seen these organisms in the community for over 20 years. This study examined the prevalence of VRE in public restrooms from three locations in Woodford and Fayette counties in central Kentucky. Restrooms varied in size, location, and user type (male, female or unisex). The public restrooms tested were in a college auditorium, a college student center, a small cafe, and a hospital. Ninety-eight samples from eight restrooms were collected from surfaces including the door handle exiting the entire restroom, the lock on the stall door, the soap dispenser, the floor of the stall, the sink, the paper towel dispenser, the urinal, and the feminine napkin disposal system. Prevalence of Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium and VRE was determined. Enterococcus species were identified by conventional biochemical physiologic testing, and vancomycin resistance was determined by the vancomycin agar screen test. VRE was isolated from four out of 98 (4%) of the samples collected. VRE was found on two exit door handles, one soap dispenser, and one feminine napkin disposal system. All of the VRE were found in hospital public (visitors') restrooms. VRE found in public restrooms may be a place for the possible spread of VRE to community members.

Multi-drug-resistant Enterococcus faecalis among Egyptian patients with urinary tract infection

The prevalence of Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) infections among Egyptians with urinary tract infection (UTI), their antimicrobial susceptibility and mechanisms of resistance are under investigated. In this study, 300 urine samples were collected from UTI patients to identify E. faecalis. Antimicrobial susceptibility to 18 antimicrobial agents was tested. The presence of aac(6)-Ie-aph(2)Ia, erm(B) and mef(A/E) genes was examined by PCR. Fifty-seven (19%) isolates were identified as E. faecalis. All isolates were sensitive to teicoplanin and were completely resistant to nalidixic acid, cefotaxime and cefadroxil. Multi-drug-resistant (MDR) was found to be 100% with 45 different antibiotypes. The aac(6)Ia-aph(2)Ia gene was found in 100 and 90% of the isolates resistant to gentamicin at concentrations of 120 and 10 μg, respectively. erm(B) and mef(A/E) genes were present in 92.5% (37/40) and 2.5% (1/40) of erythromycin-resistant isolates, respectively. We conclude that there is a high prevalence of E. faecalis in UTI cases with a 100% MDR rate indicating a serious problem in treating infections by this organism in Egypt.

Prevalence of Enterococcus faecalis and Porphyromonas gingivalis in infected root canals and their susceptibility to endodontic treatment procedures: A molecular study

Because apical periodontitis is recognizably an infectious disease, elimination or reduction of intracanal bacteria is of utmost importance for optimum treatment outcome. The prevalence of Enterococcus faecalis and Porphyromonas gingivalis in infected root canals was studied Also, the effect of endodontic therapy by using intracanal medicaments, calcium hydroxide paste (CH) or gutta-percha points containing calcium hydroxide (CH-GP) or chlorhexidine (CHX-GP) on these microorganisms was assessed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Fifty-one patients with chronic apical periodontitis were randomly allocated in one of the fol- lowing groups according to the intracanal medicament used: CH, CH-GP and CHX-GP group. Bacterial samples were taken upon access (S1), after chemomechanical instrumentation (S2) and after 15-day medication (S3). PCR assay was used to detect the presence of selected bacteria. E. faecalis was detected in 49% (25/51) and P. gingivalis in 17.6% (9/51) of the samples. Samples which showed no bacterial presence at S1 were excluded from further analysis. Overall analysis of all 29 samples revealed significant differences between S1 and S2 (p < 0.001), S2 and S3 (p < 0.05), and S1 and S3 (p < 0.001). When distinction was made between the intracanal medications, there was a significant difference in the number of PCR positive samples between S1 and 52, S1 and S3, but not between S2 and S3 samples. E. faecalis is more prevalent than P. gingivalis in primary endodontic infection. Intracanal medication in conduction with instrumentation and irrigation efficiently eliminates E. faecalis and P. gingivalis from infected root canals.

Speciation and antimicrobial resistance of Enterococci isolated from recreational beaches in Malaysia

We report the first study on the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant enterococci in coastal bathing waters in Malaysia. One hundred and sixty-five enterococci isolates recovered from two popular recreational beaches in Malaysia were speciated and screened for antibiotic resistance to a total of eight antibiotics. Prevalence of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium was highest in both beaches. E. faecalis/E. faecium ratio was 0.384:1 and 0.375:1, respectively, for isolates from Port Dickson (PD) and Bagan Lalang (BL). Analysis of Fisher's exact test showed that association of prevalence of E. faecalis and E. faecium with considered locations was not statistically significant (p < 0.05). Chi-square test revealed significant differences (χ(2) = 82.630, df = 20, p < 0.001) in the frequency of occurrence of enterococci isolates from the considered sites. Resistance was highest to nalidixic acid (94.84 %) and least for chloramphenicol (8.38 %). One-way ANOVA using Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison test showed that resistance to ampicillin was higher in PD beach isolates than BL isolates and the difference was extremely statistically significant (p < 0.0001). Frequency of occurrence of multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) isolates were higher for PD beach water (64.29 %) as compared to BL beach water (13.51 %), while MAR indices ranged between 0.198 and 0.48. The results suggest that samples from Port Dickson may contain MAR bacteria and that this could be due to high-risk faecal contamination from sewage discharge pipes that drain into the sea water.

Detection of Enterococcus Faecalis in subgingival biofilm of patients with chronic refractory periodontitis

Refractory periodontitis is the occurrence of additional clinical attachment loss after repeated attempts to control the infection with conventional periodontal therapy. Some microorganisms seem to be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic refractory periodontitis. The prevalence of Enterococcus faecalis in the oral cavity seems to be higher in individuals with periodontitis. Therefore, the present study investigated the presence of E. faecalis in subgingival biofilm of patients with chronic refractory periodontal disease. Periodontal treatment was instituted for 100 patients suffering from chronic periodontitis. Then samples were obtained from 27 successfully treated and 27 chronic refractory periodontitis subjects and then cultured. Statistical evaluation was performed for descriptive purposes. 27% of the patients had chronic refractory periodontitis. The difference in the presence of E. faecalis in the pockets between the successfully treated (11.1%) and chronic refractory (51.8%) groups by culture methods was statistically significant (p<0.05). Data showed that E. faecalis is probably involved in the pathogenesis of refractory periodontitis. Accurate knowledge about the pathogen and its role in the pathogenesis of refractory infections helps develop effective treating strategies.

Real-time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction and Culture Analyses of Enterococcus faecalis in Root Canals

Reports on the prevalence of Enterococcus faecalis in root canals vary considerably, potentially because of variations in clinical sampling and sample analysis methods. This study compared culture and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to detect and quantify E. faecalis in the same root canal sample. Consecutive root canal samples obtained from primary infection ( n = 40) and retreatment ( n = 48) cases were divided into two equal aliquots that were independently analyzed using culture and qPCR by investigators blinded to the analysis results of the other sample. E. faecalis was detected in 10.2% and 79.5% of samples by culture and qPCR, respectively (p < 0.0001; McNemar’s test). E. faecalis was detected in more retreatment than primary infection samples (89.6% versus 67.5%; p = 0.01, Fisher’s exact test). qPCR reported a significantly higher prevalence of E. faecalis in endodontic samples than culture techniques.

Prevalence of Enterococcus faecalis at Multiple Oral Sites in Endodontic Patients Using Culture and PCR

There are conflicting data on the occurrence of Enterococcus faecalis in the oral cavity of endodontic patients. This study investigated the prevalence of E. faecalis in multi-site oral samples ( n = 136) from 41 endodontic patients using culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Additionally, culturable strains were investigated for virulence traits. Overall, E. faecalis was detected in at least one tongue, oral rinse, or gingival sulcus sample in 68% of patients and in the root canals only in 5% of patients. In 21 patients from whom samples were obtained from all four sites, E. faecalis was detected in more tongue than gingival sulcus, oral rinse, and root canal samples (43, 14, 10, and 10%, respectively; p = 0.0148, χ 2), and in proportionally greater numbers of patients with gingivitis/periodontitis compared to healthy periodontium (73% versus 20%; p = 0.03, Fisher’s exact test). PCR was more sensitive than culture in detecting E. faecalis in oral samples (32% and 4%, respectively; p < 0.0001, McNemar’s test). Multiple virulence traits were identified in culturable strains.

Rapid increase in the prevalence of antimicrobial drug resistance among enterococcal blood isolates in southern Israel.

A prospective surveillance was conducted to monitor the prevalence and dynamics of antimicrobial resistance among enterococci isolated from blood cultures in southern Israel. A total of 242 organisms isolated between 1993 and 1996 were studied. The prevalence of Enterococcus faecalis significantly decreased during the study period, whereas that of Enterococcus faecium doubled. Antimicrobial drug resistance increased steadily among Enterococcus faecium isolates: resistance to ampicillin increased from 19% in 1993-1994 to 53% in 1995, and to 67% in 1996 (p = 0.005); during the same period, resistance to vancomycin increased from 0% to 20%, and to 50% (p = 0.002), and combined resistance to ampicillin and vancomycin and high-level resistance to gentamicin from 0% to 20% and to 38% (p < 0.02).