Prevalence Of Dry Eye Syndrome Research Articles

Correlation Between Serum and Tear Fluid Interleukin 6 Levels in Day and Night Shift Health Care Workers

Background: Night shift work is associated with several long-term health complications including metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease along with various adverse health effects. This study was planned and conducted to learn the impact of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a chronic inflammatory cytokine among day and night shift health care workers, and to correlate the relationship between the serum and tear fluid IL 6. Aim and Objective: To correlate the relationship between serum and tear fluid Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in day and night shift healthcare workers at a tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: This is a Cross-Sectional study with 100 (fifty-day shift and fifty-night shift) participants including medical, paramedical students, and lab technicians. Blood and tear samples were collected from both groups. SPSS version 26.0 was used to analyze the data using Pearson’s correlation, chi-square test, and ROC. An Independent student’s t-test was used to examine the differences between the mean scores. p-value < 0.05 is considered significant. Results: Serum and tear IL-6 levels were significantly increased in night shift workers when compared to day shift workers with p-value < 0.0001. There was a positive correlation between tear and serum IL-6 levels (r value 0.732 and 0.624) among day and night shift workers respectively. A high prevalence of dry eye syndrome in night shift workers (40%) when compared to day shift workers (14%). In ROC analysis, tear IL-6 shows the highest area under the curve (0.935) compared to serum IL-6 (0.883) which reveals the superiority of tear fluid analysis and suggests that tear fluid can be used as a minimally invasive technique to analyze IL-6 alternative to serum IL-6 analysis. Conclusion: This study concludes that tear and serum Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is proportionately increased in night shift workers compared to day shift workers with a positive correlation. It also suggests that tear fluid can be used as a minimally invasive technique and a superior method to analyze IL-6.

Prevalence of dry eye syndrome in a South African diabetic paediatric population

BackgroundDiabetes mellitus (DM) can be defined as a metabolic disorder that results from either the inability of insulin to perform its normal functions or decreased insulin secretion. Dry eye disease is a complex ailment of the tear film resulting in discomfort characterised by pain, a feeling of heavy eyes, grittiness, burning, dryness, itchiness, foreign body sensation, and visual disturbances. Patients with chronic conditions, i.e. DM, are more susceptible to developing dry eye due to various complications that may arise, such as, peripheral neuropathy, inflammatory alterations and reduced lacrimal gland function. AimTo identify the prevalence of dry eye syndrome in paediatric patients diagnosed with Diabetes Mellitus (Type 1/2). Method37 children with diabetes and 40 healthy, age group matched controls were enrolled in this study. Participants underwent a complete dry eye assessment in the following order: Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and McMonnies questionnaire, meibomian gland evaluation using white light, Tear Break-up Test (TBUT), Phenol Red Thread (PRT) test and Tear film Osmolarity test. Duration of diabetes was used as the parameter. ResultsThe incidence of dry eye syndrome was found to be higher among diabetics, with 15 (40.5 %) from the diabetic population compared to 4 (10.0 %) from the control group. TBUT and PRT test values were significantly reduced in children with diabetes (p < 0.001). TFO values were higher in the diabetics. No statistically significant differences were found the questionnaire scores, of the two groups, however the diabetic group appeared to be less symptomatic. ConclusionDry eye is more common in the diabetic paediatric population. TBUT and PRT results were found to be lower in diabetics. Results showed a strong correlation between duration of diabetes and TBUT values. Healthcare practitioners, working with children diagnosed with diabetes, should raise awareness as well as encourage early dry eye screening and intervention. Clinical significanceDue to the steady increase in the number of children and adolescents with diabetes, the characteristics and prevalence of dry eye syndrome in this population has become more valuable.

Self-Lubricating, Living Contact Lenses.

The increasing prevalence of dry eye syndrome in aging and digital societies compromises long-term contact lens (CL) wear and forces users to regular eye drop instillation to alleviate discomfort. Here a novel approach with the potential to improve and extend the lubrication properties of CLs is presented. This is achieved by embedding lubricant-secreting biofactories within the CL material. The self-replenishable reservoirs autonomously produce and release hyaluronic acid (HA), a natural lubrication and wetting agent, long term. The hydrogel matrix regulates the growth of the biofactories and the HA production, and allows the diffusion of nutrients and HA for at least 3 weeks. The continuous release of HA sustainably reduces the friction coefficient of the CL surface. A self-lubricating CL prototype is presented, where the functional biofactories are contained in a functional ring at the lens periphery, outside of the vision area. The device is cytocompatible and fulfils physicochemical requirements of commercial CLs. The fabrication process is compatible with current manufacturing processes of CLs for vision correction. It is envisioned that the durable-by-design approach in living CL could enable long-term wear comfort for CL users and minimize the need for lubricating eye drops.

Frequency of dry eye syndrome in patients with multiple sclerosis: A cross-sectional case-control study

Introduction: Demyelination of the nerve fibers of the central nervous system is a main pathology of multiple sclerosis (MS), in which inflammation plays a major role. Studies have shown that inflammation is the leading cause of dry eye disorder. To investigate the association between inflammation and both diseases, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of dry eye syndrome (DES) in MS patients and its correlation with the severity of the disease and disability status. Methods: We enrolled 100 MS patients randomly and 100 healthy controls. DES was evaluated by Dry Eye questionnaire and Scoring System (DESS), tear break-up time (TBUT), tear meniscus height (TMH), and Schirmer 1 &amp; 2 tests in subjects. Furthermore, the leading disability in MS was assessed by a clinician (neurology professor) using the related questionnaire (Expanded Disability Status Scale). Results: According to the TBUT, THM, and Schirmer tests, the number of subjects with abnormal results was significantly higher in the MS group than in the control group. The severity of DES measured by the DESS was also higher in the MS group compared to control group. Also, there was a significant relationship between increasing disability and abnormal dry eye tests, especially in MS patients with EDSS scores&gt;4. Conclusion: The present study highlights the importance of considering dry eye disorder in MS patients as a possible consequence of inflammation. Also, our results suggested a significant relationship between dry eye disorder and the EDSS scores.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DURATION OF GAS EMISSION EXPOSURE AND DRY EYE SYNDROME (DES) ON TAXIBIKE DRIVERS IN CENTRAL JAKARTA

Abstract&#x0D; Introduction &amp; Objectives : Dry eye syndrome (DES) is a breakdown in the natural layer of tears that coats the front of the eye. Air quality in Jakarta indicated to be harmful to human health. The average annual PM 2.5 figure in Central Jakarta recorded 27.6 μg/m3. This figure is far beyond WHO standard that is 10 μg/m3. According to AAO one of the risk factors for dry eyes is exposure/injury to chemicals and the environment (dusty, windy, hot/dry). Therefore duration of traffic related air pollutions exposure may have an effect with the severity of dry eye syndrome on taxibike drivers in Central Jakarta.&#x0D; Methods : Analytic observation with cross sectional approach. Population was 196 taxibike drivers of Central Jakarta from April-May 2023. Data collection was by means of a questionnaire containing identity,informed consent,duration of exposure,and DES questions accordance with OSDI provisions. The results obtained are then recorded, aggregated, and entered into charts and tables. Hypothesis test used is chi-square.&#x0D; Results : There were 196 participated in this study. A total of 8 participants(4,1%) with &gt;12hours duration of exposure experienced severe dry eyes, 18 participants(9.2%) experienced moderate, 102 participants(52%) experienced mild dry eyes and the rest was normal(34.6%). According to this, prevalence of DES was more frequent in taxibike drivers who worked 6-12hours more than in &lt;6hours of worked (OR: 1.764) and the severity increased with duration of exposure(p&lt;0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion : The duration of gas emission exposure has significant correlation with the frequency and severity of DES on taxibike drivers in Central Jakarta.

Impact of Dietary Nutrients on the Prevalence of Dry Eye Syndrome among Korean Women Aged 40 and above: Evidence from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

This study aimed to assess the prevalence of dry eye syndrome among Korean women aged 40 and above and explore the correlation between the syndrome and daily dietary nutrient intake. We analyzed data from 92,888 female participants (mean age: 63.35 ± 8.86 years) from the 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES 2019). Dietary intake was evaluated using a personalized 24 h recall method for 21 nutrients, including macronutrients, macro- and micro-minerals, and both water- and fat-soluble vitamins. Associations between nutrient intake and dry eye syndrome were determined using odds ratios from multivariate logistic regression. We found a 7.7% prevalence of dry eye syndrome in the population studied. Intake of dietary fiber (adjusted OR: 0.72), protein (adjusted OR: 0.84), omega-3 fatty acids (adjusted OR: 0.90), water (adjusted OR: 0.76), calcium (adjusted OR: 0.82), phosphate (adjusted OR: 0.87), potassium (adjusted OR: 0.88), magnesium (adjusted OR: 0.87), vitamin A (adjusted OR: 0.78), vitamin C (adjusted OR: 0.73), and vitamin E (adjusted OR: 0.86) was inversely associated with dry eye syndrome prevalence (p < 0.0001 for all). Conversely, a higher intake of carbohydrates (adjusted OR: 1.23), sugar (adjusted OR: 1.30), fat (adjusted OR: 1.25), cholesterol (adjusted OR: 1.32), sodium (adjusted OR: 1.18), iron (adjusted OR: 1.28), and zinc (adjusted OR: 1.26) correlated with an increased risk (p < 0.0001 for all). No significant associations were found between the prevalence of dry eye syndrome and the intake of omega-6 fatty acids and vitamin D. Our study identified significant associations between specific dietary nutrients and the risk of dry eye syndrome among Korean women aged 40 and above. These findings suggest that dietary choices could influence the likelihood of developing dry eye syndrome, indicating a potential role for dietary intervention in its management. However, it is important to note that these observations are preliminary, and further research is necessary to confirm these relationships and explore their implications for dietary recommendations in dry eye syndrome prevention and management.

Synergism between coexisting eye diseases and sex in increasing the prevalence of the dry eye syndrome

The aim was to investigate prevalence of dry eye syndrome (DES) in a population-based sample in Germany. The association between coexisting eye diseases and DES was also of interest. We recontacted participants of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall study between 2018 and 2021 by postal questionnaire that included the Women’s Health Study questionnaire on DES. We estimated prevalence of DES and examined DES-associated factors among 2095 participants aged 62–91 years. We performed interaction analyses between sex and coexisting eye diseases in relation to the DES prevalence and performed bias analyses to examine the robustness of the results. The DES prevalence was 31.5% (34–36% after correction for potential non-response bias, 24.1% after correction for outcome misclassification) and it was almost 2.1-times higher in women than in men (women 42.3%, men 20.4%). Among DES subjects, 70.3% had received treatment in the previous 12 months. There was synergism between female sex and coexisting eye diseases (cataract, glaucoma, macular degeneration) in terms of DES prevalence. The extrapolated numbers of patients aged 62–91 years with DES in Germany are 1.1–1.3 million men and 6.1–6.8 million women. The observed synergism may be explained by differences in ocular physiology, subjective perception and response behavior. Women with eye diseases (cataract, glaucoma, macula degeneration) appear to have a markedly higher susceptibility to suffer from DES than men, so that a diagnostic workup of DES symptoms is particularly justified in women with these eye diseases.

Prevalence of Dry Eyes Sindroma Post Operating Cataract with Facoemulsification Techniques at Family Medical Center Hospital

Dry eye syndrome is a condition characterized by dryness of the surface of cornea and conjunctiva caused by reduced tear function. One the factors that cause this is cataract surgery. This study aims to look at the magnitude of the prevalence of dry eye syndrome after cataract surgery with phacoemulsification techniques at the Family Medical Center hospital in the July 2019 period. This study uses a quantitative descriptive method with a cross-sectional approach. Data collection was performed using primary data with a total sampling technique. Total samples obtained were 70 eyes with a total of 43 respondents. This data was processed using SPSS 16.0 for Windows. The results of this study showed that the majority of sufferers of dry eye syndrome after cataract surgery were mostly female (68.2%) and in the age group ≥ 50 years (72.7%), (48.8%) complained of a lump and (37, 2%) complained of watery eyes. The severity of the degree of dry eye that occurs in mild respondents (68.2), and moderate degrees (31.8).

Prevalence of dry eye disease in the low vision population at the University of Colorado

PurposeTo evaluate the prevalence of diagnosed dry eye syndrome, meibomian gland dysfunction, and blepharitis amongst the low vision population. MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted on patients seen in the University of Colorado Low Vision Rehabilitation Service between the dates of 12/1/2017 and 12/1/2022. 74 ICD-10 codes were used to identify patients as having dry eye syndrome or not having dry eye syndrome. Data was further analyzed to determine the prevalence of blepharitis and meibomian gland dysfunction using 29 blepharitis and 9 meibomian gland dysfunction ICD-10 codes. Data were also analyzed to determine the age and sex of the patients with diagnosed dry eye syndrome. ResultsThe percentage of patients with a diagnosis of dry eye syndrome by an eyecare provider was 38.02 %. The prevalence of dry eye syndrome by age group was 3.57 % for 0–19 years, 14.35 % for 20–39 years, 29.07 % for 40–59 years, 43.79 % for 60–79 years, and 46.21 % for 80 and above. The prevalence of meibomian gland dysfunction and blepharitis was 11.90 % and 9.1 % respectively. Dry eye syndrome prevalence amongst males was 31.59 % and 42.47 % for females. ConclusionThis study demonstrates that dry eye syndrome in the low vision population is a significant co-morbidity occurring in over a third of patients in the University of Colorado Low Vision Rehabilitation Service. These findings are meaningful as ocular comfort should not be overlooked while managing complex visual needs.

Modern diagnosis of dry eye syndrome on MEDI WORKS S390L slit lamp

In recent years, in conditions of increased work with gadgets and computers, the prevalence of dry eye syndrome has increased dramatically. The presented article is devoted to the modern diagnosis of dry eye syndrome.25 patients (50 eyes) participated in the study, which was conducted at the ophthalmological center of Astana Vision Pavlodar LLP in Pavlodar. Of these, 7 patients after laser vision correction, 4 patients suffering from myopia, wore contact lenses, locally applied medications for the treatment of dry eye syndrome. The examination included a Schirmer test, a tear film rupture time test (NIBUT, VRSP), filling out the questionnaire «Ocular Surface Disease Index» (OSDI) and determining the height of the lacrimal meniscus.The author of the article concluded that noninvasive research methods used for the diagnosis of SSG are more acceptable, since they do not violate the integrity of the tear film.

The Prevalence of Dry Eye Syndrome in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients in Saudi Arabia

INTRODUCTION: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic multi-systemic autoimmune connective tissue disorder that is known to have variable manifestations with a remitting/relapsing course depending on the affected system. SLE can affect all the major organs in the human body including the heart, brain, and kidneys. Although the eye is not a primary target of autoimmune insult in SLE patients, one third of patients can present with significant ocular manifestations as it can affect any part of the ocular system. Furthermore, ocular involvement could be the first presenting symptom of SLE and may mirror the systemic disease activity. The worldwide prevalence of SLE varies, however, based on a study conducted in 2002 in central Saudi Arabia, the prevalence of SLE was estimated to be 19.28 per 100,000.&#x0D; &#x0D; STUDY AIM: To identify the prevalence of dry eye syndrome in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus diagnosed patients in Riyadh.&#x0D; &#x0D; METHODS: A cross sectional study that involved a total of 135 patients from Rheumatology outpatient clinic setting at King Khalid University Hospital in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Data was collected via McMonnies questionnaire, which is used as a screening tool for dry eye syndrome. Data analysis included descriptive statistics computed for continuous variables, including means, standard deviation (SD), minimum and maximum values, as well as 95% confidence interval (CI). Percentages and 95% CI were used for categorical variables.&#x0D; &#x0D; RESULTS: Out of 135 SLE patients, females were 87.4% &amp;plusmn;2.9 (95%CI: 80.6&amp;ndash;92.1.3), while males were 12.6% &amp;plusmn;2.9 (95%CI: 7.9&amp;ndash;19.4), Among the 118 female patients, 56% (n=66) lied between the age of 25-45 years. Most common symptom in 45.9% (95%CI: 37.6&amp;ndash;54.5) of our patients was Dryness of Eyes. The predominant age group of our cohort was that of 25&amp;ndash;45 years (57%) Among our cohort, 50.4% (95%CI: 41.9&amp;ndash;58.8) patients suffered from Dry eye syndrome, with 12.6% males and 87.4% females.&#x0D; &#x0D; CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of dry eye syndrome was found in our study with a percentage of 50.4%, also a female predominance was found in patients having dry eye syndrome.

The Prevalence of Dry Eye Syndrome in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients in Saudi Arabia

STUDY AIM: The purpose of this study is to identify the prevalence of dry eye syndrome among Rheumatoid Arthritis patients in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.&#x0D; &#x0D; METHODS: This is a cross sectional study which includes 268 Rheumatoid Arthritis patients from Rheumatology Outpatient Clinic at King Khalid University Hospital in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Data collection was obtained through McMonnies questionnaire, which is used for dry eye syndrome screening. Data analysis included descriptive statistics computed for continuous variables, including means, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values, as well as 95% confidence interval (CI).&#x0D; &#x0D; RESULTS: Out of 268 Rheumatoid Arthritis patients, 79.9% were females and 20.1% were males, as Rheumatoid Arthritis is more common in females. Among females, a majority lied above the age of 45 with a percentage of 70.6%. Among our cohort, 59.3% (95% CI: 53.3&amp;ndash;65) of Rheumatoid Arthritis patients had dry eye syndrome with 12.6% males and 87.4% females. The prevalence of dry eye syndrome was significantly associated with the duration of diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis as 66.7% of patients who are diagnosed for more than 10 years had dry eye syndrome.&#x0D; &#x0D; CONCLUSION: In our cohort, 59.3% of patients had dry eye syndrome and 47.4% of them were aged above 45 years and 11.9% were between 25-45 years old. Females were more commonly affected with dry eye syndrome with a percentage of 87.4%. Therefore, screening for Dry Eye Syndrome in RA patients has a significant clinical value.

Relationship between the Prevalence of Dry Eye Syndrome and the Parity of Women Using KNHANES-V

Purpose: We explored the relationship between dry eye syndrome (DES) and parity in women over 20 years of age.Methods: We retrieved data from the Fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Of women over 20 years of age, 7,573 diagnosed with DES by ophthalmologists and 7,347 who self-diagnosed DES were included. We used logistic regression to explore the relationship between DES prevalence and parity, and the chi-squared test to compare differences in DES prevalence by some/no children.Results: On univariate logistic regression, the DES incidence was significantly affected by residential status, educational level, hours of sleep, and hyperlipidemia, osteoarthritis, thyroid disorder, and menopause status. We subjected these parameters (and age) to multivariate logistic regression. We found no significant relationship between the doctor-diagnosed DES rate and the number of children. Subjectively, the number of children significantly reduced the prevalence of self-diagnosed DES but not that diagnosed by ophthalmologists. The self-diagnosed DES prevalence was significantly lower in women with than without children.Conclusions: The KNHANES-V data showed that the prevalence of self-diagnosed DES decreased with the number of children in women aged over 20 years. The prevalence of self-diagnosed DES in women with children was significantly less than that in women without children. However, we found no significant correlation between the number of children and DES status, because DES does not simply reflect poor tear secretion, being rather multifactorial.

Prevalence of dry eye syndrome and risk factors in physical education and sports science graduates.

There are only a few epidemiological studies of dry eye syndrome (DES) in populations with a common academic background. in this study, the prevalence of DES and associated factors were evaluated separately in men and women physical education and sports science graduates. Cross-sectional survey. A questionnaire about the diagnosis of DES and associated factors was mailed to 9507 graduates of the Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University. The questions covered subjective DES using Schaumberg et al.'s questionnaire and the prevalence of diagnosed DES. Associated factors, age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, daily screen viewing time, and contact lens (CL) use were analyzed. A total of 2048 valid responses were received. The prevalence of diagnosed DES was 2.9% in men and 9.3% in women. For subjective DES, the prevalence was 14.8% in men and 39.8% in women. The odds ratio for DES was high in men and women who used CLs and women whose daily screen viewing time was ≥4h. Both diagnosed and subjective DES were highly prevalent in men and women of all ages, particularly among those in their 20 and 30s. CL use was associated with DES in both men and women. Measures to deal with the factors that can be corrected might have a positive effect on the ocular health and quality of life of physical education and sports science graduates.

The prevalence of dry eye in diabetes mellitus

Dry eye is more prevalent in diabetic patients as indicated by increased use of lubricant than non-diabetic. Dry eye is one of the most common ailments seen by an ophthalmologist, especially in this polluted modern word. Diabetes one of the most common diseases affecting the urban population accounts for significant number of cases of dry eye. The prevalence of dry eye syndrome was 54.3%. Diabetes and dry eyes appear to have a common association was proved. The results show that 52.8% of all diabetic subjects complained of dry eye symptoms was conducted.

Prevalence of Dry Eye Disease and Its Association With the Frequent Usage of Eye Cosmetics Among Women

Purpose: Dry eye disease (DED) is defined as a disease of the tear film and ocular surface that leads to discomfort and visual disturbance. The diagnosis of DED mainly depends on the presenting clinical features. A delay in treatment may progress into chronic eye disease. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of dry eye symptoms among eye cosmetic users in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.Methods: This cross-sectional study involved adult Saudi females using eye cosmetics. The Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire was used to assess DED.Results: A total of 207 responses were included in this study. DED symptoms were reported among those who used eye cosmetics suggesting their effect on the tear film and its stability. This study demonstrated that mascara is the most common cosmetic used, with a prevalence of 98.6%. The prevalence of dry eye syndrome (DES) was 71.6%, where 40.5%, 13.5%, and 17.6% had severe, moderate, and mild conditions, respectively. The frequency of using inner eyeliner significantly increased the prevalence of DES, in which those who used it daily accounted for 75%. In contrast, the results showed no correlation between the frequency of using mascara or external eyeliner and the prevalence of DES.Conclusion: The prevalence of DED among women who used eye cosmetics was much higher than its prevalence in the general population, which indicates that eye cosmetics are one of the risk factors in the development of DED. Also, the severity of DED was significantly higher in women who did not use a cleanser for removing cosmetics.

Visual health and prevalence of dry eye syndrome among university students in Iraq and Jordan

Dry eye syndrome (DES), is a multifactorial disease that affects the ocular surface and contributes to the ocular symptoms. The COVID-19 pandemic influenced the general population and university students' health in different ways. The pandemic forced many people including university students around the world to use virtual platforms on their digital devices, such as computers and smartphones, to work from a distance. This study aimed to explore the visual health and prevalence of dry eye syndrome among university students in Iraq and Jordan. This was a cross-sectional study that was conducted in Iraq and Jordan using online questionnaire tool for the duration between November 2021 and January 2022. University students in Jordan and Iraq were invited to participate in this study and formed the study population. No restrictions on study level or field of study were applied. A previously developed and validated questionnaire tools were used in this study (National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire – 25 (VFQ-25) and the Women’s Health Study Questionnaire (WHS), which was developed by Schaumberg et al.). A total of 1,431 university students were involved in this study (1,018 students from Iraq, 71.1%). Around one third the study participants (29.0%) reported that have been diagnosed by a clinician as having dry eye syndrome. Around15.3% of the total study participants reported that they feel their eyes are dry (not wet enough) and 17.3% reported that they feel their eyes are irritated. Based on Women’s Health Study Questionnaire (WHS) criteria, a total of 479 participants (33.4%) are symptomatically diagnosed with DES. Students aged 27–29 years, those at their fifth year of study, and those who wear contact lenses are at higher risk of developing DYS compared to others. Dry eye syndrome is common health problem among university students. Further studies are required to identify other risk factors associated with DES. Future research should focus on identifying strategies that could help reduce the risk of developing DES as a result of the inevitability of long-term use of digital devices among many categories of society, including university students.

Comparing Objective Conjunctival Hyperemia Grading and the Ocular Surface Disease Index Score in Dry Eye Syndrome During COVID-19.

The incidence of dry eye syndrome (DES) has increased due to wearing masks, utilizing digital devices, and working remotely during the pandemic. A survey was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic to determine the prevalence of dry eye syndrome. A cross-sectional study investigated how prevalent DES is during COVID-19 in healthy patients aged 20-45 in the United States. An Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire was given to 40 individuals remotely from October 31, 2021, to December 1, 2021. The AOS and the OSDI survey were used to evaluate DES. The subjects were 29 years old on average (SD 14.14), with 23 males (57.5%) and 17 females (42.5%). According to the OSDI survey, low DES, moderate DES, and severe DES had prevalence rates of 15%, 77.5%, and 7.5%, respectively. White (W) people represent 50% of the population, while African Americans (AA) represent 35%, Asians represent 7.5%, and Hispanics represent 7.5%. Mild DES affected 77.5% of subjects, with 64.50% males and 35.50% females. According to the AOS objective grading system, mild (M) DES, moderate (MO) DES, and severe (S) DES had prevalence rates of 40%, 12.5%, and 15%, respectively. Linear regression was used to compare the two grading systems, and it demonstrated a strong relationship between the two grading systems.

Relation of Dry Eye Syndrome with Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: This study was performed to assess the prevalence of dry eye syndrome with diabetic retinopathy in patients with type2 diabetes mellitus and their contributing factors. Objective: To investigate whether Dry Eye Syndrome is related with Diabetic Retinopathy in patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus. Methodology: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the Department of Ophthalmology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University from october 2016 to february 2019 to assess relation of Dry Eye Syndrome with type-2 Diabetic Retinopathy patients. Patients attending into Department of Ophthalmology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, who were diagnosed as a type-2 diabetic retinopathy, were the study population of this study. Results: we analyzed 95 diabetic retinopathy patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus of which 61.1% patients were male and 38.95% were female. Out of the 95 patients, 66.3% patients had dry eye and 33.7% patients had no dry eye. After categorization according to severity 17.5% patients had mild, 61.9% had moderate and 20.6% patients had severe dry eye. Study findings showed Dry Eye participants mean (SD) age in years was 56.03 (6.63). The reflex secretion of tears, as measured by Schirmer’s I method, decreased significantly with increasing age and significant influence was seen in Type 2 diabetes patients after 50 year of age. In the present study, 58.7% of dry eye in diabetic retinopathy patients were males and 41.3%% were females. TBUT was found to be less than10 second in 66.3% dry eye patients but normal TBUT in 33.7% patients. Most of the dry eye patients (71.4%) with type 2 diabetic retinopathy had very poor control of diabetes. In this study, 7.9% patients of mild NPDR, 17.5% patients of moderate NPDR, 57.1% patients of severe NPDR and 17.5% patients of PDR had dry eye. A statistically significant (P ≤ 0.000) association was found between type-2 diabetic retinopathy and dry eye. ........................

Prevalence of Dry Eye Syndrome among the Population of Saudi Arabia

Prevalence of Dry Eye Syndrome among the Population of Saudi Arabia