Prevalence Of Substance Abuse Research Articles

Self-Medication in Pregnancy and Associated Psychopathological Symptoms of Antenatal Nigerian Women

The physical and psychological health challenges of Self-Medication (SM) for a pregnant woman and the unborn child spotlights it as an emergency. This unwraps a gap in epidemiological studies on SM and associated psychopathological symptoms among Nigerian pregnant women. This study examines the predictive influence of self-medication with Over The Counter (OTC) drugs on manifested psychopathological symptoms among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in State Specialist Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, southwestern Nigeria. Purposively selected 277 pregnant women ( age = 29.33; SD = 4.77) participated in the study. The participants responded to the Substance Abuse Prevalence Inventory, Self-Medication Test (SMT), and Awaritefe Psychological Index (API). Findings reveal a low prevalence of psychoactive drug use (2.8%) and a high prevalence of (OTC) drug self-medication (31.4%) and psychopathological symptoms (34.7%). Self-medication with OTC drugs independently and significantly predicted severities of insomnia (β = .178, p = .001), intellect disorder (β = .244, p = .000), heat disorder (β = .109, p = .046), mood disorder (β = .188, p = .001), head region disorder (β = .162, p = .003), alimentary tract disorder (β = .118, p = .030), general somatic disorder (β = .244, p = .000), and general psychopathology (β = .229, p = .000). The study reports a high prevalence of psychopathological symptoms among the Nigerian sample and concludes that the SM of OTC drugs is a significant predictor of the severity of the symptoms of psychopathology among pregnant women.

Alcohol and Substance Abuse in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Hospital -based Survey

The Government of Saudi Arabia has recognized and acknowledged substance abuse as a public health problem. As a result, specialized hospitals have been established in many regions to treat substance abuse. The prevalence of substance abuse was investigated using a sample of 197 patients at Al-Amal Hospital, Riyadh, during a period of four months starting from May to August in 2018. The mean age of patients in the study was 26.5 years. The proportion of patients based on substances abused were as follows: amphetamines (30.9%), cannabis (30.1%), ethyl alcohol (22.9%), alprazolam (5.1%), clonazepam (2.1%), tramadol (2.1%), heroin (1.3%), cocaine (0.4%) and pregabalin (0.4%). Patients who used a combination of two or more substances constituted 4.7%. The mean duration of abuse was 8.8 years for all the patients. Health organizations should raise awareness about these drugs and the risks associated with their abuse, especially among young people. By conducting more research and developing a better understanding of the problem, treatment could be made more effective.

A study of Substance Abuse and Quality of Life among Street Children in District Etawah

Background: The research series on street children are carried out in major cities by neglecting the rapidly developing small cities experiencing widespread urbanization. Unfortunately, there is lack of research-based evidences in field of mental health status and quality of life of street children. Aim & Objective: The study aimed to study the pattern of substance abuse & their correlates among street children and to assess the ‘quality of life’ among street children. Material & Methods: A sample of 145 street children of 13-18 years were enrolled by purposive sampling from January 2017 - June 2018 in Market places, Railway station, Bus depot etc. Subjects were searched at known hotspots in Etawah, and further sample was covered using snowball sampling. Information was gathered using predesigned and pre-structured questionnaire, along with WHOQOLBREF and Adolescent Alcohol and Drug Involvement Scale questionnaire. Results: Average Quality of life was tested using t test and ANOVA. Most of the street children 55% were aged between 13-15 years, 65 % had attended school for at least one year. Quality of life showed higher Physical health. Street living children had less psychological health score (30.3±7.1). Prevalence of drug abuse was 54%, while tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, inhalants, were the drugs consumed. Conclusion: Psychological health was more affected. Tobacco & alcohol were the common drugs consumed.

Substance Abuse and Life Skills Education among Youth in Lunglei District, Mizoram

Substance abuse includes any substance used in a patterned format related with disorder where the user takes substances which are harmful physically, mentally because of the amounts or methods for themselves or others. The substance focused in the present study is confined mainly to consumption and abuse of alcohol and drug. The prevalence of substance abuse among youth occurred at an alarming rate in Mizoram. As per the report of Mizoram State Aids Control Society (MSACS) revalidation, March 2013 there are about 10,750 regular injecting drug users in Mizoram. One of the assumed causes of substance abuse is low life skills of youths they lack the ability to face and adapt to real life demands and facing life with effective positive behaviour which is found to be more among broken family and low educational level. The present paper discusses low level of life skills education as one of the major causes of substance abuse and explained the relationship between substance abuse and life skills education among youth in Mizoram.

THE REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERN NARCOTIZATION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The problem of drug abuse in various territories of the Russian Federation continues to be critically important. The availability of large administrative territory uniting numerous regions with diverse characteristics results in polarization of drug abuse indicators. The purpose of study is to analyze regional characteristics of drug abuse in the Russian Federation to develop general scope of drug abuse spreading to propose effective anti-drug policy meeting challenges of current drug abuse situation. The regions of the Russian Federation that suffer, according to official statistics data, maximum and minimum indices of drug abuse are considered. The results of analysis of current medical statistics (indices of number of people with first-time established drug dependence syndrome, as well as number of people with first-time established diagnosis of "harmful drug abuse", number of cases of acute drug intoxication, etc.), law enforcement statistics (indices of number of established crimes related to illicit drug trafficking, structure of the most common drugs, etc.). The analysis of related publications, as well as research data from sociological studies of deviant behavior implemented by the Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences was also implemented. The conclusions are presented concerning most risky regional characteristics in drug abuse sphere, as well as regional particularities that function as a kind of protective factors against the drug abuse prevalence.

Prevalence and Determinants of Substance Abuse Among Slum Dwellers in Islamabad- Pakistan

Background: The slums are illegal settlements and are always left out in health surveys. However, studies around the world show that substance or drug abuse is higher among slum dwellers and may have different patterns and determinants which need to be studied in order to frame targeted programs and policies. The present study was aimed at estimating the magnitude as well as determinants of substance/drug abuse among slum dwellers in Islamabad, the capital city of Pakistan.
 Methodology: This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among the residents of slums/nomadic settlements of Islamabad. A total of 207 statistically calculated sample size comprised of adults from both genders aged 15 years and above, consenting to participate from the randomly selected 9 clusters in Islamabad was needed for the study. From each cluster, 23 households, and from each household one individual was randomly selected for estimating the prevalence. All those who were abusing substances were counted as cases and others as controls for case-control analysis. A structured questionnaire was used to gather information on demographics, trends, types of substances abused, risk factors for getting engaged in substance abuse, whether they had tried to quit at any stage and what difficulties they faced when trying to quit. Results were entered and analyzed using Epi-info version 7.2.
 Results: A total of 204 participants were enrolled in this study. Among these 68 (33%) were substance or drug abusers. For the case-control study, substance/drug users were considered as cases 68 and rest as controls. Bivariate analysis of the risk factors indicated that easy of availability of drugs in slum areas (OR: 20.3, p= 0.000); exposure to tobacco smoking (OR: 8.8, p= 0.000); and being a working child (OR: 6.0, p= 0.000) were the strong predictors of high substance abuse. Education (OR: 0.2, p= 0.000) and living with own parents during childhood (OR: 0.7 p= 0.2) had protective effects against substance abuse.
 Conclusion and Implications for Translation: The study concludes that the following were the determinants of substance/drug abuse among the slum dwellers in the study: easy availability due to unregulated sales of drugs, high rate of tobacco consumption, poverty, low level of literacy, and being a working-child. Specific policies and plans focused on law enforcement for curbing the illegal drug sales and reduction of child labor along with the provision of education should be devised and implemented to help these neglected communities and modify the determinants.
 Key words: • Substance abuse • Drug abuse • Slum dwellers • Case-control • Islamabad • Pakistan
 
 Copyright © 2019 Faiza et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Drug and Alcohol Abuse Among Young People in Zimbabwe: A Crisis of Morality or Public Health Problem

Drug and substance continues to be on the rise in Zimbabwe. It is more prevalent in urban areas. Despite growing evidence that drug and substance abuse are on the increase especially among young people, there is little being done in terms of interventions conducted by the government and its partners to reduce drug and substance abuse among the youth. This paper is based on research conducted in Zimbabwe with the aim of understanding drug and substance abuse among young people in Zimbabwe. The study focused on the driving forces or push factors for drug and substance abuse among young people, the sources of illicit drugs and substances, prevalence of drug and substance abuse among young people as well as the interventions being implemented to address the problem of drug and substance abuse. The key findings indicate that prevalence of drug abuse is at 57% among young people, the most commonly abused drugs and substances are marijuana and alcohol. Peer pressure, breakdown of the family support system, limited knowledge about the effects of drug abuse and stress were identified as the major factors that drive substance and drug abuse among the youth. The criminalisation of the drug and substance abuse continues to make it difficult for young people to seek help when they suffer from the effects of the drug abuse. The paper recommends an emphasis on shift from the legal approach to a public health approach in-order to address the challenges and complications associated with drug and substance abuse among young people in Zimbabwe.

PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN RURAL COMMUNITIES, CENTRAL THAILAND: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Background: Substance abuse is one serious social challenge that has continued to in crease over a long time. This major problem currently affects society, the economy and national development. One related study conducted in southern Thailand found that the prevalence of substance abuse in youth groups was 7% in 2002 increasing to 9% and 13% in 2003 and 2004, respectively. Nevertheless, information regrading substance abuse among adolescents in Thailand remains limited especially in remote rural communities. The study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors concerning substance abuse.
 Methods: The percent study was conducted in 2 high schools in rural communities, Chachoengsao and Sa Kaeo Provinces, central Thailand. A cross-sectional quantitative study identified the prevalence and associated factors of substance abuse among adolescents, A standardized self-reported questionnaire was used to collect data including demographic characteristics, history of substance abuse and associated factors. Multivariate analysis was performed to adjust confounders using logistic regression analysis.
 Results: The sample size of the study totaled 652 adolescents. The lifetime prevalence of substance abuse was 24.4% while the one-year prevalence of substance abuse was 16.7%. After adjusting for potential confounders, the risk factors associated with one year substance abuse among adolescents were being male (AORs; 2.19, 95%CI; 1.16-4.116), friend inducement (AORs; 3.28, 95%CI; 1.64-6.55), smoking (AORs; 3.22, 95%CI; 1.50-6.90) and alcohol consumption (AORs; 4.46, 95%CI; 2.43-8.16).
 Conclusion: Our data emphasized that substance abuse was a problem in these rural communities, Public health interventions aimed to prevent substance abuse among adolescents should be designed and provided for these rural communities. Further, schools should provide lessons how to negotiate and avoid coercion when being induced to abuse substances or other unhealthy and dangerous behaviors.

Principal’s Support of Peer Education and Prevalence of Drug and Substance Abuse in Public Secondary Schools in Busia County, Kenya

The study sought to determine whether significant differences existed between levels on prevalence of drug and substance abuse in schools where principals supported peer education versus those who did not support peer education. The study utilized descriptive survey design and the target population of students was 30,745. Out of 30745, 420 students formed sample size for the study from 35 schools, 35 principals, five education officers for focus group discussion and 35 guidance and counseling teachers totaling to 495 respondents. Instruments used were questionnaires for students and guidance and counseling teachers, interview guide for principals and focused group discussion. The computer program on statistical package for social Sciences (SPSS) was used in the analysis. Levene’s t –test for equality of variances and means was used for independent and dependent samples to get the significance on prevalence of drug and substance abuse. The study established that schools which led peer education have a significant difference on the prevalence of drug and substance abuse hence have higher education, the study established that there were various ways in which peers participated to address the prevalence on drug and substance abuse. These ways are through use of peers to address drug and substance abuse, through use of clubs, through use of societies to address drug and substance abuse, through use of skits, use of plays, use of music and finally through use of drama to address drug and substance abuse. The study also identified the drug and substance abuse by the students in public secondary schools in Busia County. These drug and substance included the following: alcohol, tobacco, cigarettes, miraa, cocaine, bhang, kubber, mandrax and hashish. The study concluded that peer education positively influenced students’ behavior in the sense that they reduced drug and substance abuse among the students. The study recommends embracing of peer education in all secondary schools where they were not yet embraced as a preemptive measure. The study should be carried out in private secondary schools and primary schools in other parts of the Republic where drugs are a menace. The study also recommended that the ways in which peers participated to address the prevalence on drug and substance abuse in public secondary schools in Busia County, Kenya should be enhanced.

The Impact of Opium Abuse on Lipid Profile in Patients with Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

There is an increasing prevalence of diabetes worldwide and substance abuse has been observed as a problem among some people with diabetes. Therefore, there is an urgent need to understand the association between unhealthy drug use including the abuse of opium and clinical outcomes including its impact on lipid profile in patients with diabetes as the presence of these conditions can increase the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Aim: This was a systematic review and meta-analysis which evaluated the impact of opium abuse on lipid profile in patients with diabetes. Method: This systematic review was conducted in line with the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Three databases (Embase, PubMed, and PsycINFO) plus Google Scholar were searched for relevant articles from database inception to 18 July 2019 based on the Population, Intervention, Comparator, and Outcomes (PICO) framework. The studies included were based on a set of inclusion and exclusion criteria including patients with diabetes who abused opium. Articles were evaluated for risk of bias and the meta-analysis was conducted using Revman. Results: Six articles that met the criteria were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The type of substance abused was opium in all the studies. The results of the meta-analysis showed that opium abuse significantly (P = 0.01) lowered total cholesterol compared to control with a mean difference of −0.17 (95% CI, −0.29, −0.04) in patients with diabetes. With respect to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, and body mass index, the differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05) between those who abused opium compared with the control. Nutritional deficiencies, weight loss and lipid dysregulation due to liver dysfunction which are found in people who abuse substances may explain the findings of the current review with respect to lipid profile in patients with diabetes who abuse opium compared with the control. Conclusion: The findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis have shown that opium abuse significantly decreased total cholesterol (P < 0.05) in patients with diabetes. However, the effect of opium abuse on HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, body mass index (BMI) and LDL cholesterol in these patients were not statistically significant (P > 0.05) compared with the control. This result has public health significance in terms of ensuring the promotion of adequate nutritional intake in patients with diabetes who abuse opium.

PENGALAMAN DAN MAKNA KLIEN KETERGANTUNGAN NAPZA SAAT FASE AWAL KETERGANTUNGAN DI KABUPATEN SLEMAN

Background: Drug abuse has become a global problem, including in Indonesia, especially Yogyakarta. Yogyakarta is the province with the highest prevalence of drug abuse among students in Indonesia. Usage of drugs has a negative impact on health both physically and psychologically. However, based on preliminary studies, drug users continue to use the substance, althought they know its effect. The client experience of drug dependence when first trying the substance is interesting to look at.&#x0D; Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of the pearticipant in their early stage of drug addiction in Sleman Regency.&#x0D; Methods: The study method used qualitative with design of phenomenology intepretif, and use method of IPA as method of data analysis.&#x0D; Results: Based on the results of the analysis of the phenomenology intepretif of the 9 participants obtained the theme of the results are as follows: Trying to be part of the world of drugs and drug self-control.&#x0D; Conclusion: Someone uses drugs due to various things one of them improves self-existence. For future research is expected to take place at BNN or hospital to see a different experience.&#x0D; Keywords: Drug abuse, initial phase of drug abuse

Smoking and substance abuse prevalence in adolescents in a city of Turkey

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of smoking and abuse of substance among young people aged 14-18 in a city of Turkey and to determine the relationship between smoking and substance abuse risk. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on high school students studying in Bingöl city center. The universe of the study consists of 14000 students studying in 14 high schools. The minimum sample size required to be reached in the sample size analysis with reference to 80% power and 99% confidence interval was found to be 1235. According to the stratified sampling method, the students were randomly reached in schools and questionnaires were conducted under supervision by taking their consent. Chi-square test, Binary Logistic Regression test were used for data analysis. Results The mean age of the students was 15.71 ± 1.16 (min-max: 14-18) and 49.5% were male. The prevalence of smoking among all students is 15.8%, addictive substance use / trial frequency 5% except smoking. The prevalence of smoking among male students is 24.1%, in female students 7.7%. The rate of using addictive substance was found to be 8.2% for male students and 1.9% for female students except smoking. According to the results of Logistic Regression; substance abuse increases 8 (95% CI:3,32-19,95) fold in smokers (p = 0,001) and 2.5 (95% CI:1,10-5,38) fold in men (p = 0,027). The risk of substance use increases 1.05 (95% CI:1,02-1,08) fold as the number of cigarettes smoked daily (p = 0,001). Substance abuse risk of 18-year-olds shows increase 1.5 (95% CI:1,06-1,93) fold according to 14 years old (p = 0,021). Conclusions Smoking and addictive substance use in adolescents are particularly remarkable in male students (8.2%). This result is higher than the data reflecting Ä°stanbul (7%). This may be due to the fact that the province is located at the crossing point of drug traffic. Smoking increases the risk of other addictive substances (marijuana, heroin, etc.). Key messages Smoking and substance abuse is an important health problem in adolescents according to this study. Male students smoke are at risk of substance abuse more than female.

Use of Mentoring Programmes on Prevalence of Drug and Substance Abuse in Public Secondary Schools in Busia County, Kenya

Use of Mentoring Programmes on Prevalence of Drug and Substance Abuse in Public Secondary Schools in Busia County, Kenya

PELAKSANANAN REHABILITASI TERHADAP PECANDU NARKOBA SECARA SUKARELA DAN MELALUI PROSES PENEGAKAAN HUKUM. (STUDI KASUS DI BBNP JATENG)

&lt;div class="page" title="Page 1"&gt;&lt;div class="layoutArea"&gt;&lt;div class="column"&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Indonesia is in a state of drug emergency, the prevalence of drug abuse is increasing, the growth of drug abuse users is already alarming and alarming. Ignorance of the dangers and risks of drug use will add to the victims of drug abuse. Efforts to solve drug problems are carried out in cross-sectoral aspects of preventive and repressive aspects. Based on the mandate of the regulation of drug addicts must undergo rehabilitation. Rehabilitation is an alternative sanction in the form of actions stipulated in a joint regulation. There are two ways that rehabilitation of drug abuse can be done voluntarily and through law enforcement processes and there is no involvement in the distribution of drugs. This paper will discuss about (1) the implementation of rehabilitation for drug addicts voluntarily (2) the implementation of rehabilitation for drug addicts through the process of law enforcement. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Is substance use disorder more prevalent in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa?

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that disproportionately affects women and is associated with significant physical and psychosocial impact. Recent studies have reported an increased prevalence of substance abuse among patients with HS, including increased alcohol, opioid, and cannabis use. Whether substance use disorder is more prevalent among patients with HS is controversial because these data come from small studies and a major confounder is that patients with HS are often prescribed opioids for HS-associated pain. This review summarizes the current literature on substance use in HS to investigate whether substance use disorder is more likely in this patient population. We also highlight possible cofounders and areas of unmet need in HS that are potential causes of abuse, such as adequate pain control and impaired quality of life, and suggest opportunities for provider intervention. Evidence suggests that there is an increased prevalence of substance use disorder in patients with HS, but the full extent is still difficult to determine. However, with early screening and appropriate referrals to specialists, dermatologic providers may properly intervene and prevent substance use disorder in patients with HS.

Social Factors Influencing Substance and Drug Abuse in Universities in Machakos County, Kenya

The intention of this study was to investigate social factors influencing substance and drug abuse in universities Machakos County, Kenya. The survey study was carried out in Universities in Machakos town. The study was guided by the following objectives: to find out social factors influencing substance and drug abuse in Universities Machakos town and Establish the relationship between gender and drug abuse. The target population comprised of (10,000) students. A sample of (110) respondents was drawn from 5 University college /campuses. Stratified sampling techniques were used to sample (40) female and (70) male students. The research utilized questionnaires as the research instruments. The research instruments were modified after pilot study. The validity and reliability of instruments was established by piloting the instruments in pilot institutions in Machakos University College and Scott university. The reliability of research instrument was determined through the split- half method. The reliability index for the research instrument was 0.78. Qualitative data collected was analyzed descriptively using frequencies and percentages. The main findings of the study were: the prevalence of drug abuse according to gender was male (62.7%) and female (37.3%) and according to university. The social factors contributing drug abuse was peer pressure had (78.2%) and parental and environmental factors (20%). The research also revealed that commonly abused was alcohol with (78%), followed by cigarette (58.5%), followed by illicit brews (50%), miraa (40%), bhang (21%), wines and spirits (15%), finally the least abused drugs were heroin and cocaine with less than 1 percent. On the relationship between gender and drug abuse, the findings reveled that male students three times likely to abuse drugs more than female students. The study made the following recommendations: Government should put in place measures of limiting easy access to drug, Interventions progammes should be designed to halt drug abuse among those who are already abusing drugs and Rehabilitate those who show signs of addiction and finally guidance and counseling strengthened should be strengthened in institutions of learning and especially peer counseling DOI : 10.7176/RHSS/9-20-06 Publication date :October 31 st 2019

Prevalence and pattern of substance abuse among male adolescents in urban and rural areas of Dehradun

Background: Substance abuse is a serious problem because it is engulfing the younger generation with serious health, social and economic concern. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of substance abuse among male adolescents and study the habit pattern of substance abusers.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 776 male adolescents residing in urban and rural field practice areas under the department of Community Medicine, through randomly selected house to house visit. Data regarding the current use of alcohol and tobacco was collected in a predesigned and pretested proforma by oral questionnaire method.Results: The prevalence of substance abuse among male adolescents was found to be 22.8% and majority of them used some form of smokeless tobacco, followed by smoking tobacco. Consumption of alcohol or tobacco by adolescents is significantly associated with alcohol or tobacco consumption by their family members.Conclusions: Prevalence of substance abuse was high among the male adolescents and they should be motivated through IEC to give up the habit.

Geographic Trends, Patient Characteristics, and Outcomes of Infective Endocarditis Associated With Drug Abuse in the United States From2002 to 2016.

BackgroundThere has been an increase in the prevalence of drug abuse (DA) in the national opioid epidemic. With increasing DA, there is an increased risk of infective endocarditis (IE). There are limited recent data evaluating national trends on the incidence and geographical distribution of DA‐IE. We aim to investigate those numbers as well as the determinants of outcome in this patient population.Methods and ResultsHospitalized patients with a primary or secondary diagnosis of IE based on the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth and Tenth Revisions (ICD‐9, ICD‐10) were included. We described the national and geographical trends in DA‐IE. We also compared DA‐IE patients’ characteristics and outcomes to those with IE, but without associated drug abuse (non‐DA‐IE) using Poisson regression models. Incidence of DA‐IE has nearly doubled between 2002 and 2016 All US regions were affected, and the Midwest had the highest increase in DA‐IE hospitalizations (annual percent change=4.9%). Patients with DA‐IE were younger, more commonly white males, poorer, had fewer comorbidities, and were more likely to have human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C, concomitant alcohol abuse, and liver disease. Their length of stay was longer (9 versus 7 days; P<0.001) and were more likely to undergo cardiac surgery (7.8% versus 6.2%; P<0.001), but their inpatient mortality was lower (6.4% versus 9.1%; P<0.001).Conclusions DA‐IE is rising at an alarming rate in the United States. All regions of the United States are affected, with the Midwest having the highest increase in rate. Young‐adult, poor, white males were the most affected.

Mental disorders and obstetric diseases in high risk gestations

Objectives: To analyze the prevalence of major depression disorder, anxiety disorders and substance abuse in women with high-risk pregnancy and identify maternal-fetal pathologies and other variables associated with higher prevalence of mental disorders. Methodology: This cross-sectional study included 46 women in the high-risk gestation outpatient clinic of the Maternidade Escola Assis Chateaubriand in Fortaleza - Ceará. A sociodemographic and a clinical data questionnaire were applied, as well as Abuse Assesment Screen, Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Alcohol Smoking and Substance Screening Test. Mini International Neuropsychiatry Interview (MINI) was applied to women with positive screening in the mentioned scales. Results: Using the screening tools, the prevalence was 30.4% for depression and 52.2% for anxiety; with the MINI the prevalence was 30,4% and 34,8%, respectively. Pregnant women with cardiac diseases had a 66,7% depression prevalence and a 77.8% anxiety prevalence, both higher than those with other pathologies. Depression and anxiety were also associated with unwanted pregnancy and domestic violence during life. Conclusion: The prevalence of depression and anxiety was high in this sample of pregnant women and the associated risk factors need to be understood, so that better interventions in the treatment of pregnant women can be implemented.

Prevalence of Substance Abuse (Tobacco, Alcohol, Narcotics and Psychotropic Drugs) and Its Relationship to Family Factors in Pre-university Male Students in Shiraz 2017-2018.

Teenagers are valuable resources in communities and they are faced with multiple risk factors. Factors such as family attachment, devotion to family, parent's educational level, and parental support are the protective factors against high-risk behaviors. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of drug use among pre-university students and its relationship with familial factors. 1000 Fourth grade high-school male students were randomly selected during 6months in four districts of Shiraz City during 2017-2018. 14% of the participants were current smokers, 13.5% had a history of alcohol consumption, and 1% used psychotropic drugs, respectively. Moreover 59% of the participants who had consumed alcohol were cigarette smokers as well. 4.5% of them used all the three substances such as alcohol, tobacco and psychotropic drugs. Children whose parents do not set clear regulations or do not control their children are at higher risk of drug abuse.