Prevalence Of Diarrhea Research Articles

The Impact of Rapid Handpump Repairs on Diarrhea Morbidity in Children: Cross-Sectional Study in Kwale County, Kenya.

Handpumps are used by millions of people as their main source of water. Although handpumps represent only a basic form of water provision, there have been continuous efforts to improve the performance of these systems as they are likely to remain in use for many years to come. The introduction of a professional maintenance service in southern Kenya has shown an order of magnitude improvement in operational performance over community-based management, with 90% of handpump faults repaired within 3 days of being reported. One driver behind these efforts is the assumption that a more reliable water supply will lead to a reduction in water-related disease. However, it is not clear if operational improvements lead to health gains. Despite limited empirical evidence, some modeling studies suggest that even short periods of drinking contaminated water can lead to disproportionate negative health impacts. The aim of this study was to assess whether the improvements in operational performance from the rapid professional maintenance of rural handpumps lead to improved household health outcomes. From a sample of households using handpumps as their primary water source in Kwale County, Kenya, we measured the 2-week prevalence of World Health Organization-defined diarrhea in children, reported by the adult respondent for each household. We compared the rates before and after a period during which the households' handpumps were being professionally maintained. We then conducted a cross-sectional analysis, fitting logistic regression models with reported diarrhea as the dependent variable and speed of repair as the independent exposure of interest, adjusting for household socioeconomic characteristics; dwelling construction; and Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH)-related factors. We fitted an additional model to examine select interactions between covariates. Reported diarrhea in children was lower in households whose pumps had been repaired within 24 hours (adjusted odds ratio 0.35, 95% CI 0.24-0.51). This effect was robust to the inclusion of multiple categories of covariates. No reduction was seen in households whose pump repairs took more than 24 hours. Analysis of interaction terms showed that certain interventions associated with improved WASH outcomes were only associated with reductions in diarrhea in conjunction with socioeconomic improvements. Only pump repairs consistently made within 24 hours of failure led to a reduction in diarrhea in the children of families using handpumps. While the efficacy of reduction in diarrhea is substantial, the operational challenges of guaranteeing same-day repairs limits the effectiveness of even best-in-class pump maintenance. Maintenance regimes that cannot bring handpump downtimes close to zero will struggle to generate health benefits. Other factors that reduce diarrhea prevalence have limited effect in isolation, suggesting that WASH interventions will be more effective when undertaken as part of more holistic poverty-reduction efforts.

Prevalence of Diarrhea and Associated Risk Factors among Children Aged Under Five Years Presenting at Hoima Regional Referral Hospital

Diarrhea is among the top ten killers worldwide and in 2015, it accounted for 11% of child deaths globally. Many of these cases are from low and middle-income countries including Uganda. The last Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS) report in 2015 showed that the prevalence of childhood diarrhea was 19.5%. The local prevalence in Hoima was not known as no study had been done concerning the subject. The purpose of this study therefore was to identify the prevalence of diarrhea and its associated risk factors among children aged under five years presenting at Hoima Regional Referral Hospital. A cross-sectional descriptive study design was adopted for this study. Data was collected from 241 mother-child pairs using a pretested semi structured questionnaire. Collected data was entered in the computer after cleaning and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics were one to get the prevalence of diarrhea while Chi square and binary logistic regression analysis was done to find the independent variables associated with diarrhea among children under 5 years. The prevalence of diarrhea among under 5 years old in this study was 12.4%. The risk of diarrhea was increased in non-working mothers (OR=8.571; CI=2.889-25.426; p<0.001), child’s age between 6 and 24 months (OR=9.098; CI= 3.282-25.220; p<0.001) and unprotected water sources (OR=12.100; CI=3.559-41.133; p<0.001). Christian religion (OR=0.263; CI=0.090- 0.768; p=0.015), and not using bottle feeding (OR=0.229; CI=0.104-0.507; p<0.001) showed a reduced risk of diarrhea. The present study showed a high prevalence of diarrhea among children under five years of age. The independent variables that were found to be associated with diarrhea were mother’s working status, child’s age, source of drinking water, religion and bottle feeding. The results of this study have serious policy implications for health intervention programs and the researcher recommends that promoting women income generating programs may have a significant importance on child health and survival in the study area and Uganda in general. The longterm solution for decreasing morbidity from diarrhea may include the delivery of improved sanitation and hygiene through efficient health educational programs that concentrate on personal hygiene which lead to full sanitation. This should be reinforced in combination with health workers educating households on sanitation and child feeding practices. Keywords: Diarrhea, Children under 5 years, Mothers, Women, Child deaths.

Prevalence and predictors of diarrhea among children under five in Ghana

BackgroundGlobally, childhood diarrhea is a major public health concern. Despite numerous interventions that have been put in place to reduce its incidence over the years, childhood diarrhea remains a problem and is the fourth leading cause of child mortality in Ghana. This study examined the predictors of diarrhea among children under the age of five in Ghana.MethodsData from the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health survey, a cross-sectional survey, was used for the purpose of this study. A total of 2,547 children under the age of five were included in this study. Logistic regression analysis was performed to establish the factors associated with childhood diarrhea and ascertain explanatory variables.ResultsThe prevalence of diarrhea was 11.7%. Male children (13.4%) and those living in rural areas (12%), particularly in the Brong Ahafo region (17%) recorded the highest prevalence of diarrhea. Children aged 6 to 35 months of age, maternal age and education, sex of children and region of residence were the predictors of diarrhea among children under the age of five years in this study.ConclusionTo lessen the prevalence of diarrhea among children under five in Ghana, existing interventions must be evaluated in the context of the predictors identified. Based on observations deduced from this study, the Ministry of Health, Ghana Health Service and other health regulatory agencies should intensify monitoring and awareness in the various regions, particularly in the transition and savannah zones on the causes, risk factors, and methods of preventing diarrhea in children under five. Various stakeholders including government and non-governmental organizations should take into account the predictors of diarrhea identified in the design of interventions to effectively reduce morbidity and mortality associated with childhood diarrhea.

Literatur Review: Uji Kualitas Air Minum Isi Ulang Di Lingkungan Masyarakat


 Refill drinking water is one of the alternative products to meet the drinking water needs of the community. Water is an inseparable part of all humans. This is because living things cannot live if there is no water, so water is needed to maintain the survival of living things. Therefore, this researcher aims to determine the quality of refill drinking water, whether the product meets the quality standards that have been set or not. Safe drinking water must meet established standards starting from the physical, chemical, microbiological, and radioactive aspects in accordance with the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 492/MENKES/PER/IV/2010. According to the results of the 2013 Basic Health Research (Riskesdas), the incidence and prevalence of diarrhea in all age groups in Indonesia are 3.5 percent and 7.0 percent, respectively. The incidence of diarrhea is closely related to the quality of sanitation and ground water used by the community. The results showed that from the results of this study, 37.5% of DAMIU Teluk Ambon District, North Balikpapan Regency met the effective criteria, namely 66.67% (20) from 30 depots and those included in the ineffective criteria were 33.33%. (10) of 30 depots. This indicates that groundwater for sanitation and water at the sampling sites are generally contaminated by coliform bacteria.

Long-Term Impact of Childhood Adversity on the Gut Microbiome of Nursing Students.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) encompass negative, stressful, and potentially traumatic events during childhood, impacting physical and mental health outcomes in adulthood. Limited studies suggest ACEs can have short-term effects on children's gut microbiomes and adult cognitive performance under stress. Nevertheless, the long-term effects of ACEs experienced during adulthood remain unexplored. Thus, this study aimed to assess the long-term effects of ACEs on the gut microbiota of adult nursing students. We employed a multidimensional approach, combining 16S rRNA sequencing, bioinformatics tools, and machine learning to predict functional capabilities. High-ACE individuals had an increased abundance of Butyricimonas spp. and Prevotella spp. and decreased levels of Clostridiales, and Lachnospira spp. Prevotella abundance correlated negatively with L-glutamate and L-glutamine biosynthesis, potentially impacting intestinal tissue integrity. While nursing students with high ACE reported increased depression, evidence for a direct gut microbiota-depression relationship was inconclusive. High-ACE individuals also experienced a higher prevalence of diarrhea. These findings highlight the long-lasting impact of ACEs on the gut microbiota and its functions in adulthood, particularly among nursing students. Further research is warranted to develop targeted interventions and strategies for healthcare professionals, optimizing overall health outcomes.

Hydroethanolic extract of Piliostigma thonningii leaves extenuates the severity of diarrhoea in female Wistar rats.

Nigeria ranks second in the global prevalence of diarrhoea with most cases concentrated in the Northern-region of the country. This research explored the antidiarrhoeal efficacy of the hydroethanolic extract of Piliostigma thonningii leaves (HEPTL), locally used to manage diarrhoeal conditions in Kebbi State, Nigeria. P.thonningii leaves were screened for their secondary metabolites and mineral constituents. Using 3 standard-diarrhoea models, female Wistar rats completely-randomised into six-groups of six animals each were utilised for probing the antidiarrhoeal activity of HEPTL. Animals in groups I and II served as the negative and positive controls, whereas the rats in groups III, IV and V respectively received 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight-(bw) of HEPTL. Six secondary metabolites and eight minerals were found in the extract, with flavonoids and calcium being the most abundant while steroids and zinc were the least prevalent, respectively. High performance liquid chromatographic analysis revealed the presence of 19 bioactive substances. Furthermore, there was a significant (p<0.05) and dose-related reduction in diarrhoea onset, water content, and wet faeces count. Similarly, the amount of intestinal fluid and average distance traversed by the charcoal-meal were decreased dose-dependently by the HEPTL with a commensurate rise in the suppression of intestinal fluid accrual andperistalsis. Acetylcholinesterase, Na+/K+-ATPase, reduced glutathione, intestinal-alkaline phosphatase and protein levels increased significantly (p<0.05) whereas superoxide-dismutase, catalase, intestinal-nitric oxide and malondialdehyde levels all fell significantly (p<0.05). However, the level of intestinal glucose was not significantly altered. Overall, the HEPTL exhibited a profound effect in the alleviation of the severity of diarrhoea, notably at 200 mg/kg bw.

Diarrheal diseases prevalence among children of Sudan and socio cultural risks related; systematic review and meta analysis.

It is estimated that more than 4% of the causes of inpatient deaths in 2017 were due to diarrheal diseases. The current study is aimed to provide pooled prevalence of microorganisms causing diarrhea among Sudanese as well as determine any socio-cultural risk factors associated. A systematic review of the literature was conducted and regulated in accordance to PRISMA. After abstract and full text screening Twenty-one research articles were recruited to the study. Among witch eighteen research articles determined prevalence of causative microorganisms of Diarrhea; eight research articles determining prevalence of causative microorganisms of Diarrhea were conducted in Khartoum State, five in Gezira State, two in White Nile State, one in Kordofan State while two studies were conducted in several States. Moreover, majority of studies were concerned of prevalence among children while two studies were toward general population as well as mothers of children. The pooled prevalence of viral diarrhea in less than five years old children was 22.90% [15.37, 30.43] among more than 14 thousands' participants, the pooled prevalence of parasitic diarrhea was 31.40% [19.53, 43.27] among participants from different age groups while the pooled prevalence of bacterial diarrhea was 36.20% [14.00, 58.40]. No associated risk factors were able to be synthesized from included studies.

Trends in epidemiological characteristics and etiologies of diarrheal disease in children under five: an ecological study based on Global Burden of Disease study 2021

BackgroundDiarrhea remains a significant health threat to children under five years of age. The study aims to systematically elucidate the global burden of diarrhea in children, providing scientific insights for effective prevention and control strategies. MethodsThe data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study was analyzed to assess the trends in incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of diarrhea in children under five years across the globe, 21 geographical region, and 204 countries and territories, stratified by age group, sex, and socio-demographic index (SDI) levels. The trend of the disease burden for childhood diarrhea from 1990 to 2021 was described and estimated using the average annual percent change (AAPC), and a Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model was employed to predict the future burden of diarrhea in children. ResultsFrom 1990 to 2021, there was a significant decline in the global burden of diarrhea among children under five years of age. The AAPC for incidence (−4092.18, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −4224.60 to −3959.76), prevalence (−70.98, 95% CI: −72.67 to −69.28), mortality (−6.89, 95% CI: −6.95 to −6.83), and DALYs rate (−621.79, 95% CI: −627.20 to −616.38) of diarrhea in children all showed a marked downward trend. Diarrheal incidence (r = −0.782, P < 0.001), prevalence (r = −0.777, P < 0.001), mortality (r = −0.908, P < 0.001), and DALYs rate (r = −0.904, P < 0.001) were negatively correlated with the SDI. Between 2022 and 2035, the global incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates of diarrhea in children under five years are projected to continue declining. The leading causes of diarrheal mortality in children include wasting, underweight, and non-exclusive breastfeeding. Rotavirus remains the predominant pathogen associated with diarrhea-related mortality rate and DALY rate. ConclusionAlthough the global burden of diarrhea in children under five has steadily declined, it remains a significant health threat. Rotavirus is the leading pathogen, highlighting the importance of expanding rotavirus vaccination. Additionally, improving nutritional status, increasing exclusive breastfeeding rates, and enhancing access to sanitation and clean drinking water are crucial measures that, when widely implemented, can effectively reduce the health risks posed by diarrhea in children.

Is the impact of paid maternity leave policy on the prevalence of childhood diarrhoea mediated by breastfeeding duration? A causal mediation analysis using quasi-experimental evidence from 38 low-income and middle-income countries

ObjectivesQuasi-experimental evidence suggests that extending the duration of legislated paid maternity leave is associated with lower prevalence of childhood diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). This could be due...

Convergence of Stunting and Diarrhoea among Children in Peri-Urban Lusaka: A Cross-Sectional Study of Prevalence and Predictors

Background: In Zambia, stunting and diarrhoea—largely avoidable conditions—are significant contributors to death in children under five years of age. Large-scale studies commonly compare these variables between urban and rural settings, although they frequently neglect to consider the substantial socio-economic differences present within urban populations. This study sought to investigate the prevalence and co-occurrence of stunting and diarrhoea in peri-urban regions of Lusaka. Method: A cross-sectional study approach was utilized, focusing on 239 homes in Lusaka East, a peri-urban area of Zambia's capital city. The research concentrated on homes with a minimum of one kid between the ages of 6 and 23 months. Data collection utilized structured questionnaires distributed to guardians, documenting socio-demographic variables and sanitation practices. Children's anthropometric measures were standardized utilizing height-for-age z-scores (HAZ). The research employed bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis to investigate factors associated with malnutrition and diarrhoea. Results: The study included 232 children, with 53.8% (n=125) identified as female and 46.2% (n=107) as male. The median age of the children was 13 months (IQR ±8), whereas the median age of their guardians was 26 years (IQR ±9.5). The prevalence of stunting and diarrhoea was 24.1% (95% CI: 18.7–30.2%) and 19.4% (95% CI: 14.5–25.1%), respectively, with the highest rates observed in children aged 12 to 23 months. Significant predictors of stunting were identified as child gender (aOR: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.23–0.89), sanitation type (aOR: 2.35, 95% CI: 1.08–4.52), and the marital status of the guardian (aOR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.01–2.88). In children with diarrhoea, gender (aOR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.18–0.89) and the guardian's marital status (aOR: 2.80, 95% CI: 1.14–6.89) were identified as significant predictors. Conclusion: In conclusion, the study identified a significant prevalence of stunting, alongside a high incidence of diarrhoea in stunted children, potentially elevating the risk of childhood mortality. This highlights the necessity of strengthening primary healthcare services and improving community health education, with an emphasis on the early detection of stunting and the prevention of diarrhoea, especially in economically disadvantaged peri-urban areas in Zambia.

Prevalence and determinants of diarrhea morbidity among under five children of west Shoa Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia

BackgroundDiarrhea is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among under-five children, including Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and determinants of diarrhea morbidity among under-five children in the west Shewa zone. MethodsThe community-based cross-sectional study was conducted using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. The study was conducted among 1004 study participants with under five children. The relation of covariates and diarrheal disease was checked using logistic regression at 95 %CI, where variables with p < 0.05 were statistically significant. ResultsThe finding revealed that the two-week prevalence of diarrhea in the west Shewa zone was 18.7 %. Children living in Ambo [AOR = 0.492, 95 %CI (0.255, 0.948)], Dendi [AOR = 0.413, 95 %CI (0.222, 0.769)], Toke kutaye [AOR = 0.462, 95 %CI (0.240, 0.889)], Bako Tibe [AOR = 0.522, 95 %CI (0.275, 0.993)] were less likely affected by diarrhea. Feeding by cup and spoon [AOR = 0.656, 95 %CI (0.433, 0.995)] and feeding by bottle [AOR = 0.577, 95 %CI (0.362, 0.922)] were less likely affected by diarrhea. Using untreated water [AOR = 1.795, 95 %CI (1.184, 2.721)], complementary feeding before six months [AOR = 1.798, 95 %CI (1.261, 2.565)], improper waste disposal [AOR = 2.041, 95 %CI (1.394, 2.989)], unvaccinated for rotavirus [AOR = 1.990, 95 %CI (1.162, 3.410)] were more likely develop diarrhea. ConclusionOur study identified that one in five under-five children was affected by diarrheal morbidity. It was determined by the woreda of respondents, drinking water, child feeding method, complementary feeding initiation time, waste disposal, and rotavirus vaccination. All concerned bodies should intervene based on the cause of the disease.

A novel protease from Bacillus clausii UBBC07, a healthful solution against diarrhea-causing pathogens

Present treatments for gastroenteritis include the use of antibiotics, probiotics, or spore solutions, which are derived mainly from microbial communities. To avoid multidrug resistance, probiotic bacteria like Bacillus clausii can be of great importance. In the present study, isolation, purification, and physicochemical characterization and bactericidal effect of an extracellularly secreted, novel protease was performed from B. clausii strain UBBC07. In vitro assays, including well-diffusion assay and gel-overlay assay, were used to confirm the anti-diarrheal potential of isolated protein. Molecular weight and the sequence of purified protease were identified by LC-MS/MS. The purified protein’s molecular mass was 23,460 Da. Peptide mass fingerprinting confirmed the novel protein to be a protease with 36% homology to the existing Din b family protein, with strong metalloprotease-like properties. Physicochemical analysis showed that the protein was stable at a broad range of temperatures and pH and retained up to 50% activity at very high temperatures and extreme pH. The efficacy of protein was tested against two major diarrhea-causing pathogens (Bacillus cereus and Salmonella enterica), and the minimum inhibitory concentration obtained was 9.78 μM. The bactericidal effect of purified protein was assayed using time-kill kinetics, where 105 CFU/ml of B. cereus and S. enterica cells were killed in 4 h. Microscopic analysis of Gram-stained bacterial cells also showed debris formation after protease treatment. Researchers have described the impact of resistant bacteria on the long-term prevalence of diarrhea. This situation inspires researchers to come up with more cost-effective and high-efficacy alternatives like proteases to treat this disease.

Analysis Factor of Diarrhea with Latrine Ownership and Clean Water Availability in Indonesia

The study examines the relationship between Diarrhea, Latrine Ownership, and Clean Water Availability in Indonesia, specifically focusing on 2016 to 2021. According to the 2018 RISKESDAS, the age group with the highest diarrhea prevalence, as health workers diagnosed, was 1 to 4 years (1.5%), followed by infants (9%). West Java Province had the highest prevalence of diarrhea by province, with a rate of 186.809. The purpose is to analyze data related to latrine ownership and the availability of clean water about the incidence of diarrhea in Indonesia. The method is meta-analysis. We used a cross-sectional approach to collect secondary data from articles from March to April 2023. The results show that ownership of a latrine that does not meet the requirements is 2,013 times more likely to cause diarrhea than ownership of a latrine that meets the requirements. From the results of the meta-analysis of the variable availability of clean water, it is known that the availability of clean water that does not meet the requirements is 1,858 times more at risk of causing diarrhea than the availability of clean water that meets the requirements. The conclusion is that the variable that has the most significant influence on latrine ownership and the availability of clean water is latrine ownership. We suggest minimizing risk factors by counseling the community, emphasizing the importance and benefits of having healthy latrines that meet requirements and the availability of clean water to prevent diarrheal disease.

Does Public Spending Reflect the Need for Health: A Cross-sectional Analysis at District Level in India.

There is mixed evidence on the extent of association between the allocation of public revenue for healthcare and its indicators of need. In this study, we examined the relationship between allocations through state health financing (SHF) and the Central Government with infant mortality. District-wise infant mortality rate (IMR) was computed using National Family Health Survey-4 data. State-wise data for health budgets through SHF and National Health Mission (NHM, a Centrally Sponsored Scheme), were obtained for the year 2015-16. We used a multivariable analysis through generalized linear model method using identity-link function. We found per capita SHF (₹3169) to be more than 12 times that of public health spending per capita through NHM (₹261). IMR was lower in districts with higher SHF allocation, although statistically insignificant. The allocation through NHM was higher in districts with higher IMR, which is statistically significant. Every unit percentage increase in per capita net state domestic product and female literacy led to 0.31% and 0.54% decline, while a 1% increase in under-five diarrhoea prevalence led to 0.17% increase in IMR. The NHM has contributed to enhancing vertical equity in health-care financing. The States' need to be more responsive to the differences in districts while allocating health-care resources. There needs to be a focus on spending on social determinants, which should be the cornerstone for any universal health coverage strategy.

Effect of implementing an effective farrowing accommodation hygiene routine on clinical cases of disease, medication usage, and growth in suckling and weaned pigs.

The few studies that have evaluated hygiene routines in farrowing accommodation to date have focused on pathogen elimination from pens, with little attention paid to pig growth and no information provided on pig health or medication usage. This study aimed to determine if implementation of an optimized farrowing accommodation hygiene routine could improve pig health and growth and reduce medication usage pre- and post-weaning (PW). Forty seven sows were blocked on parity, previous litter size and body weight and assigned to two treatments: T1) Basic hygiene: cold water washing only with minimal drying time; T2) Optimized hygiene: use of detergent and a chlorocresol-based disinfectant with a 6-d drying time. Total bacterial counts (TBC), Enterobacteriaceae counts and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) swabs were obtained from different areas within the farrowing pens. Pig growth and medication usage were monitored from birth to slaughter and carcass data were obtained at slaughter. On entry of sows to the farrowing pens, TBC and Enterobacteriaceae counts and ATP concentrations were lower on pen surfaces subjected to the optimized compared to the basic hygiene routine (P < 0.05). Pre-weaning diarrhea prevalence was lower in pigs born into optimal compared to basic hygiene pens (0 vs. 22%; P < 0.001). The number of clinical cases of disease and injections administered to piglets per litter was 75% and 79% less for the optimized compared to the basic hygiene routine, respectively (P < 0.001). This led to reductions of 77% (P < 0.001) and 75% (P < 0.01), respectively in the volume of antibiotics and anti-inflammatories administered per litter in the optimized hygiene group. Pigs from the optimized hygiene treatment were also heavier at weaning (P < 0.01) and their average daily gain (ADG) was higher from day 21 to weaning and days 22 to 49 PW (P < 0.05). However, these growth improvements did not carry through to the finisher period. In conclusion, implementation of an optimized hygiene routine reduced the bacterial load in farrowing pens, leading to a reduction in diarrhea and clinical cases of disease and therefore, medication usage, in suckling pigs. Pig growth was also improved during the suckling and early PW periods. Based on the results, an easily implementable farrowing room hygiene protocol with demonstrable benefits for pig health, growth, and welfare can be provided to farmers.

Acute Diarrhea in Early Post-Transplant Period in Living Donor Kidney Transplant Recipients

Background: Acute diarrhea is common in Myanmar. People are so used to diarrhea at least once a year that they do not think diarrhea as an important problem. Acute diarrhea in early post-operative period in renal transplant recipient may result in pre-renal failure and delay graft function. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of diarrhea, its severity and response to treatment in early post-operative period (3 weeks after transplant) in living donor kidney transplant (LDKT) recipients. Patients and Methods: LDKT recipients having acute diarrhea in early post-transplant period at two transplant centers (Mingaladon and Nay Pyi Taw) in Myanmar were analyzed over 10 years period; from 2013 to 2023 September. Acute diarrhea is defined as three or more semisolid or liquid stools per day for a minimum of 1 day duration. It was a hospital based observational study. After obtaining diet history and physical examination, laboratory tests were done. Clinical parameters (diet, fever, features of oral candidiasis, features of dehydration, examination of abdomen), stool examination (stool inspection, stool examination for ova and cyst, stool for Clostridium difficle toxin, stool culture), blood tests (total WBC count, serum creatinine, liver function tests) and blood trough level for Tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil were done. Management was given according to algorithm and their response to treatment was recorded. Dose modification of immunosuppressants were done depending on full blood count and blood level of them. Results: A total of 230 LDKT recipients were observed; among them, thirteen percent (30/230) of recipients developed acute diarrhea in early post-operative period. The age ranged from 14 to 73 years. A majority of them had mild form; mild dehydration without significant changes in hemodynamic status. The peak onset of diarrhea was 4 to 5 days after transplant; majority resolved over one week. They did not have oral candidiasis. Abdominal examination was normal except mild tenderness over grafted kidney in all of them. Total WBC count and platelet count were normal except in two cases. Stool examination did not show trophozoite or cyst. Stool for Clostridium difficile toxin was not identified. With dietary modification and oral rehydration solution, their motion was back to normal in sixteen percent (5/30). Folic acid therapy with or without probiotics made resolution of diarrhea in 33.3% (10/30). Anti-infective therapy was given in 10% (3/30) of cases; norfloxacin to 2 cases. Intravenous colistin to one case as he had enterocolitis and septicemia due to Klebsiella pneumonia. His stool culture as well as blood culture showed Carbepenem resistant Klebsiella pneumonia; he was known case of myelodysplastic syndrome. Blood level of mycophenolate mofetil was normal; however, the dose was reduced in 2 cases owing to leucopenia or thrombocytopenia. Blood tacrolimus trough level was normal in two-third (20/30); and, it was high in one-third of them (20/30). They passed formed stool 24 - 48 hours after dose reduction of tacrolimus. Conclusion: In this study, 13% of the LDKT recipients had acute diarrhea in early post-operative period. Majority of them had mild form. Half of them recovered with oral rehydration solution, diet modification, folic acid and probiotics. Only one tenth of them had infective in origin and responded to anti-infective therapy. Raised blood tacrolimus trough level was found in one third of LDKT recipients with acute diarrhea; diarrhea improved dramatically after reduction of tacrolimus dose.

Pengaruh Pendidikan Kesehatan Metode Video Terhadap Tingkat Pengetahuan Tentang Diare Pada Anak di SD Negeri 1 Sokaraja Tengah

Diarrhea remains a health problem in developing countries such as Indonesia and is a major cause of mortality and mobility, especially in children. The prevalence of diarrhea based on symptoms is calculated by combining diagnosed or symptomatic diarrhea cases. The incidence and prevalence of diarrhea in Indonesia are 3.5% and 7.0%. This study aims to determine whether there is an effect of health education on the level of knowledge about diarrhea in children at SD Negeri 1 Sokaraja Tengah. This research method uses quasi experimental with One group pretest-posttest design. The sampling technique used total sampling with a sample size of 56 students. Data was taken using a questionnaire. The results showed that the majority of female gender with 29 respondents (51.8%). There is a difference in the level of knowledge about diarrhea before and after being given health education. Based on statistical tests using the paired t test results in a p value of 0.000 which means there is a significant effect.

Effects of early postnatal gastric and colonic microbiota transplantation on piglet gut health

BackgroundDiarrhea is a major cause of reduced growth and mortality in piglets during the suckling and weaning periods and poses a major threat to the global pig industry. Diarrhea and gut dysbiosis may in part be prevented via improved early postnatal microbial colonization of the gut. To secure better postnatal gut colonization, we hypothesized that transplantation of colonic or gastric content from healthy donors to newborn recipients would prevent diarrhea in the recipients in the post-weaning period. Our objective was to examine the impact of transplanting colonic or gastric content on health and growth parameters and paraclinical parameters in recipient single-housed piglets exposed to a weaning transition and challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC).MethodsSeventy-two 1-day-old piglets were randomized to four groups: colonic microbiota transplantation (CMT, n = 18), colonic content filtrate transplantation (CcFT, n = 18), gastric microbiota transplantation (GMT, n = 18), or saline (CON, n = 18). Inoculations were given on d 2 and 3 of life, and all piglets were milk-fed until weaning (d 20) and shortly after challenged with ETEC (d 24). We assessed growth, diarrhea prevalence, ETEC concentration, organ weight, blood parameters, small intestinal morphology and histology, gut mucosal function, and microbiota composition and diversity.ResultsEpisodes of diarrhea were seen in all groups during both the milk- and the solid-feeding phase, possibly due to stress associated with single housing. However, CcFT showed lower diarrhea prevalence on d 27, 28, and 29 compared to CON (all P < 0.05). CcFT also showed a lower ETEC prevalence on d 27 (P < 0.05). CMT showed a higher alpha diversity and a difference in beta diversity compared to CON (P < 0.05). Growth and other paraclinical endpoints were similar across groups.ConclusionIn conclusion, only CcFT reduced ETEC-related post-weaning diarrhea. However, the protective effect was marginal, suggesting that higher doses, more effective modalities of administration, longer treatment periods, and better donor quality should be explored by future research to optimize the protective effects of transplantation.

Incidence and Determinants of Diarrheal Cases in Children Under Five Admitted at Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, IshakaBushenyi District, Western Uganda

Diarrhoea stands as a significant global public health issue, with the WHO reporting approximately 2.5 billion cases annually among children below five years old. This study aimed to ascertain the prevalence of diarrhoea and its influencing factors in children under five admitted to Kampala International University Teaching Hospital (KIU-TH). Employing a cross-sectional and descriptive approach, quantitative data was gathered through selfadministered and investigator-led questionnaires, utilizing digital tools such as Google Sheets for data collection. A total of 238 mothers, randomly selected using convenience sampling, whose children were admitted at KIU-TH constituted the study's sample. The results, presented through 95% Confidence Intervals (C.I), Odd Ratios (OR), and P-values, were computed using Binary Logistic Regression with Pearson’s correlation in SPSS Version 26, and graphically represented using Microsoft Excel Software. At the time of data collection, the prevalence of diarrhoea among children under five admitted at KIU-TH stood at 24.4% based on maternal responses. This high prevalence was found to be influenced by several factors, including the child's vaccination status, the early introduction of supplementary foods, premature weaning practices, and the child's age. Notably, exclusive breastfeeding practices were not adhered to, with mothers introducing other foods at a young age and initiating early weaning practices. Keywords: Diarrhoea, Children under five years of age, Vaccination status, early weaning.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION AND THE INCIDENCE OF DIARRHEA IN TODDLERS IN THE WORK AREA OF THE CIRENDEU HEALTH CENTER, SOUTH TANGERANG CITY IN 2022

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) each year diarrhea causes 525,000 deaths in toddlers and results in 1.7 million children in the world suffering from diarrheal diseases. Riskesdas results in 2018 showed the prevalence of diarrhea in all ages as much as 8%, in toddlers as much as 12.3%, and in infants as much as 10.6%. Sample Registration System The coverage of diarrhea services in 2021 at all ages was 33.6% while in toddlers it was 23.8%. This research is a type of quantitative research with a cross-sectional study design that uses purposive sampling techniques. This research was conducted on mothers who have toddlers in the Cirendeu Health Center Working Area in 2022. The sample in this study was 77 respondents. The data analysis technique in this study was univariate and bivariate using the Chi-square test. Bivariate test results using the Chi-Square test with α = 0.005 found results There is a relationship between environmental sanitation and the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers in the Cireundeu Health Center Working Area in 2022 with (p-value = 0.003 ≤ α = 0.05) and a Odds ratio value of 6.042. Based on the results of the study, this study states that there is a relationship between environmental sanitation and the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers in the Cireundeu Health Center Working Area in 2022. Provide education on the importance of trash cans that are closed and tightly closed.