Prevalence Of Depression Research Articles

Experiences and psychological issues affecting parents of children born with atypical genitalia in India.

Parents of children with differences of sex development (DSD) are known to suffer from psychological distress at the time of diagnosis and thereafter. We analyzed the prevalence of anxiety and depression in Indian parents of children with DSD and its associated risk factors, as well as their experiences, perceptions and expectations from the healthcare system. This cross-sectional study included parents of children aged ≤6 years with atypical genitalia. Data was collected through face-to-face semi-structured interview using specially designed questionnaire. Depression and anxiety have been assessed using PHQ9 (Patient health questionnaire) and GAD-7 (Generalized anxiety disorder scale), respectively. The current mean age of the 43 children (46,XY=26, 46,XX=16 and chromosomal DSD=1) was 36.5±21.4months with a median age of diagnosis of 5months (range- 0-60months). 68 parents (35 mothers and 33 fathers) were interviewed. The score was above the cut-off for clinically significant depression in 27.2 and 25.7 % of the fathers and mothers, respectively; and for clinically significant anxiety in 15.1 and 28.6 % of the fathers and mothers, respectively. The most significant factor associated with psychological distress was rearing a boy with lower EMS in fathers and lower literacy levels (with higher perception of stigma) in mothers. Absence of family support was associated with high levels of distress in both parents. There is a high level of depression and anxiety amongst Indian parents of children born with atypical genitalia and requirement for psychological support and counseling.

Prevalence of anxiety and depression and the influence of correlates in acute coronary syndrome patients: a cross-sectional analysis

Abstract Background Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients are vulnerable to anxiety and depression. This study aimed to assess the mental health burden among Egyptian ACS patients by assessing the prevalence and associates of these conditions. This study enrolled 212 patients who underwent coronary angiogram. Anxiety and depression were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Demographic, psychosocial, and clinical data were collected. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses identified factors associated with anxiety and depression. Results The mean age of the participants was 54.1 years, and 80.7% were males. More than half (58.1%) exhibited anxiety, depression, or both, with depression being more prevalent than anxiety (48.1% vs 38.2%). Past major depressive disorder was strongly correlated with both anxiety and depression. Higher anxiety scores increased the odds of depression (OR = 1.234, p < 0.001), and vice versa (OR = 1.55, p < 0.001). Hypertension and the use of antihypertensive medications were associated with increased depression. Significant associates of anxiety included increased heart rate, past use of furosemide and enoxaparin, and current polypharmacy. Conclusions A substantial proportion of ACS patients experience comorbid anxiety and depression. Polypharmacy, past depression, and hypertension are key risk factors. Targeted interventions addressing these factors are essential for improving mental health in this vulnerable population.

Prevalence of Mental Morbidities in a Tertiary Care Leprosarium in North India: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease causing substantial physical and mental morbidity. Every year around 200,000 new cases are reported globally. (WHO) Despite continuous efforts to eradicate leprosy, prevalence of the disease is still a concern especially in India. The treatment of leprosy has always focused on elimination of bacteria, correction of physical deformities and preventive aspects with little emphasis on its psychiatric implications. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the link between the disease and mental health of the patient. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of psychiatric morbidities among leprosy patients admitted in a tertiary care center in north India. Methods: Data was collected from patients admitted in a tertiary care leprosy center in North Delhi by using a well-structured questionnaire DASS-21 which included total of 21 questions, 7 questions each pertaining to depression, anxiety and stress. Findings were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Frequencies and percentages were used and the association between the variables was tested using the chi-square test. Results: Findings suggested that there is causal relationship between leprosy disease and mental health. Prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress was 28%, 56% and 44% respectively which significant. Of note, the prevalence was higher in adults aged between 25-35 years as compared to adults aged 35-45 years. Patients with physical deformities were found to higher prevalence of mental health issues such as depression (18%), anxiety (28%), Stress (24%). Conclusion: This study found that there was a significantly high prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among individuals affected by leprosy especially among those with physical deformities. Hence, appropriate psychological counselling must be considered as an essential part of therapeutic intervention for leprosy patients.

The Effect of Hypnobirthing Method to Prevent Imminent Prematural Delivery Through Reducing Stress Levels in Factory Working Mothers

Every day, a total of 800 women die from complications that occur during pregnancy and childbirth. Preterm birth is a major challenge in perinatal health care. In the United States, one in eight babies (12%) is born prematurely; of these, 80% are born at 32-36 weeks of gestation and 20% are born at 22-32 weeks. Premature babies (<32 weeks) are at increased risk of neonatal mortality and morbidity. One of the factors causing premature birth is antenatal depression. A systematic review of studies conducted in developed and low-income countries reported the prevalence of antenatal depression in the range of 5% to 30% and 15.6% to 31.1%). Increased risk of premature birth 1.2 times premature birth and 1.3 times risk of low birth weight. Sociodemographic factors play a major role in the incidence of imminent premature labor. The results of a study in 2014 showed that 54.8% of mothers giving birth at Sidoarjo Regional Hospital had a heavy workload. The results of the study showed that there was a relationship between the workload of pregnant women and the incidence of preterm labor with a p value = 0.008 (P <0.05). Pregnant women with heavy workloads are caused by mothers having jobs with a shift work system, long working hours >7 hours/day or >49 hours/week, working in factories with an average break time of 1 hour and activities such as lifting or pushing goods. In addition, after working outside the home, mothers still do household chores such as cooking, sweeping, washing without the help of others. The reason mothers work on average is to help the family economy. Other factors are anxiety in pregnancy, health risks, domestic violence, length of work per day, nutritional factors during work, length of rest at work, partner support, household income, mother's education level, mother's age, parity Hypnobirthing relaxation provides positive suggestions to the mother. This suggestion changes beta brain waves (conscious mind) into alpha waves (unconscious mind) in the cerebral cortex, then a sensory association process occurs which causes stimuli to be analyzed, understood and arranged into an object and the meaning of the stimulus. The provision of one hypnosis session referring to The Creative Psychosocial Genomic Healing Experience protocol can significantly increase immediate-early gene expression (Zif-268), increase stem cell activity, reduce stress and inflammation at the cellular level. This study aims to explain the effectiveness of the influence of hypnobirthing on reducing the scale of depression in Partus Prematurus Imminens. The expected benefits in this study are to develop the potential for preventing premature labor with the hypnobirthing method.

The Mediating Role of Physical Activity and Self-Rated Health in the Association Between Depression and Quality of Life in Older Europeans: An Analysis Differentiated by Sex

Objectives: This study investigates the mediating role of moderate physical activity (MPA), vigorous physical activity (VPA), and self-rated health (SRH) in the association between depression and quality of life (QoL) in a large sample of Europeans aged 50 and over, differentiated by sex. Methods: Data from the 2017 Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe were analyzed, including 11,986 individuals (6843 women) aged 50 and older. All information was collected through face-to-face interviews: sociodemographic data, SRH, physical activity levels, depression (EURO-D scale), and QoL (CASP-12). Results: Comparatively, women reported a higher prevalence of depression, a lower perception of QoL, and slightly lower levels of SRH, MPA, and VPA. Parallel mediation models revealed, for both sexes, that an increase in VPA levels was more effective in benefiting SRH; and MPA proved to be a better promoter of QoL. When comparing sexes, only the path depression → VPA → QoL showed a significant difference (p < 0.001). Conclusions: These results provide valuable insights for developing physical activity interventions capable of improving mental health and promoting QoL in older European adults.

Association between a healthy lifestyle and the prevalence of depression in radiology residents in China: findings from a nationwide survey

ObjectiveThe relationship between a healthy lifestyle and depression in radiology residents remains poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the relationship between a healthy lifestyle and depressive symptoms in radiology...

A comparative study of antenatal depression among urban and rural pregnant women in Gimbi District, Oromia, Ethiopia

BackgroundAntenatal depression (AND) is a form of clinical depression that can be caused by stress and worries that can bring pregnancy to more severe levels. It has negative impacts on women, the family, and the community at large. The comparative study of antenatal depression among rural and urban pregnant women was less studied in Ethiopia and in this study area in particular.ObjectiveThe objective of the study was to compare the prevalence of antenatal depression and its associated factors among pregnant women in Gimbi rural and urban residents in Ethiopia in 2023.MethodsA community-based comparative cross-sectional study design was used from 1 February to 30 March 2023. A systematic random sampling method was used to select study participants. Data were collected using pretested interviewer-administered structured questionnaires. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with antenatal depression. Variables with a p-value of 0.25 or less in the bi-variable logistic regression model were candidates for a multi-variable logistic regression model.ResultsThe prevalence of antenatal depression was 56 (21.5%), 95% CI: [16.9–25.5] among rural participants and 50 (19.2%) [95%] CI: [14.6–23.8] among urban participants. Having complications during pregnancy (AOR: 4.92, 95% CI: 1.35, 17.88), ever had depression (AOR: 3.20, 95% CI: 1.30, 7.85), consuming alcohol (AOR: 3.78, 95% CI: 1.24, 11.49), and educational status (can read and write) (AOR: 2.14, 95% CI:1.05, 4.67) were factors associated with antenatal depression among urban mothers, while no antenatal care follow-up (AOR: 6.6, 95% CI: 2.63, 16.85), unplanned pregnancy (AOR: 4.51, 95% CI:1.10, 1.86), and having complications during pregnancy (AOR: 2.77, 95% CI: 1.30, 5.92) were factors associated with antenatal depression among rural mothers.ConclusionThe prevalence of antenatal depression among rural mothers was higher than the prevalence of antenatal depression among urban mothers in the Gimbi district. Having complications during pregnancy, ever had depression, consuming alcohol, and educational status were associated factors with antenatal depression among urban mothers; having complications during pregnancy, unplanned pregnancy, and no ANC follow-up were factors associated with antenatal depression among rural mothers. Therefore, quality family planning and ANC services should be provided for the women to reduce unplanned pregnancies and experience complication-free pregnancy periods.

Depressive symptoms and determinants among people who inject drugs in Kaduna State, Nigeria

Background: People who inject drugs (PWID) are known to have higher rates of mental health disorders, particularly depression. Despite this, there is a lack of research on the prevalence of depression among PWID in Nigeria.Aim: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of depressive symptoms and their determinants among PWID.Setting: The study was conducted in Kaduna State, Northwest Nigeria where a needle and syringe programme (NSP) for PWID was recently initiated.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among PWID using a multi-stage sampling technique. Data were collected using structured interviews and digitalised questionnaires covering socio-demographics, depression symptoms (PHQ-9) and perceived social support (MSPSS).Results: A total of 525 participants were included in the study, with the majority being males (73.3%) aged 24–35 years (54.5%). The study revealed a high prevalence of depressive symptoms among PWID, with 47.4% reporting major symptoms. Predictors of depression identified among PWID included older age, female gender, divorce, unemployment, having primary education and moderate social support.Conclusion: The study underscored a concerning prevalence of depressive symptoms among PWID, notably linked to diverse sociodemographic factors, emphasising the need for holistic, context-specific mental healthcare approaches for this population.Contribution: This study contributes to the limited research on the mental health of PWID in Nigeria. It highlights the need for targeted mental health interventions that consider the unique sociodemographic characteristics of this population.

Morning Salivary Cortisol Has a Positive Correlation with GAD-7 Scores in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis

Objectives: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, comprising ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). Earlier onset of IBD symptoms has been linked to a higher prevalence of depression and anxiety. Evidence supports that cortisol abnormalities correlate with the development and severity of autoimmune diseases. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the correlation of morning salivary cortisol levels with self-reported mood (depression and anxiety) and quality of life in patients with IBD. Methods: This was a prospective, single-center study including outpatients with IBD. Enrolled patients provided a one-time morning salivary cortisol sample and electronically completed a one-time survey encompassing self-reported quality of life (Short Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (SIBDQ)) and mood (Patient Health Questionnaire 8 (PHQ-8), General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7)). Results: A total of 36 patients (UC, n = 21) were included in the study. There was no correlation between morning salivary cortisol and depressive symptoms (PHQ-8: r = 0.007, p = 0.968) or quality of life (SIBDQ: r = −0.095, p = 0.606). However, there was a trend towards a positive correlation between self-reported anxiety symptoms by GAD-7 and salivary cortisol (r = 0.347, p = 0.052). A subgroup analysis showed a positive correlation between morning salivary cortisol and GAD-7 scores in patients with UC (r = 0.535, p = 0.015), but not in patients with CD (r = 0.064, p = 0.843). Conclusions: This pilot study is the first to associate cortisol with anxiety symptom severity in UC. Further research is needed to investigate the link between salivary cortisol, neuropsychiatric disease, and IBD outcomes.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREVALENCE OF DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, AND STRESS AMONG UNDERGRADUATE MEDICAL STUDENTS IN LONGITUDINAL CURRICULUM OF MEDICAL COLLEGE

Objective: Medical education is long and stressful due to academic demands, frequent examinations, excessive workload, chronic exposure to human suffering and death and vast extensive syllabus, and increased psychological pressure due to multiple reasons, all of which can cause burnout, leading to mental disorders such as depression and anxiety. The aim of the study is to estimate the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among undergraduate medical students of Rama Medical College, Kanpur, and its correlation with year of medical education. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted by providing self-administered questionnaire containing sociodemographic datasheet and depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS 42). Descriptive statistics were used to analyze participants’ sociodemographic characteristics and the prevalence of academic burnout using SPSS. The association of academic burnout with academic year was determined using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The data were also analyzed using analysis of variance. Results: Using DASS 42, it was found that 11.8%, 16.8%, and 19% experienced mild, moderate, and severe depression, respectively. 32.5% had mild and 16.6% had moderate anxiety. 17.9%, 22.1%, 9.0%, and 2.0% of students experienced mild, moderate, severe, and extremely severe stress, respectively. The percentages of students experiencing depression, anxiety, and stress increased as the academic year progressed. Conclusion: High prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress was found among undergraduate medical students. One out of every three students is found to be depressed and about half of the students were reported experiencing anxiety and stress. A clear progression of depression, anxiety, stress, and burnout was observed as the academic year progressed.

Prevalence and determinants of depression among women with urinary incontinence: a systematic review and meta-analysis worldwide.

There is no pooled evidence regarding the prevalence and potential factors associated with depression among women with urinary incontinence worldwide. Hence, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to determine the overall prevalence of depression among urinary incontinent women globally and explore any heterogeneity present. A computerized systematic literature search was performed using the Scopus, PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and Snowballing databases. Each database was searched from its start date of March 20, 2023. The study conforms to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. All included articles were published in English and evaluated the prevalence and associated factors of depression among urinary incontinent female patients. Pooled estimations with a 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated with the DerSimonian‒Laird (DL) random-effects model. Publication bias was evaluated by using funnel plots and statistical tests. Our initial electronic database search with the chosen search terms identified 1120 articles in PubMed (35 4), Embase (105), Scopus (325) and Google Scholar (176). The results of the 8 studies reporting a binary outcome using the different validation scales are summarized in the overall prevalence of depression was 18% (95% CI = 11-25%). Unable to read and write (OR: 1.34, 95% CI: [1.01, 1.78], I²= 0%), caesarean delivery (OR: 1.48, 95% CI: [1.30, 1.70], I² = 0%), obesity (OR: 1.37, 95% CI: [1.19, 1.58], I² = 0%), party greater than three (OR: 1.26, 95% CI: [0.98, 1.62], I²= 0%), comorbidity (OR: 1.32, 95% CI: [1.16, 1.49], I² = 85.3%), smoking (OR: 1.58, 95% CI: [0.99, 1.92], I2 = 0%) and single, divorced and widowed (OR: 1.67, 95% CI: [1.45, 1.92], I² = 0%) were the major factors associated with depression. This review demonstrated the high prevalence of depression among women with urinary incontinence. Being unable to read and write, delivery via caesarean section, obesity, having more than three children, having comorbidities, smoking, being single, being divorced and being widowed were all associated factors. This study identified that there was a strong association between urinary incontinence and depression. Future studies recommend focusing on the causal association between depression and urinary incontinence. Registration numbers of CRD42023418779.

Comparing the psychological impact of the Shanghai lockdown on local and non-local college students: an explanatory sequential mixed method approach.

In 2022, the Shanghai municipal government enforced strict COVID-19 lockdown measures. Lockdown experiences for college students varied. Local students normally returned home and had familial support while non-local students relied more on institutional support when quarantining in dormitories. The difference could profoundly impact their access to necessary material resources and emotional support, affecting their mental health. This study compared the psychological effects of the Shanghai Lockdown on local and non-local college students using an explanatory-sequential mixed methods design. Quantitative analyses of data from 327 college students examined local and non-local students' mental health outcomes during the lockdown. Follow-up qualitative interviews (N = 12) contextualized their sources of stress and group differences. Higher prevalences of probable anxiety (34.6%), depression (45.1%), and poor subjective mental well-being (65.4%) are found among non-local students compared to local students (23.7% anxiety, 29.4% depressive symptoms, and 47.9% poor well-being). Suicidal ideation was higher among local students (8.6% prevalence difference). Being a non-local college student was associated with increased odds of probable anxiety, depression, and poor well-being. Interviews identified group differences such that non-local students received more school support (i.e., food and financial) and perceived emotional support but faced poorer quarantine living environments compared to local peers. Non-local college students were more vulnerable to the impact of lockdown. Our findings also provide insights into the impact of familial versus institutional support on student mental health during times of crisis.

Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety Among Stroke Survivors in Rural India: A Neuro - Physiotherapy Perspective

Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety Among Stroke Survivors in Rural India: A Neuro - Physiotherapy Perspective

Association between non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (NHHR) with depressive symptoms: recent findings from NHANES 2005–2018

BackgroundThe ratio of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (NHHR) index is a relatively new composite lipid index, the relationship between NHHR and depression is unclear from the current study. The primary aim of our study was to examine the association between the prevalence of depression and NHHR in a US population.MethodsThe National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) provided the data for our investigation from 2005 to 2018. and primarily included participants who contained complete data on NHHR and depression in U.S. adults (age ≥20 years). Associations between NHHR and depression were assessed using multifactorial logistic regression analysis, subgroup analysis, and smoothed curve fitting.ResultsIn our study, 29,561 subjects in total showed a mean NHHR index of 3.12± 1.58,A noteworthy positive correlation was observed between NHHR and depression in multifactorial logistic regression analysis. Subgroup analyses and tests of interaction showed that gender, age, ethnicity, PIR, smoking, alcohol consumption, coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and stroke did not influence the NHHR and the association between depression (P for interaction > 0.05), whereas two stratification factors, BMI and sleep disturbance, may be potential factors in the association between NHHR and depression (P for interaction < 0.05).ConclusionAccording to our present study, if the level of NHHR rises in American adults, their likelihood of developing depression also increases.

Đánh giá tỷ lệ và mức độ nhận thức của sinh viên y khoa về trầm cảm chủ yếu tại Trường Đại học Nam Cần Thơ

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent mental illness, with a lifetime prevalence of approximately 12%, significantly impacting public health. The prevalence of depression among students in demanding fields, such as medical students, has not been thoroughly assessed. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the prevalence and awareness of MDD among medical students. Methods: First and fifth-year medical students at Nam Can Tho University were invited to participate in this study. Participants completed the PHQ-9 questionnaire via Google Forms. The study employed a cross-sectional descriptive design. Result: Between May and June 2024, 593 eligible students were recruited. The mean age of participants was 22.08 ± 2,3% years, with 44,5% being male. The findings revealed that 244 students (44.1%) self-reported depressive symptoms based on the PHQ-9 scale. Specifically, 48.7% of first-year and 29.8% of fifth-year reported having major depressive disorder. Additionally, major depressive disorder affects the quality of life for 83.8% of students. Furthermore, 525 students (88.5%) expressed a need for mental health support centers. ConclusionThe prevalence of self-reported depressive symptoms among students, primarily assessed using the PHQ-9 scale, was notably high. Students also acknowledged the substantial impact of mental health on their quality of life. However, there remains a limited understanding and attention from social resources regarding this issue.

COVID 19 and the Mental Health of College Students

Background:The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak significantly impacted those across the United States. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a mental health strain particularly among college students.Objective:This article examines the mental health of college students and the challenges they experience surrounding COVID-19.Methods:This literature reviews the on-campus infrastructure, resources, and support during the pandemic.Findings:The common theme in the findings throughout the literature is the increase and prevalence in stress, anxiety, and depression among college students with worsening results for students of color.Conclusion:The implications to practice, policy, and research are discussed to set future direction. Recommendations are provided to support the mental health of college students during future pandemics. Colleges and universities need to look to the schools of social work and social work educators for leadership and guidance in improving future outcomes.

Long COVID and recovery from Long COVID: quality of life impairments and subjective cognitive decline at a median of 2 years after initial infection

BackgroundRecovery from SARS CoV-2 infection is expected within 3 months. Long COVID occurs after SARS-CoV-2 when symptoms are present for more than 3 months that are continuous, relapsing and remitting, or progressive. Better understanding of Long COVID illness trajectories could strengthen patient care and support.MethodsWe characterized functional impairments, quality of life (QoL), and cognition among patients who recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection within 3 months (without Long COVID), after 3 months (Recovered Long COVID), or remained symptomatic (Long COVID). Among 7305 patients identified with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection between March 2020 and December 2021, confirmed in the medical record with laboratory test or physician diagnosis, 435 (6%) completed a single self-administered survey between March 2022 and September 2022. Multi-domain QoL and cognitive concerns were evaluated using PROMIS-29 and the Cognitive Change Index-12.ResultsNearly half the participants (47.7%) were surveyed more than 2 years from initial infection (median = 23.3 months; IQR = 18.6, 26.7) and 86.7% were surveyed more than 1 year from infection. A significantly greater proportion of the Long COVID (n = 215) group, (Current and Recovered combined), had moderate-to-severe impairment in all health domains assessed compared to those Without Long COVID (n = 220; all p < 0.05). The Recovered Long COVID group (n = 34) had significantly lower prevalence of fatigue, pain, depression, and physical and social function impairment compared to those with Current Long COVID (n = 181; all p < 0.05). However, compared to patients Without Long COVID, the Recovered Long COVID group had greater prevalences of fatigue, pain (p ≤ 0.06) and subjective cognitive decline (61.8% vs 29.1%; p < 0.01). Multivariate relative risk (RR) regression indicated Long COVID risk was greater for older age groups (RR range 1.46–1.52; all p ≤ 0.05), those without a bachelor’s degree (RR = 1.33; 95% CI = 1.03–1.71; p = 0.03), and those with 3 or more comorbidities prior to SARS-CoV-2 infection (RR = 1.45; 95% CI = 1.11–1.90; p < 0.01).ConclusionsLong COVID is associated with long-term subjective cognitive decline and diminished quality of life. Clinically significant cognitive complaints, fatigue, and pain were present even in those who reported they had recovered from Long COVID. These findings have implications for the sustainability of participation in work, education, and social activities.

Evidence-Base Update of Psychosocial and Combination Treatments for Child and Adolescent Depression

ABSTRACT Objective This evidence-based update (EBU) builds on three previous reviews (1998, 2008, 2017) sponsored by the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology with the aim of evaluating the empirical support for psychosocial interventions for depression in youth. Method In the current review period (2014–2022), 25 randomized controlled trials (RCT) were identified: four in children and 21 in adolescents. Descriptive effect sizes and number-needed-to-treat (NNT) ratios were calculated for primary outcomes. Results were integrated with prior reviews, and cumulative evidence used to classify treatments as well-established, probably efficacious, possibly efficacious, or experimental. Published secondary analyses of predictors, moderators, and mediators were examined. Results For adolescents, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT-A), CBT in combination with antidepressant medication, and collaborative care programs were all classified as well-established. The evidence was considerably weaker for children, with no treatments achieving well-established or probably efficacious status. New developments include greater exploration of parent- and family-mediated treatment models and increasing evidence on technology-assisted interventions. Data on predictors, moderators, and mediators continued to be focused on adolescent depression samples and drawn from a limited number of RCT datasets. Conclusion Since the prior EBU, there has been incremental progress in youth depression treatment research. There is an urgent need to: (a) develop innovative approaches to substantially improve on the modest effects seen in most RCTs, (b) expand the evidence base for children and other underserved groups, (c) craft evidence-based guidelines for choosing between interventions when multiple efficacious treatments do exist, and (d) address issues of treatment effectiveness and scalability to ameliorate the wide prevalence and high impact of depression in youth.

Clinical effectiveness of guided breathing exercises in reducing anxiety, stress, and depression in COVID-19 patients

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increase in the prevalence of anxiety, stress and depression among affected people. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the clinical effectiveness of guided breathing exercises in reducing anxiety, stress and depression in patients with COVID-19. A quasi-experimental study design was used, involving a sample of COVID-19 patients who underwent guided breathing exercises as a complementary therapy. After simple sampling, eligible subjects were randomly divided into two groups: intervention (30 patients) and control (30 patients) using random block method. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) questionnaire was administered before and after the intervention to evaluate changes in anxiety, stress, and depression levels. The results of this study demonstrated that clinically guided breathing exercises had a significant effect on reducing anxiety and stress in COVID-19 patients. The intervention significantly reduced anxiety and stress scores (p < 0.001). However, there was no significant reduction in depression scores among patients who participated in guided breathing exercises (p = 0.946). Guided breathing exercises are an effective complementary technique in reducing the level of anxiety and stress in COVID-19 patients. Moreover, the exercises may provide a worthy non-pharmacological approach to managing psychological distress in COVID-19 patients.

Systematic review and meta-analysis on the mental health of emergency and urgent call-handlers and dispatchers.

Call-handlers and dispatchers (CHDs) working in specialized emergency and urgent communication centres are essential in supporting public safety and health. Evidence suggests that these professionals are at increased risk of mental health conditions, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety and alcohol abuse among other conditions; however, reliable prevalence estimates remain undetermined. We provide the estimated pooled prevalence for PTSD, depression, anxiety and hazardous drinking among emergency and urgent CHDs globally. We searched 10 electronic databases, grey literature and the Annals of Emergency Dispatch and Response. Eligible studies reported original quantitative data and used validated self-reported measures on the prevalence of mental health conditions of interest (i.e. PTSD, depression, anxiety and alcohol use) within CHD professionals. Three reviewers independently screened results for eligibility. Prevalence estimates were pooled using random-effects meta-analyses. In total, 16857 references were retrieved. From these, 183 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, of which 37 articles were included in this systematic review, and 13 articles provided necessary quantitative information for meta-analyses. In total, 7759 CHDs were considered across nine different countries. The overall pooled prevalence for PTSD was 17.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 12.4-24.0%), depression was 28.2% (95% CI 20.7-36.2%), anxiety was 17.2% (95% CI 6.6-31.5%) and hazardous drinking was 17.8% (95% CI 6.9-32.2%). These findings indicate CHDs are at significant risk of mental health problems. Further quantitative and qualitative research is warranted to help understand the psychological risks of working as a CHD and guide appropriate psychological support.