Prevalence Of Coronary Artery Disease Research Articles

Altered Gut Microbiota as a Potential Risk Factor for Coronary Artery Disease in Diabetes: A Two-Sample Bi-Directional Mendelian Randomization Study.

The current body of research points to a notable correlation between an imbalance in gut microbiota and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) as well as its consequential ailment, coronary artery disease (CAD). The complexities underlying the association, especially in the context of diabetic coronary artery disease (DCAD), are not yet fully understood, and the causal links require further clarification. In this study, a bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) methodology was utilized to explore the causal relationships between gut microbiota, T2D, and CAD. By analyzing data from the DIAGRAM, GERA, UKB, FHS, and mibioGen cohorts and examining GWAS databases, we sought to uncover genetic variants linked to T2D, CAD, and variations in gut microbiota and metabolites, aiming to shed light on the potential mechanisms connecting gut microbiota with DCAD. Our investigation uncovered a marked causal link between the presence of Oxalobacter formigenes and an increased incidence of both T2D and CAD. Specifically, a ten-unit genetic predisposition towards T2D was found to be associated with a 6.1% higher probability of an increase in the Oxalobacteraceae family's presence (β = 0.061, 95% CI = 0.002-0.119). In a parallel finding, an augmented presence of Oxalobacter was related to an 8.2% heightened genetic likelihood of CAD (β = 0.082, 95% CI = 0.026-0.137). This evidence indicates a critical pathway by which T2D can potentially raise the risk of CAD via alterations in gut microbiota. Additionally, our analyses reveal a connection between CAD risk and Methanobacteria, thus providing fresh perspectives on the roles of TMAO and carnitine in the etiology of CAD. The data also suggest a direct causal relationship between increased levels of certain metabolites - proline, lysophosphatidylcholine, asparagine, and salicylurate - and the prevalence of both T2D and CAD. Sensitivity assessments reinforce the notion that changes in Oxalobacter formigenes could pose a risk for DCAD. There is also evidence to suggest that DCAD may, in turn, affect the gut microbiota's makeup. Notably, a surge in serum TMAO levels in individuals with CAD, coinciding with a reduced presence of methanogens, has been identified as a potentially significant factor for future examination.

Impact of Magnesium on In-Hospital Ami Outcomes in Bangladesh.

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major cause of death globally. Bangladesh has a high prevalence of CAD, especially in urban areas. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a serious condition that occurs when there’s a blockage in the coronary arteries. Electrolyte imbalances, such as magnesium deficiency, can worsen AMI. Objectives: To evaluate the association between serums magnesium level on in-hospital acute myocardial infarction outcomes. Study Design and Methods: This prospective study recruited 110 patients diagnosed with AMI in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Researchers measured serum magnesium levels, monitored patients, and recorded clinical outcomes. Results: The study found that patients with lower magnesium levels were more likely to experience complications such as arrhythmias, cardiogenic shock, and left ventricular dysfunction. Conclusion: The study highlights the importance of monitoring magnesium levels in AMI patients. However, more research is needed to determine the optimal magnesium level and its impact on patient outcomes.

Assessment of Lipid Profile Status in Diabetes Mellitus in Iraqi Patients

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) greatly burdens health and economic status worldwide. One of the major sequels of DM is its effect on coronary artery disease (CAD) prevalence. DM-associated dyslipidemia is considered one of the hazardous comorbidities as it directly accelerates atherosclerosis, hypertension, and CAD. Aim of the study: This study aimed to assess the lipid profile status among T2DM patients from Iraq. Subjects and methods: The current study randomly selected 100 diabetic patients of equal sex distribution. All included patients were subjected to anthropometric measurements, blood glucose, and lipid profile assessments. Results: Among the studied patients, 76 patients were found to have dyslipidemia, while 23 did not show any disturbance in their lipid profiles. Diabetic patients with dyslipidemia had significantly higher BMI compared to the non-dyslipidemia group. There were statistically significant higher levels of PPBS, TG, TC, and LDL cholesterol in patients with diabetic dyslipidemia compared to the other group. Moreover, there were statistically significantly lower HDL cholesterol levels in patients with diabetic dyslipidemia compared to the non-dyslipidemia group. Conclusion: DM is directly related to increased serum triacylglycerols, total serum cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and a decrease in HDL cholesterol.

Prevalence of coronary artery disease in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients- a retrospective observational study

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by chronic inflammation that results in progressive and irreversible air flow obstruction usually caused by an inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles and gases. There are periods of acute episodes of worsening and exacerbation. COPD was predicted to be the third leading cause of death worldwide by 2020, is a major cause of disability adjusted life years (DALY). Patients with COPD are often complicated by coronary artery disease (CAD), both of which are public health problems. There are probably a lot of mechanisms involved in the co-existence of these comorbidities like ageing, sedentary life style, systemic inflammation, atherosis and arterial stiffness. The confirmation of this comorbidity in COPD is very important as it can have implications in the management of the disease. Methods: This observational study was done in a tertiary care hospital in Central Kerala. It was a retrospective observational study. 100 patients were included in the study. Results: Out of 100 COPD patients that were included in the study, 27% of them had CAD as a comorbidity which implies that all patients with COPD should be screened for CAD as well. Conclusions: All COPD patients should be screened for a coexisting CAD.

Retraction: Prevalence of coronary artery disease and its risk factors in Majmaah City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.943611.].

Association between bone mineral density and coronary plaque burden in patients with coronary artery disease: a cross-sectional study using quantitative computed tomography.

To evaluate the association between osteoporosis and coronary calcification and coronary plaque burden in patients with atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (CAD). This study included 290 men and 177 postmenopausal women with angiography-confirmed atherosclerosis or CAD who underwent chest multidetector row computed tomography covering L1-L2 between September 2020 and October 2021. Quantitative computed tomography was used to measure the lumbar vertebra's bone mineral density (BMD). The coronary artery calcium score (CACS) and total coronary plaque burden were quantified using the Agatston and modified Gensini scores, respectively. Associations between BMD and CACS and modified Gensini scores were assessed using multivariate regression analysis. Lasso regression was used in model selection. In men, BMD was inversely associated with CACS [ β = -0.24; 95% confidence interval (CI), -0.35 to -0.13; P < 0.001) and coronary artery calcification (CAC) presence [odds ratio (OR) = 0.71; 95% CI, 0.52-0.96; P = 0.03) in the unadjusted model. After adjusting for age, modified Gensini score, prior percutaneous coronary intervention and hypertension, BMD was inversely associated with CACS ( β = -0.11; 95% CI, -0.22 to -0.01; P = 0.04). In postmenopausal women, BMD was inversely associated with CACS ( β = -0.24; 95% CI, -0.39 to 0.10; P < 0.001) and CAC presence (OR = 0.66; 95% CI, 0.47-0.92; P = 0.01) in the unadjusted model but no other models ( P > 0.05). In both sexes, BMD did not correlate with the modified Gensini score or CAD prevalence (all P > 0.05). In patients with coronary atherosclerosis and CAD, BMD of the lumbar vertebra correlated inversely with CACS in men but not postmenopausal women. Additionally, BMD did not correlate with the modified Gensini score in both sexes.

Coronary artery disease and other cardiovascular disorders among the physicians.

To evaluate the prevalence of cardiovascular disorders (CVDs), specifically coronary artery disease (CAD), among Thai physicians, and the cardiac testing being used. The associated or risk factors of CAD were also studied. Data of Thai physicians who participated in the hospital's corporate social responsibility "Save Doctors' Heart" project conducted between February 14, 2022, and October 31, 2022, were collected: personal illness, family history of CAD, workplace, work hours, dietary habits, exercise, stress, body mass index, laboratory and cardiac testing. Of 1231 physicians, the median age was 48.0 ± 10.34 years, with 55.2% were female; 83.1% reported working <55 h per week, 29.7% exercised ≥3 days a week, and 28.0% were overweight or obese. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia were found in 46.3%, 30.5%, and 75.8%, respectively. Abnormal findings were observed in 29.7% of chest X-rays, 17.7% of electrocardiograms, 33.0% of echocardiograms, 10.6% of exercise stress tests, and 3.8% of stress echocardiograms. Moderate/extensive coronary artery calcium (CAC) scores were present in 12.7%. The prevalence of CVDs or CAD were 51.7% and 11.2%, respectively. Independent risk factors for CAD included older age, male gender, history and/or new findings of DM, and moderate to extensive CAC scores. The prevalence of CVDs and CAD among Thai physicians is 51.7% and 11.2%, respectively. The independent risk for CAD was older age, male, having DM, and moderate to extensive CAC scores. The physicians who are at risk should be cautious, modify their lifestyle, and have appropriate screening/diagnostic testing for cardiac abnormality.

Sex Differences in Coronary Artery Disease Characteristics Among Patients With Type 2 Myocardial Infarction

BackgroundType 2 myocardial infarction (MI) results from coronary supply and demand imbalance and has a poor prognosis. It is crucial to identify potential sex-based differences in the prevalence and nature of coronary artery disease (CAD) within this population. ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to evaluate sex-based disease differences in type 2 MI among patients evaluated with coronary computed tomography angiography and fractional flow reserve. MethodsIn a single-center, prospective study, patients with strictly adjudicated type 2 MI underwent coronary computed tomography angiography with fractional flow reserve. ResultsAmong 50 study participants enrolled, 50% were women. A similar mix of MI precipitants was present in both sexes. ST-segment depression was more common in women (64% vs 32%), while men were more likely to have T wave inversion (68% vs 36%). Women and men had comparable coronary artery calcium scores (median: 152 [Q1, Q3: 45, 762] vs 234 [Q1, Q3: 56, 422]). Prevalence of any CAD (84% vs 100%), obstructive CAD (24% vs 28%), and hemodynamically significant focal stenosis (20% vs 32%) were similar between sexes. Total plaque volume was similar between sexes, but women had significantly lower levels of low-attenuation plaque (median: 3 [Q1, Q3: 1, 7] vs 9 [Q1, Q3: 3, 14]). ConclusionsAmong patients with type 2 MI, prevalence of any CAD and obstructive CAD did not differ according to sex. Total plaque volume was similar between sexes, but women had a lower volume of low-attenuation plaque (DEFINing the PrEvalence and Characteristics of Coronary Artery Disease Among Patients With TYPE 2 Myocardial Infarction Using CT-FFR [DEFINE TYPE2MI]; NCT04864119)

Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary artery by-pass grafting in premature coronary artery disease: What is the evidence? -A narrative review.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains one of the leading causes of death globally. In the United States of America, in 2016, 19% of all patients under the age of 65 died of cardiovascular disease despite improvements in primary prevention. The premature clinical onset of symptoms in the young population (<60years) is much more aggressive than in the older population, and the overall long-term prognosis is poor. CAD appears to have a rapidly progressive form in those under the age of 60 due to genetic predisposition, smoking, and substance abuse, however, the ideal management strategy is still yet to be established. The two primary methods of establishing coronary revascularization are percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). Despite the increasing prevalence of CAD in the young population, they are consistently underrepresented in major randomized clinical trials of each revascularization strategy. Both CABG and PCI are known to have similar survival rates, but PCI is associated with higher repeat revascularization rate. Many argue this may be due to the progressive nature of CAD combined with the vessel patency time required in a patient under 60 with potentially another 20-30 years of life. There is little in literature regarding the outcomes of these various revascularization strategies in populations under 60 years with CAD. This review summarises the current evidence for each revascularisation strategy in patients under the age of 60 and suggests future avenues of research for this unique age group.

Very long versus overlapping drug eluting stents for the management of long coronary artery lesions

Background The prevalence of long diffuse coronary artery disease (CAD) is increasing nowadays due to increase prevalence of multiple risk factors and population ageing. We aimed in our study to show the differences clinically or angiographically (guided by IVUS) between the use of single long stent versus overlapping stents in very long coronary lesions (≥40 mm) in patients presented with chronic coronary syndromes. Methods 550 patients presenting with chronic coronary syndromes were included: 320 treated with a single long stent (≥40 mm) and 230 patients with two or more overlapping stents. Angiographic follow-up (guided by IVUS) 6 months after PCI was performed only in 50 patients. We assessed the procedural characteristics and the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) after a median follow-up of 24 months. Results Total stent length was 56.16 ± 14.85 mm and mean diameter was 3.05 ± 0.36 mm. At the end of follow-up, MACE rate in the single long stent group was 4.1% vs. 7.8% in the overlapping stents group, with higher incidence in overlapping stents group but non-statistically significant (p value = 0.059). PCI using overlapping stents consumed more contrast volume (248 ± 85.36 vs 164.5 ± 70.43 ml, p < 0.001), and higher fluoroscopy time (23.65 ± 9.19 vs 19.72 ± 9.19 min, p < 0.001). Regarding IVUS subgroup follow-up, there was no significant difference between both groups regarding in-stent restenosis and MACE. Conclusions We can conclude that long or overlapping stents are both acceptable therapeutic choices for patients with long CAD. There was no difference between both strategies regarding angiographic follow-up guided by IVUS after 6 months.

Incremental Value of ABI and CAC Beyond Traditional Risk Markers in Long-term Prediction of Cardiovascular Disease Incidence in Participants with Diabetes: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

IntroductionPrimary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) emphasizes detection of subclinical atherosclerosis (SA). Diabetes Mellitus is a high-CVD risk condition with higher prevalence of systemic atherosclerosis. Ankle brachial index (ABI) and coronary artery calcium (CAC) are commonly used measures to detect SA. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the improvement in CVD risk prediction beyond traditional risk factors after adding ABI and CAC within diabetic participants. MethodsMESA is an observational cohort of 6,814 participants free of clinical cardiovascular disease at baseline. Participants were included in this analysis if they had diabetes or impaired fasting glucose. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to assess the association between CAC score and ABI and outcomes (incident CVD and all-cause mortality). We compared the C-index between a model with traditional risk factors alone and models including ABI and/or CAC. Results1,719 participants were included in the analysis. Average age was 64 years, 55% male, 25% White, 13% Chinese, 34% Black, and 27% Hispanic. Higher CAC and lower ABI were associated with higher risk of CVD (Figure 1) and mortality among people with diabetes. Both ABI and CAC improved CVD discrimination over and above standard risk factors (C-index 0.689 for risk factors alone, 0.719 for CAC, 0.696 for ABI, and 0.721 for both). Similarly for mortality, discrimination was improved over risk factors alone (C-index 0.739) for CAC (0.746), ABI (0.747), and both (0.748). ConclusionThese two subclinical atherosclerosis measures may aid in clinical decision making among those with diabetes.

Stroke and Bleeding Risks of Endocardial Ablation for Ventricular Arrhythmias

BackgroundRisks of radiofrequency catheter ablation for ventricular arrhythmias include emboli and bleeding complications but data on antithrombotic regimens are limited and guidelines do not specify a systematic approach. ObjectivesThis study sought to assess embolic and bleeding complications in relation to pre-periprocedure and post-periprocedure antithrombotic regimens. MethodsProspective assessment for complications was performed for 663 endocardial radiofrequency catheter ablation procedures in 616 consecutive patients (median age 64 years [Q1-Q3: 54-73 years], 70.3% men, 71.6% with cardiomyopathy, 44.5% with sustained ventricular tachycardia). ResultsThere were 2 strokes (0.3%; 95% CI: 0.0%-0.8%), 1 transient ischemic attack (0.15%), and 2 pulmonary emboli (0.3%). There were 39 bleeding complications (5.9%) including 11 pericardial effusions (1.7%), and 28 related to vascular access (4.2%). Consistent with the prevalence of coronary artery disease (47.5%), atrial fibrillation (30.0%), and prior stroke (10.6%), preprocedure, 464 patients (70.0%) were taking antithrombotic agents including 220 (33.2%) taking aspirin alone (ASA), and 163 (24.6%) taking warfarin or a direct acting oral anticoagulant (DOAC). Preprocedure non-ASA antiplatelet use (OR: 2.846; P = 0.011) and DOAC use (OR: 2.585; P = 0.032) were associated with risk of bleeding complications. Following ablation, 49.8% of patients were treated with ASA 325 mg/d and 30.3% received DOACs or warfarin. New DOAC or warfarin administration was initiated in only 6.6% of patients. Overall, 39.7% of patients continued the same preprocedure antithrombotic regimen. ConclusionsStroke is a rare complication of radiofrequency catheter ablation for ventricular arrhythmia using ASA 325 mg/d as a minimal postprocedure regimen with more potent regimens for selected patients.

Characteristics of patients with intradialytic hypotension in North Kuala Lumpur and the prevalence of coronary artery disease among them

Characteristics of patients with intradialytic hypotension in North Kuala Lumpur and the prevalence of coronary artery disease among them

External validation of novel clinical likelihood models to predict obstructive coronary artery disease and prognosis

ObjectivesThe risk factor-weighted and coronary artery calcium score-weighted clinical likelihood (RF-CL and CACS-CL, respectively) models improve discrimination of patients with suspected obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). However, external validation is...

ADHERENCE TO LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION AMONG THE POST-PERCUTANEOUS TRANSLUMINAL CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY PATIENTS IN CARDIOLOGY OPD OF A SELECTED HOSPITAL IN KOLKATA

Background:The prevalence of coronary artery disease is increasing every year in India. As the prevalence of coronary artery disease is increasing, the number of PTCA is also increasing every year. Lifelong adherence to medication and lifestyle modification is required to prevent major adverse effects after PTCA. The purpose of the study was to assess theadherence to lifestyle modification among post-PTCA patients of a selected hospital, Kolkata. Methods:A total of 100 post-PTCA patients attending Cardiology OPD of a tertiary care hospital, Kolkata were surveyed using the purposive sampling technique.Data were collected by using the demographic proforma and structured interview schedule for adherence to lifestyle modification. All the tools were tested for validity and reliability. Results:A Majority(61%) of the patients weremedium adherent to lifestyle modification and 35% and 4% of patients were high adherent and low adherent to lifestyle modification respectively. Adherence to lifestyle modification was significantly associated with education, occupation and monthly per-capita income. Conclusion:To improve health outcomes, in post-PTCA patients, early detection of patients with poor adherence to lifestyle modification and motivational education programmes to improve adherence is important.

Analyzing drilling noise in rotational atherectomy: Improving safety and effectiveness through visualization and anomaly detection using autoencoder-A preclinical study.

As the population of aging societies continues to grow, the prevalence of complex coronary artery diseases, including calcification, is expected to increase. Rotational atherectomy (RA) is an essential technique for treating calcified lesions. This study aimed to assess the usefulness of the drilling noise produced during rotablation as a parameter for evaluating the safety and effectiveness of the procedure. A human body model mimicking calcified stenotic coronary lesions was constructed using plastic resin, and burrs of sizes 1.25 and 1.5 mm were utilized. To identify the noise source during rotablation, we activated the ROTAPRO™ rotablator at a rotational speed of 180,000 rpm, recording the noise near the burr (inside the mock model) and advancer (outside). In addition to regular operation, we simulated two major complications: burr entrapment and guidewire transection. The drilling noise recorded in Waveform Audio File Format files was converted into spectrograms for analysis and an autoencoder analyzed the image data for anomalies. The drilling noise from both inside and outside the mock model was predominantly within the 3000 Hz frequency domain. During standard operation, intermittent noise within this range was observed. However, during simulated complications, there were noticeable changes: a drop to 2000 Hz during burr entrapment and a distinct squealing noise during guidewire transection. The autoencoder effectively reduced the spectrogram data into a two-dimensional representation suitable for anomaly detection in potential clinical applications. By analyzing drilling noise, the evaluation of procedural safety and efficacy during RA can be enhanced.

Prevalence of coronary artery disease and the associated risk factors among the patients attending the medicine department in a tertiary care teaching hospital in the North Eastern Zone in India

Prevalence of coronary artery disease and the associated risk factors among the patients attending the medicine department in a tertiary care teaching hospital in the North Eastern Zone in India

Age- and sex-based heterogeneity in coronary artery plaque presence and burden in familial hypercholesterolemia: A multi-national study

ObjectivesIndividuals with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) are at an increased risk for coronary artery disease (CAD). While prior research has shown variability in coronary artery calcification (CAC) among those with FH, studies with small sample sizes and single-center recruitment have been limited in their ability to characterize CAC and plaque burden in subgroups based on age and sex. Understanding the spectrum of atherosclerosis may result in personalized risk assessment and tailored allocation of costly add-on, non-statin lipid-lowering therapies. We aimed to characterize the presence and burden of CAC and coronary plaque on computed tomography angiography (CTA) across age- and sex-stratified subgroups of individuals with FH who were without CAD at baseline. MethodsWe pooled 1,011 patients from six cohorts across Brazil, France, the Netherlands, Spain, and Australia. Our main measures of subclinical atherosclerosis included CAC ranges (i.e., 0, 1–100, 101–400, >400) and CTA-derived plaque burden (i.e., no plaque, non-obstructive CAD, obstructive CAD). ResultsNinety-five percent of individuals with FH (mean age: 48 years; 54% female; treated LDL-C: 154 mg/dL) had a molecular diagnosis and 899 (89%) were on statin therapy. Overall, 423 (42%) had CAC=0, 329 (33%) had CAC 1–100, 160 (16%) had CAC 101–400, and 99 (10%) had CAC >400. Compared to males, female patients were more likely to have CAC=0 (48% [n = 262] vs 35% [n = 161]) and no plaque on CTA (39% [n = 215] vs 26% [n = 120]). Among patients with CAC=0, 85 (20%) had non-obstructive CAD. Females also had a lower prevalence of obstructive CAD in CAC 1–100 (8% [n = 15] vs 18% [n = 26]), CAC 101–400 (32% [n = 22] vs 40% [n = 36]), and CAC >400 (52% [n = 16] vs 65% [n = 44]). Female patients aged 50–59 years were less likely to have obstructive CAD in CAC >400 (55% [n = 6] vs 70% [n = 19]). ConclusionIn this large, multi-national study, we found substantial age- and sex-based heterogeneity in CAC and plaque burden in a cohort of predominantly statin-treated individuals with FH, with evidence for a less pronounced increase in atherosclerosis among female patients. Future studies should examine the predictors of resilience to and long-term implications of the differential burden of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in this higher risk population.

Accelerometer derived physical activity and subclinical coronary and carotid atherosclerosis: cross-sectional analyses in 22 703 middle-aged men and women in the SCAPIS study

ObjectivesThe aim included investigation of the associations between sedentary (SED), low-intensity physical activity (LIPA), moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA (MVPA) and the prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis in both coronaries and carotids and...

Prognostic value of flow-status in severe aortic stenosis patients undergoing percutaneous intervention

PurposeLow-flow status is a mortality predictor in severe aortic stenosis (SAS) patients, including after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) treatment. However, the best parameter to assess flow is unknown. Recent studies suggest that transaortic flow rate (FR) is superior to currently used stroke volume index (SVi) in defining low-flow states. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of FR and SVi in patients undergoing TAVI.MethodsA single-centre retrospective analysis of all consecutive patients treated with TAVI for SAS between 2011 and 2019 was conducted. Low-FR was defined as < 200 mL/s and low-SVi as < 35 mL/m2. Primary endpoint was all-cause five-year mortality, analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression models. Secondary endpoint was variation of NYHA functional class six months after procedure. Patients were further stratified according to ejection fraction (EF < 50%).ResultsOf 489 cases, 59.5% were low-FR, and 43.1% low-SVi. Low-flow patients had superior surgical risk, worse renal function, and had a higher prevalence of coronary artery disease. Low-FR was associated with mortality (hazard ratio 1.36, p = 0.041), but not after adjustment to EuroSCORE II. Normal-SVi was not associated with survival, despite a significative p-trend for its continuous value. No associations were found for flow-status and NYHA recovery. When stratifying according to preserved and reduced EF, both FR and SVi did not predict all-cause mortality.ConclusionIn patients with SAS undergoing TAVI, a low-FR state was associated with higher mortality, as well as SVi, but not at a 35 mL/m2 cut off.