Prevalence Of Clinical Mastitis Research Articles

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of mastitis causing bacteria isolated from dairy goats in Mukurweini Sub-County, Nyeri County, Kenya.

Ruminant mastitis continues to be a cause of economic losses in the dairy industry and remains a major public health hazard globally. This cross-sectional study was carried out in Mukurweini Sub-County of Nyeri County, Kenya, to investigate the prevalence of bacteria causing mastitis, risk factors associated with goat mastitis and the antibiotic resistance profiles of bacteria isolated from the goat milk. Farm level data on risk factors for mastitis was obtained from 56 farmers using a semi structured questionnaire. A total of 189 goat milk samples were collected. The goat's udder was observed for signs of clinical mastitis and the California Mastitis Test (CMT) used to test the milk for sub-clinical mastitis. All samples were then cultured for morphological identification of bacteria and strain typing by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI)-Time of Flight (ToF) technique. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolated Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS), Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Pseudomonas spp., Enterobacter spp., Proteus vulgaris and Escherichia vulneris to eight commonly used antibiotics was done by the disc diffusion method and validated by determining the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (mecA and blaTEM) using polymerase chain reaction method. The prevalence of clinical mastitis was 1.1% (2/189) while that of sub-clinical mastitis was 84.7% (160/189). Higher (p<0.05) prevalence of mastitis was observed in goats whose houses were cleaned fortnightly and in cases where farmers used same towel to dry different does' udders during the milking process. Thirteen different bacterial species were isolated from the milk samples and identified by MALDI-ToF, and these included S. aureus (22.0%), CoNS (20.3%), E. coli (18.1%), Pseudomonas spp. (14.3%), Enterobacter spp. (10.4%), K. oxytoca (6.0%), E. vulneris (1.7%), P. vulgaris (1.7%), Raoutella ornithinolytica (1.7%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (1.1%), Pantoea agglomerans (1.1%), Serratia marcescens (1.1%) and Cedeceas spp. (0.6%). One hundred pathogenic bacterial isolates were randomly selected and tested for antibiotic sensitivity to eight antibiotics out of which S. aureus were 97.5% resistant to Oxacillin and 100% sensitive to Ciprofloxacin. The CoNSs were 100% resistant to Oxacillin and 100% sensitive to Ciprofloxacin. E. coli were 93.9% resistant to Oxacillin, 69.7% sensitive to Ciprofloxacin and 87.9% sensitive to both Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid and Meropenem. The antimicrobial resistant genes detected in S. aureus and E. coli were mecA [66.7%, 0%], and blaTEM [20% and 78.3%], respectively. In conclusion, the study showed that most of the does were affected by subclinical mastitis with the main causative bacteria being Staphylococci spp. and coliforms. Farmers need to be trained on improved control of mastitis by adoption of good milking practices and use of CMT kit for early detection of mastitis. Occurrence of multidrug resistance by key mastitis causing pathogens was shown to be prevalent and therefore there is need for development of intervention strategies.

Sensitivity and Specificity for the Detection of Clinical Mastitis by Automatic Milking Systems in Bavarian Dairy Herds.

Simple SummaryThis cross-sectional study assessed the sensitivity and specificity of clinical mastitis detection by automated milking systems on Bavarian dairy herds in southern Germany. Clinical mastitis affects animal health and food safety, and therefore, its detection is an important task of any automatic milking system. Different manufacturers have different approaches to detecting clinical mastitis, with detection rates (sensitivity) ranging between 31% and 78% and correct rejection rate (specificity) between 79% and 97%. In multivariable models, some cow-level factors were shown to influence these rates.In automatic milking systems (AMSs), the detection of clinical mastitis (CM) and the subsequent separation of abnormal milk should be reliably performed by commercial AMSs. Therefore, the objectives of this cross-sectional study were (1) to determine the sensitivity (SN) and specificity (SP) of CM detection of AMS by the four most common manufacturers in Bavarian dairy farms, and (2) to identify routinely collected cow data (AMS and monthly test day data of the regional Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA)) that could improve the SN and SP of clinical mastitis detection. Bavarian dairy farms with AMS from the manufacturers DeLaval, GEA Farm Technologies, Lely, and Lemmer-Fullwood were recruited with the aim of sampling at least 40 cows with clinical mastitis per AMS manufacturer in addition to clinically healthy ones. During a single farm visit, cow-level milking information was first electronically extracted from each AMS and then all lactating cows examined for their udder health status in the barn. Clinical mastitis was defined as at least the presence of visibly abnormal milk. In addition, available DHIA test results from the previous six months were collected. None of the manufacturers provided a definition for clinical mastitis (i.e., visually abnormal milk), therefore, the SN and SP of AMS warning lists for udder health were assessed for each manufacturer individually, based on the clinical evaluation results. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) with herd as random effect were used to determine the potential influence of routinely recorded parameters on SN and SP. A total of 7411 cows on 114 farms were assessed; of these, 7096 cows could be matched to AMS data and were included in the analysis. The prevalence of clinical mastitis was 3.4% (239 cows). When considering the 95% confidence interval (95% CI), all but one manufacturer achieved the minimum SN limit of >80%: DeLaval (SN: 61.4% (95% CI: 49.0%–72.8%)), GEA (75.9% (62.4%–86.5%)), Lely (78.2% (67.4%–86.8%)), and Lemmer-Fullwood (67.6% (50.2%–82.0%)). However, none of the evaluated AMSs achieved the minimum SP limit of 99%: DeLaval (SP: 89.3% (95% CI: 87.7%–90.7%)), GEA (79.2% (77.1%–81.2%)), Lely (86.2% (84.6%–87.7%)), and Lemmer-Fullwood (92.2% (90.8%–93.5%)). All AMS manufacturers’ robots showed an association of SP with cow classification based on somatic cell count (SCC) measurement from the last two DHIA test results: cows that were above the threshold of 100,000 cells/mL for subclinical mastitis on both test days had lower chances of being classified as healthy by the AMS compared to cows that were below the threshold. In conclusion, the detection of clinical mastitis cases was satisfactory across AMS manufacturers. However, the low SP will lead to unnecessarily discarded milk and increased workload to assess potentially false-positive mastitis cases. Based on the results of our study, farmers must evaluate all available data (test day data, AMS data, and daily assessment of their cows in the barn) to make decisions about individual cows and to ultimately ensure animal welfare, food quality, and the economic viability of their farm.

Milk Somatic Cell Count and Polymorphonuclear Cells in Healthy Quarters of Cows That Underwent Blanket and Selective Dry Therapy: An Italian Case Study.

The incidence of mastitis increases with parity in dairy cattle and multiparous cows are often treated at drying off to limit the risk of udder health issues and support mammary gland tissues recovery. Milk somatic cells count (SCC, cells/mL) comprises different white blood cells fractions and is worldwide used to monitor and genetically improve udder health. Nevertheless, only certain SCC fractions increase when an udder inflammation occurs. Considering that antibiotic use for preventive purposes will be forbidden in 2022, we compared two different dry therapy protocols, blanket (BDCT) and selective (SDCT), on different SCC fractions in healthy quarters milk. Multiparous Holstein cows were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial and SCC, neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) and differential somatic cell count (DSCC) recorded after the experimental drying off were available. Significant differences were observed between the two protocols, with more favorable parameters in BDCT than SDCT cows. Results showed that moving from BDCT to SDCT is expected to significantly increase some SCC fractions, such as PMN, in healthy quarters. The baseline SCC level at the onset of lactation was greater in cows under SDCT than BDCT. Although not significant, clinical mastitis prevalence was numerically lower in BDCT (7.32%) than SDCT (8.62%). In this study we referred to a limited number of cows, but still findings will be useful to improve the knowledge on the impact of SDCT on milk SCC fractions in healthy quarters.

Isolation, Identification, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Staphylococcus aureus from Clinical Mastitis in Sebeta Town Dairy Farms.

A cross-sectional study was carried out in and around Sebeta town dairy farms, Finfinne special zone, Ethiopia, from December 2019 to May 2020 to isolate, identify, and test antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Staphylococcus aureus from clinical mastitis. A total of 116 milk samples were purposively collected from 57 lactating cows with clinical mastitis. Isolation and identification of Staphylococcus aureus were carried out by using primary and secondary biochemical tests. Besides, Biolog was used for microbial identification systems. To know if the isolates develop resistance to antibiotics, the antimicrobial susceptibility test (ATS) was performed on Mueller-Hinton agar by the disk diffusion method. From a total of 57 lactating cows and 116 teat quarters examined, 21.05% (12/57) and 15.52% (18/116) were positive for S. aureus from clinical mastitis, respectively. From a total of 116 milk samples collected, 15.52% (18/116) Staphylococcus aureus were isolated, and from 11 farms surveyed, about 72.72% (8/11) overall farm prevalence of clinical mastitis due to S. aureus was recorded. All the 18 Staphylococcus aureus isolates were found susceptible to sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim, erythromycin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and chloramphenicol. However, high level of resistance was observed to common drugs such as penicillin (88.89%, 16/18) and tetracycline (61.11%, 11/18). The observed high level of resistance to penicillin and tetracycline also indicates the need to visit our treatment guidelines for mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Therefore, improved management and early treatment of the cases with drug of choice after the antimicrobial susceptibility test for each specific case can reduce chance of further development of resistance and are imperative to tackle clinical mastitis occurring at Sebeta and other similar farms in Ethiopia.

Bacteria from bovine clinical mastitis showed multiple drug resistance.

Mastitis, which often manifests as udder infection in dairy animals, is of great concern as it affects public health and results in heavy economic losses to the dairy industry. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the cultivable bacterial species associated with bovine clinical mastitis and their resistance patterns towards different antimicrobials. The milk samples from cows suffering from clinical mastitis during monsoon season were investigated. The prevalence of clinical mastitis was significantly high in Holstein-Friesian crossbred cows, followed by in Jersey crossbred, Red Kandhari and Deoni. Significantly high prevalence was observed during 4th to 6th months of lactation. A total of 110 bacterial isolates belonging to 14 different genera were isolated and identified. Aminoglycosides and quinolones were found to be the most effective antibiotics. Vancomycin resistant penicillinase producing Gram positive bacteria were demonstrated. Gram negative bacteria resistant to extended spectrum β lactamases, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, vancomycin and chloramphenicol as well as vancomycin resistant enterococci, multiple drug resistant (MDR) gram negative rods, MDR Pseudomonas and MDR Acinetobacter were found. Widespread resistance of Streptococcus uberis towards cephalosporins was documented. Variable MDR patterns were recorded within a single species. MDR transfer from non-pathogens to emerging foodborne and established mastitis pathogens could be a potential problem to the dairy industry as well as to public health.

Risk Factors Associated With Mastitis in Smallholder Dairy Farms in Southeast Brazil.

Simple SummaryBovine mastitis is a complex disease with many potential risk factors. However, few studies have reported the risk factors for mastitis in Brazil. This prospective, repeated cross-sectional study was carried out between May 2018 and June 2019 in smallholder dairy farms located in the southeast of Brazil. The potential risk factors for clinical and subclinical mastitis in smallholder dairy farms in Brazil were investigated by a combination of a questionnaire, clinical udder examinations and tests for subclinical mastitis. Risk factors for mastitis were evaluated at the cow level and at the herd level. The risk factors evaluated at the herd level were related to milking management, environment and management practices. We identified some risk factors; increased parity, later stage of lactation, not milking clinical and subclinical cases last, lack of routine cleaning of the milking parlor, using the dry-off treatment and optimized feed before calving. Further research on more farms across more areas of Brazil is required to develop targeted control programs for mastitis on smallholder dairy farms.The aim of this study was to investigate the potential risk factors for clinical and subclinical mastitis in smallholder dairy farms in Brazil. A prospective, repeated cross-sectional study was carried out between May 2018 and June 2019 on 10 smallholder dairy farms. Potential risk factors for subclinical and clinical mastitis at the herd and cow level were recorded through interviewing the owner and by observation. A combination of clinical udder examination and the Tamis (screened mug with a dark base) test (Tadabras Indústria e Comércio de Produtos Agrovetereinário LTDA, Bragrança Paulista, SP, Brazil) were applied to observe clinical mastitis, and the California Mastitis Test (Tadabras Indústria e Comércio de Produtos Agrovetereinário LTDA, Bragrança Paulista, SP, Brazil) was used to determine subclinical mastitis. A total of 4567 quarters were tested, 107 (2.3%) had clinical mastitis, while 1519 (33.2%) had subclinical mastitis. At the cow level, clinical mastitis risk was highest in mid-lactation (50–150 days in milk) with OR 2.62 with 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.03–6.67, while subclinical mastitis was highest in late lactation (> 150 days in milk) with OR 2.74 (95% CI 2.05–3.63) and lower in primiparous (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.41–0.71) than multiparous cows. At the herd level, using dry-cow treatment (OR 4.23, 95% CI 1.42–12.62) was associated with an increased risk of clinical mastitis. Milking clinical (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.24–0.56) and subclinical cases last (OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.09–0.47) and cleaning the milking parlor regularly (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.15–0.46) had decreased odds for subclinical mastitis, while herds with optimized feed had greater odds (OR 9.11, 95% CI 2.59–31.9). Prevalence of clinical mastitis was at its lowest at the first visit in June/July and highest at the last visit in April/June (OR 3.81, 95% CI 1.93–7.52). Subclinical mastitis also presented increased odds in the last visit (OR 2.62, 95% CI 2.0–3.36). This study has identified some risk factors for mastitis on smallholder farms but further research on more farms across more areas of Brazil is required to develop a targeted mastitis control program for smallholder farms.

Seroprevalence and Influence of Bovine Leukemia Virus on the Incidence of Mastitis in Dairy Herds

Background: The enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) is a viral disease with a chronic aspect and its etiological agent is an oncogenic deltaretrovirus called bovine leukemia virus (VLB). It has a wide distribution in dairy cattle herds, and it may take several years before the first clinical manifestations occur. Animals seropositive for VLB are more susceptible to developing infectious diseases such as mastitis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of EBL, the prevalence of mastitis, the possible association between leukosis and mastitis, and the risk factors related to leukosis in municipalities of the Caparaó region of Espírito Santo, Brazil.Materials, Methods &amp; Results: The prevalence of enzootic bovine leukosis and its association with mastitis were evaluated in an 854 clinically healthy crossbred (Bos tauros tauros x Bos taurus indicus) dairy cows were used, in different lactation phases, from farms located in the 12 municipalities that compose the Caparaó Capixaba micro-region, in the southern part of Espírito Santo, Brazil, in the period from February to July 2015. The seroprevalence of EBL was determined by the agar gel immunodiffusion test, the presence of clinical mastitis was ascertained by the black background mug test and of subclinical mastitis by the CMT. The reuse of needles, type of milking, reproductive management, calf mortality, presence of reproductive problems and milk yield were the risk factors assessed. The association between the variables was estimated by the odds ratio (95% confidence interval). The significance of the associations was determined by the Chi-square test. The prevalence of EBL, clinical and subclinical mastitis was 56.79%, 5.50% and 43.55%, respectively. There was a positive association between the EBL virus and the presence of subclinical mastitis (P &lt; 0.05, OR = 1.41, CI = 1.07-1.86). The reuse of disposable needles (OR = 1.92, CI = 1.46-2.53), mechanical milking (OR = 2.03, CI = 1.34-3.08), calf mortality (OR = 2.39; CI = 1.25-4.55) and the presence of reproductive problems (OR = 1.62; CI = 1.23-2.14) were considered risk factors associated with LEB (P &lt; 0.05).Discussion: Enzootic bovine leukosis is disseminated in the dairy herds in the municipalities the study. The lack of knowledge about EBL among farmers and the failure to adopt measures for its control and elimination favor the appearance of new cases in the herd. Factors such as animal age, absence of exams when purchasing animals, reuse of gloves for rectal palpation and needles, contribute to dissemination of the infection. The economic losses associated with subclinical mastitis can even be greater than those caused by clinical mastitis. The differences for prevalence of clinical mastitis can be associated with the breeding system, type of management, intensification and level of production. In this context, we noted a much larger number of animals with subclinical infection, where the losses may not be perceptible to the farmers. It is concluded that EBL is widespread in dairy herds of the municipalities of Caparaó Espírito Santo's region. The prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis is high in some cities surveyed. The presence of EBL increases the chances of developing subclinical mastitis. The reuse of disposable needles and mechanical milking were considered risk factors associated with EBL. Seroreagent animals for EBL are more likely to present calf mortality and reproductive problems. It is necessary to discuss the best sanitary management system for the region, with a better economic and social response and then carry out the elaboration of educational and implementation measures, through technical assistance.

Prevalence of bovine mastitis in smallholder lactating dairy farms in Hawassa, SNNPR, Ethiopia

A cross sectional study was conducted between November 2015 and February 2016 in Hawassa town, SNNPR, Ethiopia to determine the overall mastitis prevalence and identify the role of some selected risk factors in 183 randomly selected small holder lactating dairy cows of 53 high grade Holstein Friesian, 113 Holstein indigenous zebu cross and 17 indigenous zebu breeds. The prevalence of clinical mastitis was determined through examination of abnormalities of milk, udder or cow. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis determined by using indicator paper test. From total 183 lactating dairy cows examined for bovine mastitis 9(4.9%) had clinical mastitis, while 56(30.6%) subclinical mastitis. Out of 9(4.9%) clinical mastitis, 9.43 and 3.53% occurred in high grade Holstein and Holstein indigenous zebu, respectively, but indigenous zebu breed was found not affected. Subclinical mastitis at cow level based on indicator paper test was significantly high (32.07%) in Holstein, (30.9%) in cross breed and (23.5%) in indigenous zebu (p&lt;0.05). Quarter level subclinical mastitis prevalence based on indicator paper test was 32.07, 30.2% and 23.5% in Holstein, cross breed and indigenous zebu, respectively. From the potential risk factors considered, breed (X2=17.3, p&lt;0.05), presence of teat lesion and tick infestation (X2=7.73, p&lt;0.05), stage of lactation (X2=13.8, p&lt;0.05), and parity number (X2=19.4, p&lt;0.05) had significant effect on the prevalence of subclinical mastitis. Considering the possible significant economic losses that could be incurred by both clinical and subclinical mastitis, attention should be paid for further detailed investigation and control measures.

Epidemiological study to investigate the incidence and prevalence of clinical mastitis, peracute mastitis, metabolic disorders and peripartum disorders, on a dairy farm in a temperate zone in Japan

BackgroundOur aim was to investigate the incidence and prevalence of clinical mastitis, peracute mastitis, metabolic disorders, and peripartum disorders, and to examine factors affecting the prevalence of each disease in cows raised on a large dairy farm in a temperate climate in Japan. The present study was performed on a large commercial dairy farm with approximately 2500 Holstein cows. Data were collected from 2014 to 2018, and involved 9663 calving records for 4256 cows.ResultsThe incidence rate on the farm was 21.9% for clinical mastitis, 10.4% for peracute mastitis, 2.9% for metabolic disorders, and 3.2% for peripartum disorders. The prevalence rates for clinical mastitis, peracute mastitis, metabolic disorders, and peripartum disorders were 28.0, 13.3, 3.7, and 4.0%, respectively. In all four diseases, the probability of time to occurrence for each disease was associated with parity and calving season (P < 0.05). Regarding metabolic disorders and peripartum disorders, the probability of occurrence decreased during the first 10 days after calving.ConclusionsOur results showed that clinical mastitis occurred most often in this temperate zone, and that metabolic disorders and peripartum disorders occurred from calving to day 10 post-calving.

Study on prevalence and bacterial etiology of mastitis, and effects of subclinical mastitis and stage of lactation on SCC in dairy goats in Egypt.

In Egypt, inadequate information on prevalence and epidemiology of caprine mastitis is available. This study was designed to investigate prevalence and etiological agents of caprine mastitis and assess the efficacy of somatic cell count (SCC) as marker of subclinical mastitis (SCM) in dairy goats. This study was carried out on 249 randomly selected lactating goats in different lactation stages and examined clinically. Of these animals, 477 milk samples were aseptically collected and screened for bacterial carriage. SCC was assessed in 234 apparently normal milk samples, and SCC ≥ 106cells/ml was indicator for SCM. Prevalence of clinical mastitis (CM) was 33.73% and 16.87% at animal and udder-half levels, respectively. SCM was 52.56% in the apparently healthy halves. Culture results proved single infection in 49.69% of samples, mixed infection in 23.9% of samples, and 26.41% of samples were negative. Coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) were the most predominant bacteria (58.75%), then Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (24.375%), and Streptococci (1.875%) were the least. No significant difference was recorded between mean of SCC in bacteriologically positive and negative samples, neither in those with SCC ≤ 106 nor with SCC ≥ 106cells/ml both in middle and late lactation stages. Besides, the percentage of animals harboring SCC ≥ 106cells/ml and negative for bacteriology in late lactation stage was 3 times (28.57%) more than in midlactation (9.3%). We can assume that SCC is not proper indicator for intra-mammary inflammation (IMI) in goats, and bacteriological examination remains more efficient, despites being time consuming and expensive.

An Overview of Specific Pathogens in Goat Mastitis

Goat milk ranks fourth in terms of global milk production and lately it has become increasingly popular among consumers. Unfortunately, mastitis is one of the most common diseases that affects dairy goats, with serious economic consequences and food safety matters. The prevalence of clinical mastitis is lower than 5% and the main aetiological agent is S. aureus. On the other hand, the prevalence of subclinical mastitis is between 5-30%, with coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) representing the most often isolated microorganisms.The aim of this paper is to highlight the main aspects regarding the aetiology of goat mastitis, as well as the importance of the milk somatic cell count (MSCC) in the diagnosis process. Although the inflammation of the mammary gland in goats is not as frequently diagnosed compared to cow mastitis, there are several aspects worth discussing in order to fully understand the pathogenesis of intramammary infections.

Prevalence of Mastitis in Lactating Bovines and Associated Coliforms Among Selected Pastoral Herds in Parts of Kaduna State, Nigeria

It has been established by various researchers that bovine mastitis which is simply an inflammation of mammary gland is a complex and costly diseases in dairy herds globally. This study therefore was aimed at assessing the prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis among lactating bovines from pastoral herds. A total of 147 bovines were selected from 30 pastoral herds within 7 Fulani settlements in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Prevalence of Clinical mastitis was assessed by the result of physical examination of udders and milk by palpation and visual inspection. The California Mastitis Reagent was used according to the manufacturer’s instructions to detect the prevalence of Subclinical Mastitis. The CMT positive samples were bacteriologically analyzed following standard microbiological procedures for the presence of coliform bacteria. The results obtained revealed that 19.7% (29/147) of animals examined was positive for subclinical mastitis at cow level. The highest prevalence of subclinical mastitis was recorded among bovines from settlements G in Birnin Local Government Area of Kaduna State, while bovine’s raw milk samples collected from settlements C and E in Chikun and Zaria Local Government Areas of Kaduna State haboured the lowest number of 1(0.7%) each, and no Coliform bacteria (0.00%) was isolated in the samples collected from settlement D in Soba Local Government Area. In this study, a total prevalence of 8.2% was established for coliforms associated with subclinical mastitis among pastoral herds based on phenotypic identification. Furthermore, the species of coliforms associated with bovine mastitis within the study population based on the findings in this study were (Klebsiella pneumonia) 7(4.8%) and (Escherichia coli) 5(3.4%). Hence, this study confirmed that the consumption of raw milk from CMT positive commercial bovines is a potential threat to public health as the isolated species of coliforms have been implicated in several human diseases.

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis mastitis in Egyptian dairy goats.

Background and Aim:Mastitis is an important threat facing goat milk industry and is the most common cause of culling. Efficient control of mastitis, based on efficient diagnosis of diseased animals, would improve milk production and reproductive efficiency. In subclinical mastitis (SCM), infected goats demonstrate neither udder symptoms nor abnormal milk. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is an infectious causative agent of mastitis, mostly results as an extension of infection from the supramammary lymph node, and causes financial losses in the goat industry. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of SCM with emphasis on C. pseudotuberculosis mastitis in Egyptian dairy goats in the selected farms.Materials and Methods:A total of 336 half milk samples were collected from 177 dairy goats of various crossbreeds, in mid-to-late lactation period, after clinical examination. All samples were examined bacteriologically, while somatic cell count (SCC) was determined only in 180 half milk samples of the clinically healthy milk samples. The isolated and identified C. pseudotuberculosis was examined for evidence of virulence genes (Phospholipase D [pld] and β-subunit of RNA polymerase [rpoB]) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Results:The prevalence of clinical mastitis was 30.5%, while 69.5% of animals were apparently healthy and secreted milk was normal. Of those 180 clinically healthy half milk samples, 96 milk samples (53.33%) showed SCM as detected by SCC (SCC ≥1,000,000 cells/ml). Coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most prevalent bacteria (41.96%), then Staphylococcus aureus (37.5%) and C. pseudotuberculosis (7.14%). Molecular diagnosis of virulence genes revealed evidence of pld gene in 16 isolates (66.66%), and rpoB gene in 6 samples (25%) of the 24 bacteriologically isolated C. pseudotuberculosis. Here, we describe, for the 1st time, isolation and identification of C. pseudotuberculosis from milk of does suffering from SCM in Egypt.Conclusion:C. pseudotuberculosis must be considered for routine bacteriological examination of milk from dairy goats, particularly herds with a history of caseous lymphadenitis. Pld gene-based PCR is more reliable than rpoB gene-based ones for the diagnosis of C. pseudotuberculosis.

Mastitis on Rabbit Farms: Prevalence and Risk Factors.

Simple SummaryMastitis has been a subject of interest on rabbit farms. To better understand various aspects of this disease, we evaluated the work done during 2001–2017, on 531 farms in Spain and Portugal. We measured the cases of mastitis on the days of visit, with the examination of lactating females. We found an average of 4% of mastitic does; they were mostly chronic forms, since females with acute mastitis often die in a few hours. Several factors affect the occurrence of mastitis. For example, rabbit lines have different susceptibilities. The number of batches per maternity barn also influences the occurrence of disease; therefore, a single batch is better, or the duo system, which consists of moving females near parity to a clean and disinfected room. In the last 200 visited farms, we found that injectable antimicrobials were often used for the mastitis control, in addition to the hygiene practices (for example, culling diseased does and avoiding their kits being fostered).In this cross-sectional study, prevalence of clinical mastitis (PCM) and farm-specific risk factors were determined on 531 doe rabbit farms in Spain and Portugal, from January 2001 through March 2017. The information was obtained by carrying out 2367 visits and doing physical examinations of 144,455 lactating does, sorted in 2635 cohorts. Overall mean PCM was 4.05% (CI95% [3.87–4.22]), (minimum to maximum: 0–36.00% PCM). This study suggests that PCM was influenced by the variable number of batches (a batch was a group of does served the same day), per maternity barn (p < 0.0001). The duo system (does being moved to clean disinfected barns for parturition), was also an enabling risk factor for CM. The day of service or lactation stage also affected PCM. Lastly, there was an effect of the breeds or lines (p < 0.0001); mean PCM ranged between 1.29% and 7.09%. A subset of data obtained from 200 farms visited during January 2012–March 2017, was recorded to describe the use of antimicrobials against mastitis. Changes in host, husbandry, environment, and biosecurity practices, are highlighted to provide health and welfare benefits for breeding rabbits.

Prevalence of Clinical Mastitis and the Suitability of Gamma Function in Predicting Milk Yield of Mastitic and Non-Mastitic Friesian x Bunaji Dairy Cows in Zaria, Nigeria

Prevalence of Clinical Mastitis and the Suitability of Gamma Function in Predicting Milk Yield of Mastitic and Non-Mastitic Friesian x Bunaji Dairy Cows in Zaria, Nigeria

Screening of Bovine Mastitis in Lactating Dairy Cows in and around Debra TSIGE Town, North Ethiopia

Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland caused by pathogenic microorganism, occurs in all mammalian species but particularly important in dairy cattle. A cross sectional study design was conducted from June 2015 to September 2015 to screening bovine mastitis in randomly selected dairy farms in and around D/Tsige town. About 384 (118 cross, 153 Exotic, 113 local breed) of lactating cows were included in the study. Prevalence of the clinical mastitis was determined through examination of abnormalities of milk and udder of cows; and California mastitis test to diagnose sub-clinical mastitis. The overall prevalence of clinical mastitis was 9.64% and 9.63% at cow and quarter level respectively. Of the 1536 quarters examined, prevalence of clinical mastitis, sub clinical mastitis and blind quarters (non-functional teats) were found to be 9.63%, 33.85% and 1.2%, respectively. On cow basis, out of 384 lactating cows, 167 (43.49%) cows had abnormalities in their udder, teats and milk as evidence of clinical mastitis. The prevalence of mastitis at cow level was higher in exotic breeds (39.8%) and those were found in late lactation stage (42.2%), parity number was found to be statistically significant (P<0.05). In the present study, there was high prevalence of sub clinical mastitis that result losing of milk production and cause economic lose to the dairy farm. In view of this, the routine test of dairy cows, and preventive and control measures are recommended to reduce the prevalence of clinical and sub clinical mastitis in dairy farms in and around D/Tsige town.

Molecular types and antimicrobial resistance profile of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from dairy cows and farm environments

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in cows with subclinical mastitis and detect enterotoxin genes and patterns of antimicrobial resistance. Out of 180 animals, subclinical mastitis was detected in 78 cows (46.99%) and three buffalo (21.43%). The prevalence of clinical mastitis was low (3.61%). S. aureus could be isolated from mastitic milk (67/81), udder swabs (38/81), floor swabs (13/27), milking machine liner (5/8), and healthy animals- milk (12/22). All the strains were confirmed by PCR targeting amplification of the femA gene. Out of 52 PCR-confirmed S. aureus samples, 17 were enterotoxin-producing strains. The pattern of enterotoxin production was revealed as: seb (1.92%), sec (21.15%), sed (7.69%), and see (1.92%). The pattern of superantigens and methicillin resistance was revealed as: etb (1.92%), tst1 (25%), and mecA (3.85%). Combination of sec and tst1 and the rare distribution of sea, seb, and sed was observed. S. aureus isolates were sensitive to netilmicin (85.88%), amikacin (80%), tobramycin (76.47%), and gentamicin (68.24%) and resistant to penicillin (91.76%), oxacillin (71.76%), and kanamycin (63.53%). Antimicrobial resistant genes blaZ, ermB, and tetK were also detected in the isolates. This study provides a baseline for monitoring antimicrobial resistance in S. aureus strains associated with bovine mastitis in India.

Bacteriological Studies of Most Bovine Masitis Pathogenes From Small Holders in Upper Egypt

There is limited epidemiological knowledge on udder health in Upper Egypt dairy cattle and buffaloe that would aid in a pro-active approach towards mastitis prevention. The study objectives were to investigate the prevalence rate of clinical mastitis for dairy bovine animals ownered by small holders, located at all Upper Egypt Governorates. Also detection of the most common mastitis pathogens that affect the level of milk production and to test whether there is a correlation between the location, animal species, and seasons of breeding with prevalence of clinical mastitis. Also to detecte the drugs of choice for the treatement of bovine clinical mastitis in different Governorates of Upper Egypt .A total of 345 lactating cattle cows and 111 lactating buffaloe cows, suffered from clinical mastitis, at different lactation seasons from small holders of six Governorates of Upper Egypt, were tested by general bacteriological investigations, during three cycling visits for the presence of clinical mastitis. The prevalence of clinical mastitis ranged from 7.5 % to 29.3 % for cattle cows and from 13.5 % to 27.9 % for buffaloe cows based on the Governorate location and atmospheric nature. Milk samples from clinical mastitic cattle and buffaloe cows were examined bacteriologically; 95.4% and 92.8 were culturally positive, meanwhile the culturally negative samples were 4.6% and 7.2% for cattle and buffaloe cows' respectivelly. As a mean of infections in all Upper Egypt Governorates ,Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was the predominant mastitis pathogen followed by Escherichia coli ( E.coli ) ,Other strept.and Coagulase negative Staphylococcus ( CNS ) 37.7%, 26.7%, 18.0% and 13.0% respectively for cattle clinical mastitis .On the other hand ,also S.aureus was the main cause of infection for buffaloe cows clinical mastitis (46.8%) followed by CNS, E.coli and Other strept. infections ( 16.2%,15.3% and 14.4% respectively ) .Animal species,Regions and seasons play an important significant role in bovine clinical mastitis affecting causes and treatement in Upper Egypt We concluted from the results of sensitivity test for clinically mastitic milk samples that Amoxicillin/clavulinic acid, Cefiquinom, Ciprofloxacin and Florofenicol were the top antibiotics for the treatement of all pathogens isolated from cattle cows in all Governorates of Upper Egypt.Meanwhile Florofenicol, Gentamycin, Neomycin, Tetracyclin, Penecillin and Ampicillin were the most important antibiotics used for the treatement of clinically mastitic buffaloe cows.These findings provide information about nature of clinical mastitis for improved treatment efficacy and pro-active approaches towards mastitis prevention in Upper Egypt . Sampling of clinical mastitic milk in different seasons would provide complete understanding of udder health throughout the year.

Prevalence and associated risk factors of bovine clinical mastitis in Patiya upazila under Chittagong district of Bangladesh

A cross sectional study was conducted to measure the prevalence; and identification of risk factors associated with clinical mastitis in dairy cows at Patiya upazila under Chittagong district of Bangladesh from 20th July to 31st December, 2013. A total of 160 farms and households were selected and 634 cows were clinically examined for determining the prevalence of mastitis and identification of risk factors. The overall prevalence of clinical mastitis was found 8.36%. Mastitis prevalence in crossbred cows was significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher (10.09%) than indigenous cows (4.26%). The prevalence of mastitis was also significantly higher (P&lt;0.05) with advancing age (12.5%) and in 3rd lactation period (13.62%). The cows were more prone to mastitis during 1st month of lactation (17.53%). There was a significant relationship (P&lt;0.05) between prevalence of clinical mastitis and associated risk factors like general physical condition, herd size, frequency of dung removal, floor drainage quality and condition of floor. There was higher (P&lt;0.01) prevalence (33.67%) of mastitis in cows having history of peri-parturient disease compared to those not having such history. Therefore, it can be concluded that minimization of risk factors of mastitis is very much necessary to control mastitis as well as to increase profitability of dairy farms.International Journal of Natural Sciences (2014), 4(1) 5-9

English

The study was conducted during September, 2008 to 2009 in East Showa Zone, Akaki district to determine the prevalence of mastitis, identify risk factors, isolate and identify major bacterial causes and conduct in-vitro antimicrobial susceptibility test. Forty six (46) small holder dairy farms and 200 dairy cows were selected by one stage cluster sampling. Questionnaire survey, farm inspection and clinical examination of cows were used to collect data. Milk samples which were positive on california mastitis test (CMT) was collected aseptically using sampling bottles and transported to veterinary microbiology laboratory at Addis Ababa University, Faculty of veterinary medicine for bacteriological study. The prevalence of clinical mastitis at herd, cow and quarter level accounted 17.3, 3.0 and 1.2%, respectively whereas 60.8% herd, 25.0% cow and 12.7% at quarter level during subclinical mastitis. Major bacterial isolates in subclinical mastitis include Staphylococcus aureus (38.9%), coagulase negative Staphylococcus (23.4%), Bacillus spp. (10.4%), Escherichia coli (7.8%), Streptococcus agalactiae (6.5%), Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.3%), Staphylococcus uberis (1.3%) and Staphylococcus intermidius (5.2%). Likewise during clinical mastitis, S. agalactiae and S. aureus accounted (33.3%) and (22.2%), respectively. Univariate logistic regression indicated that stage of lactation, parity number, teat lesion and milking mastitic cow at last had significant effect (p < 0.05) on prevalence of mastitis. The in vivo antimicrobial sensitivity tests showed that gentamicin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol and vancomycin were the most effective antibiotics, followed by streptomycin and penicillin; bacitracin, polymxin and amoxicillin were least effective drugs. Key words: Antibiotics Sensitivity test, mastitis, prevalence, risk factors.