This study aimed to describe the clinical and epidemiological profile of the neuroschistosomiasis (NS), evaluate the possible resistance of black people to NS, identify the cause of major prevalence of male sex and the parasitological stool exam as a proof of contact with NS. It is a cross-sectional study evaluating patients treated in neurological referential centers in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, from 1993 to 2013. This study included patients diagnosed with schistosomal myeloradiculopathy by means of positive epidemiology, evidence of medullar lesion by image exam and clinical exam and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. There were 140 patients, 53% between 20 and 40 years old (mean=36; SD=13), 64% males. Among these patients, 79.3% received less than 05 minimum wages and only 5.7% attended higher education. They were 50% brown, 27% white, 18% black, and 5.2% denied previous contact with water in endemic localities. The most prevalent clinical manifestations were weakness in the lower limbs (94%), back pain (84%), bladder dysfunction (75%) and impotence (80%). The most common site of injury was the thoracolumbar junction (65%) and 73% of parasitological stool examinations were negative. It was concluded that male predominance does not seem to occur because of specific physiopathological issues; possible resistance of Blacks to severe forms of schistosomiasis does not seem to occur in NS; the low economic and educational levels makes this problem invisible to the nation; the absence of water contact patterns does not completely rule out the diagnosis; the parasitological stool examination is a bad predictor of contact with NS. This study aimed to describe the clinical and epidemiological profile of the neuroschistosomiasis (NS), evaluate the possible resistance of black people to NS, identify the cause of major prevalence of male sex and the parasitological stool exam as a proof of contact with NS. It is a cross-sectional study evaluating patients treated in neurological referential centers in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, from 1993 to 2013. This study included patients diagnosed with schistosomal myeloradiculopathy by means of positive epidemiology, evidence of medullar lesion by image exam and clinical exam and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. There were 140 patients, 53% between 20 and 40 years old (mean=36; SD=13), 64% males. Among these patients, 79.3% received less than 05 minimum wages and only 5.7% attended higher education. They were 50% brown, 27% white, 18% black, and 5.2% denied previous contact with water in endemic localities. The most prevalent clinical manifestations were weakness in the lower limbs (94%), back pain (84%), bladder dysfunction (75%) and impotence (80%). The most common site of injury was the thoracolumbar junction (65%) and 73% of parasitological stool examinations were negative. It was concluded that male predominance does not seem to occur because of specific physiopathological issues; possible resistance of Blacks to severe forms of schistosomiasis does not seem to occur in NS; the low economic and educational levels makes this problem invisible to the nation; the absence of water contact patterns does not completely rule out the diagnosis; the parasitological stool examination is a bad predictor of contact with NS.