Prevalence Of Chronic Energy Deficiency Research Articles

Health and nutrition status of farm women in rural India: Case of Indo-Gangetic plains

Women in India are facing several health-related issues, which ultimately affect the economic output of the nation. The health of Indian women is intrinsically linked to their status in society. Haryana and Uttar Pradesh are some of the few states in India which belong to Indo-Gangetic Plains where an overwhelming number of rural women have always been a part of the active work force in agriculture, forest protection, cattle care, and dairying. Present study is an attempt to know the food consumption and dietary intakes of farm women in rural sector of the UP and Haryana. Collected data were analyzed with the help of suitable statistical techniques. Education, energy consumption and protein consumption have significantly positive relationship with nutritional status of respondents, whereas family size has significantly negative relationship with nutritional status. It was found that the diets were inadequate in energy, protein, iron, β-carotene and ascorbic acid contents to the tune of 16.71 and 15.91; 7 and 10.58; 14.33 and 21.63; 25.66 and 34.33; 16.71 and 18.05 percent, respectively in selected villages of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. These comparisons were made with recommended dietary allowances (ICMR 2010). Iron intake in the daily diet of women in both villages was found to be 19.7 mg and 20.54 mg, which is 34.33 and 31.53 per cent less than recommended level (30 mg). Prevalence of Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) was found to be higher among the farm women of both the states.

Assessment of nutritional status and its associated factors among people affected by human immune deficiency virus on antiretroviral therapy: a cross sectional study in Siltie zone, south Ethiopia

Ethiopia is among the countries most affected by malnutrition and nutrition-related complications remain a challenging issue for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)- infected patients and those involved in their care. The aim of this study was to assess nutritional status among HIV positive adults in South Ethiopia and assess risk factors for malnutrition in this population. Institution based cross sectional study was conducted among 428 HIV positive adults who are taking ART at 12 health centers, Silte zone, Ethiopia. Convenience sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Structured questionnaire and anthropometric measurements were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 software. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify predictors of malnutrition. P-value less than 0.05 were used as cut of point to declare statistical significance. Prevalence of chronic energy deficiency was 24.1%. Food insecurity [AOR= 0.35, 95% CI (0.21, 0.62)], feeding ≤ 2 meals/day [AOR= 0.29, 95% CI (0.29, 0.13)], ambulatory functional status [AOR= 3.4, 95% CI (1.67, 6.98)] and absence of dietary counseling [AOR= 1.7, 95% CI (1.05, 2.78)] were found to be independent predictors of chronic energy deficiency among HIV positive adults. Prevalence of malnutrition is high among HIV infected adults who are on ART in the study area. Regular nutritional assessment of the patients and dietary counseling should be integrated with routine care for HIV/AIDS patients. HIV/AIDS prevention and control programs need to involve nutritionists or trained health care provider to integrate nutritional care services.

Comparative study of chronic energy deficiency among adult males of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and their counterparts

The indigenous islanders of Andaman and Nicobar Islands are representing the earliest form of developmental stage, their nutritional assessment and anthropometric comparison with contemporary populations are the main objective of the present paper. In this study we present a cross sectional analysis of anthropometric data of 2010 individuals of 19 different groups. The data were collected by the trained anthropologists of Anthropological Survey of India, following standard techniques and ethical guidelines. It was found that the Indigenous Islanders have small body size as compared to immigrants and counterparts. The prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (CED) was found highest among the mainlanders. Highest prevalence of overweight was found among Great Andamanese (18.2%), followed by Onge (7.4%). Individuals below 21 years of age were not found to be overweight or obese. On the other side, 16.7% of individual of age 41+ of local born were found to be overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9 kg/m2). It can be concluded that the Indigenous people of the Islands are short in stature and nutritionally better than immigrants. The immigrants are better than their counterparts in the mainland, but still they are not able to reach at par of the indigenous people in the level of nutrition whereas logarithmic transformation of data and scaling exponent (β) of weight to height was found ~2 across these populations.

Anthropometry and Twin Epidemic of Malnutrition among Urban Population of Varanasi

As life expectancies increase the major causes of death shift to the chronic and non communicable diseases, Indian population is increasingly facing modern risks due to overweight and obesity and other diet-related factors. As a result, people are facing a growing burden from the modern risks to health, while still fighting an unfinished battle with the traditional risks that results in dual burden of risks and diseases. This study aims at estimating the prevalence of under nutrition and over nutrition based on anthropometric indices. A community based cross-sectional study with multi-stage sampling design was conducted among urban population of Varanasi aged 25-64 years living in the selected area. A pre designed and pre tested proforma was used to collect the basic characteristics of 640 study subjects. Anthropometric measurements (height, weight, waist circumference and hip circumference) were recorded by following standard procedures. WHO International and Asia pacific guidelines for BMI were used to define Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED), overweight and obesity. Waist circumference and WHR for identifying abdominal obesity were defined by Indian guidelines. Mean height and weight of male subjects (n=301) were 167.5 ± 7.5 cm and 66.8 ± 12.5 kg, respectively and height and weight of female subjects (n=339) were 153.5 ± 6.01 cm and 57.6 ± 10.2 kg, respectively. Mean BMI was higher among female (24.4 ± 3.92 kg/m2) than male subjects (23.8 ± 3.95 kg/m2). The prevalence of CED, overweight and obesity were 8.6, 22.8 and 38.3% respectively by Asian classification and 8.6, 29.1 and 9.3% respectively by Global classification. The prevalence of thinness was higher among males, whereas prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher among females. Prevalence of abdominal obesity was higher among females as compared to their male counterparts.

Comparison of nutritional status and associated factors of lactating women between lowland and highland communities of District Raya, Alamata, Southern Tigiray, Ethiopia

BackgroundThe Ethiopian regions have a relatively higher prevalence of under-nutrition are found in the lowlands of the country, with the exception of the highlands of Tigiray, where under-nutrition is also prevalent.The intention of this study was to compare anthropometric nutritional status and associated factors of lactating women between lowland and highland communities of district Raya Alamata, Southern Tigiray, Ethiopia.MethodsA community based comparative cross-sectional study design was conducted from January 27–March 7, 2014. Sample size was determined by two population estimation formula. The total calculated sample size was 456. A stratified sampling technique was used to stratify the study area to highland and lowland. Study participants were selected by simple random sampling technique. Data were collected using anthropometric measurements and structured questionnaire. The raw data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Bivariate and multivariable Logistic regression was done to determine the association between explanatory variable with chronic energy deficiency (CED) using body mass index (BMI), by computing odds ratio at 95% confidence level. A P – value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.ResultThe prevalence of CED of lactating mothers from lowland and highland was 17.5% and 24.6% respectively. After multivariable logistic regression: age, husband occupation, taking vitamin A immediately after delivery or within the first 8 weeks after delivery and consumption of extra food during lactation time were factors associated with chronic energy deficiency for lowland lactating women whereas parity, number of meals per day and household consumption of iodized salt were factors associated with chronic energy deficiency for highland lactating women.ConclusionCED in both comparative studies were a serious public health problem. As it is known food security does not mean nutritionally secured, Therefore, the need to develop nutrition intervention such as nutrition security programs to address under-nutrition in the study area is significant, as it was found food secured participants were slightly vulnerable than food insecure. The dietary diversity score of the participants were very low so that encourage the community about nutrition diversification is substantial for adequate nutrient intake.

Chronic energy deficiency and associated factors among adults living with HIV in Gondar University Referral Hospital northwest Ethiopia

BackgroundHuman Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and chronic energy deficiency are bidirectional and multifaceted. HIV can cause or worsen chronic energy deficiency by increasing energy requirements, reducing food intake and nutrient absorption. Chronic energy deficiency weakens the immune system, increase the susceptibility to infections and worsening the disease impact. Studies on the magnitude and factors associated with chronic energy deficiency among adults living with HIV are limited. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of chronic energy deficiency and associated factors among adults living with HIV in Gondar University Referral Hospital, northwest Ethiopia.MethodsAn institution based cross-sectional study was conducted and systematic random sampling was used to select study subjects. A total of 317 study subjects were enrolled in the study. Structured and pretested questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic, economic and diet related variables. Weight and height measurement were taken and medical charts were reviewed. Laboratory analysis for CD4 count and anemia was done. Bi-variable and multi-variable logistic regression analyses were used to assess the effect of different factors on chronic energy deficiency.ResultsA total of 317 patients provide complete information with response rate of 99.4%. The overall prevalence of chronic energy deficiency was 18.3% (95%CI: 14.5%–22.7%). The prevalence of mild, moderate and severe chronic energy deficiency was 11.4, 3.5 and 3.5% respectively. No formal education (AOR = 2.05,95%CI:1.01,4.21), being in the WHO clinical stage three and four (AOR = 3.84,95%CI:1.39,10.61) and history of diarrhea in the last two weeks prior to the survey (AOR = 4.43,95%CI:1.83,10.72) were significantly associated with chronic energy deficiency.ConclusionThe prevalence of chronic energy deficiency among adults living with HIV was medium public health problem. Educational status, WHO clinical stage, and history of diarrhea in the last two weeks prior to the survey were risks for chronic energy deficiency. Integration of nutritional management with HAART, early diagnosis and treatment of diarrheal disease would be supreme important.

A population based study to assess the nutritional status of adolescents of Hajipur village of Katihar district, Bihar, India

Background: Adolescents are the future generation of any country. They constitute 22.8 percent of the total population in India. The main nutritional problems affecting adolescent population include undernutrition and iron deficiency anaemia besides other factors. The objective of the study was to assess the nutritional status among adolescents. Methods: A Community based cross sectional descriptive study. Rural field practice area of Department of Community Medicine, Katihar Medical College, Katihar, Bihar. Participants: 400 adolescents (213 boys and 187 girls). Systematic random sampling technique was used. Data collected was entered in Microsoft Office Excel and analysed by using SPSS version 20.0. Results: Among 400 adolescents, 253(63.25%) adolescents had Body Mass Index less than normal (18.5kg/m2) value. Prevalence of undernutition in the adolescent girls was high (36.75%) and prevalence of overweight in adolescent boys and girls is 1.25% and 1% respectively. Prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (CED) based on BMI (gradeI, II, III) in adolescent girls are 21.25%, 7.25%, 8.25% respectivey. And CED grade I, II, III in adolescent boys are 21.75%, 1.5%, 3.25% respectively. Moderate malnutrition is higher in girls (7.25%) than in boys (1.5%) and severe malnutrition is also higher in girls (8.25%) than in boys (3.25%). Conclusions: If the adolescents are well nourished, they can make optimal use of their skills, talents and energies and would be healthy and responsible citizens.

Gambaran status gizi ibu hamil trimester I

The chronic energy deficiency is one of the main nutritional problems in Indonesia. Data from Riskesdas in 2013 that the prevalence of chronic energy deficiency in Indonedia is 24.4%. Data from Health Departement in DIY province states that the prevalence of chronic energy deficiency of pregnant women at he age of 15-49 years old is 11.2%. the highest prevalence in Yogyakarta 18.1%. Puskesmas Gondokusuman II more over than in Puskesmas Gondokusuman I. The numberf of it is 18.1%. The research describes that the nutritional status of pregnant women in first trimester based on aged, parity, anemia status, the prohibition food, and dietary habit. The kind of the research id descriptive with cross-sectional design. the research was done at March-May in 2015. The location of research is in Puskesmas Gondokusuman I dan II Yogyakarta. The subject of research is 47 pregnant women. The most nutritional status of pregnant women at the first trimester in Puskesmas Gondokusuman I and II is not at the risk. The chronic energy deficiency is 92,6% and 80%. Based of the factors of age, parity, anemia status, prohibition food, and dietary habit most of the pregnant women is not at risk. The conclusion is most of the pregnant women at the first trimester is not risk of chronic energy deficiency.

HUBUNGAN ANTARA ASUPAN ENERGI DAN PROTEIN DENGAN STATUS GIZI IBU HAMIL DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS BERGAS KABUPATEN SEMARANG

Background : Pregnant women are one of the nutrition vulnerable groups. The impact of the lack of nutrition caused due to poor nutritional status in pregnant women is not only in mothers but in babies born and later growth and development of babies. The Prevalence of Chronic Energy Deficiency (SEZ) in 2013 was 22.2%. While the prevalence of Chronic Energy Deficiency (SEZ) in the work area of Bergas Puskesmas in Semarang Regency is 13.3% in 2014. Objective: . This study aimed to determine the relationship between energy and protein intake with nutritional status of pregnant women in the work area of Bergas Health Center, Semarang Regency. Methods: This study was a descriptive analytic study with a cross sectional design. A sample of 45 people with trimester II and III pregnancies. To find out the relationship between variables used the fisher exact test. Results: The results of the study showed that 26.67% of pregnant women suffered from SEZ, 33.3% of pregnant women had good energy intake, while 48.89% of pregnant women had good protein intake. While statistical tests show, there is a relationship between energy intake and nutritional status of pregnant women (p = 0.038), there is a relationship between protein intake and nutritional status of pregnant women (p = 0.17)

Trends in nutritional status and nutrient intakes and correlates of overweight/obesity among rural adult women (≥18-60 years) in India: National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB) national surveys.

To assess trends in nutrient intakes and nutritional status of rural adult women (≥18-60 years) and the association of sociodemographic characteristics with overweight/obesity. Community-based cross-sectional studies carried out during 1975-79 to 2011-12 by the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB) were used. Anthropometric measurements such as height, weight and waist circumference, carried out during the surveys, were used. Association and logistic regression analyses between sociodemographic characteristics and overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity were conducted using a complex samples procedure. Ten NNMB states of India. Non-pregnant and non-lactating rural women aged ≥18-60 years covered during the above periods from ten states in India. The prevalence of chronic energy deficiency has declined from 52 % during 1975-79 to 34 % during 2011-12, while that of overweight/obesity has increased from 7 % to 24 % during the same period. Median intakes of most of the nutrients have increased over the same period, although they were below recommended levels. The chance of overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity was significantly (P<0·01) higher among women aged 40-60 years, those belonging to Christian religion and other backward communities, women living in pucca houses, literate women, women engaged in service and business, and those having higher per capita income. Prevalence of chronic energy deficiency has declined significantly; however, overweight/obesity has increased during the same period. This increase in overweight/obesity may be attributed to increased consumption of fatty foods, sedentary lifestyle and improved socio-economic status. There is a need to educate the community about regular physical exercise, low intakes of fats and oils, and a balanced diet.

A Study on Body Mass Index and Prevalence of Chronic Energy Deficiency among Adult Kharwar Tribes of India

A Study on Body Mass Index and Prevalence of Chronic Energy Deficiency among Adult Kharwar Tribes of India

Adult tribal malnutrition in India: an anthropometric and socio-demographic review

The nutritional status and socio-demographic profile of tribal people is an important issue in India due to their marginalization from main stream population with respect to varied facilities. However, data on their nutritional status and socio-demographic profile are limited. This review aims to give an overview of the prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (CED) using Body mass index (BMI) and various demographic profile of Indian tribes based on studies published hitherto. In total 76 studies were reviewed for mean BMI based on the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of the public health problem of low BMI, based on adult populations worldwide. The overall sex specific prevalence of CED showed that both the tribal females (52.0%) and males (49.3%) were passing through the critical situation with respect to nutritional status with females being more underprivileged. In conclusion, although there is a gradual increase in knowledge about the nutritional and socio-demographic status of tribes since last decades; there is still paucity of data and information on more than approximately 600 tribes regarding their bio-social profile. However previous studies clearly indicate the need to enhance the health and nutrition status of the tribes by providing job opportunity and food security. Since the prevalence of CED was higher (critical to serious situation) in tribal populations, concerted efforts should also be made to improve the health status and nutrition uptake among them.

The Sensitivity and Specificity of Mid-Upper Arm Circumference Compared to Body Mass Index in Screening Malnutrition of Adult HIV Patients taking ART; Evidence from Selected Facilities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Introduction: For nutritional assessment of HIV-positive adults and adolescents, it is recommended to take Weight, Height and MUAC (for pregnant and lactating women and/or adults who cannot stand straight) in every contact, such measurements increase the waiting time and inconvenience(1). So that a simple and yet useful anthropometric measurement is needed to screen malnutrition for an immediate nutrition support in developing countries. Objective: To assess the sensitivity (SN) and specificity (SP) of mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) in detecting under nutrition of adult people with HIV who have a follow up at ART clinic. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to July 2013 among adults with HIV (PLHIV), who have follow-up in three selected Governmental Hospitals of Addis Ababa city administration. A total of 594 study subjects were selected using a multi stage cluster sampling technique. MUAC, Height and weight were measured for all subjects and BMI was calculated as Wt/Ht2. Receivers operating characteristic curve analyses were undertaken to discover the most suitable cut-off values of MUAC for both Men and Women. Results: The prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (CED) based on BMI (BMI <18.5) was 39.4% for males and 24.21% for females, while based on MUAC <230 mm for male was 48.4% and < 220 mm for female was 35.7%. The sensitivity and specificity of MUAC for Female with optimal criteria of ≤224 for females were 92.86 and 87.07, whereas for Males MUAC with optimal criteria of ≤234 were 94.85 and 68.46, respectively. The area under curve (AUC) was 0.93 (p<0.001). A MUAC value of ≤239mm was identified as the best cut off-points to identify CED (BMI <18.5) with SN and SP of 96.43% and 72.62%, respectively. The PPV was 56.6(95%CI=89.9 to 99.3) with the highest NPV 98.2 (95%CI=66.8 to 77.9), thus having the highest Youden Index of 0.21. A MUAC value of ≤242mm was identified as the best cut off point to identify CED (BMI <18.5) with SN and SP of 96.91% and 58.39%, respectively. The PPV was 46.3(95%CI=91.2 to 99.4) with the highest NPV 98.1 (95%CI=50.0 to 66.4), thus having the highest Youden Index of 0.32. Conclusion: a MUAC value of close to 242 mm for male and 239mm for female seemed to be appropriate as a simple and efficient cut-off point for the determination of under nutrition in adult PLHIV.

Association between Farming and Chronic Energy Deficiency in Rural South India

ObjectiveTo examine factors associated with chronic energy deficiency (CED) and anaemia in disadvantaged Indian adults who are mostly involved in subsistence farming.DesignA cross-sectional study in which we collected information on socio-demographic factors, physical activity, anthropometry, blood haemoglobin concentration, and daily household food intake. These data were used to calculate body mass index (BMI), basal metabolic rate (BMR), daily energy expenditure, and energy and nutrient intake. Multivariable backward stepwise logistic regression was used to assess socioeconomic and lifestyle factors associated with CED (defined as BMI<18 kg/m2) and anaemia.SettingThe study was conducted in 12 villages, in the Rishi Valley, Andhra Pradesh, India.SubjectsIndividuals aged 18 years and above, residing in the 12 villages, were eligible to participate.ResultsData were available for 1178 individuals (45% male, median age 36 years (inter quartile range (IQR 27–50)). The prevalence of CED (38%) and anaemia (25%) was high. Farming was associated with CED in women (2.20, 95% CI: 1.39–3.49) and men (1.71, 95% CI: (1.06–2.74). Low income was also significantly associated with CED, while not completing high school was positively associated with anaemia. Median iron intake was high: 35.7 mg/day (IQR 26–46) in women and 43.4 mg/day (IQR 34–55) in men.ConclusionsFarming is an important risk factor associated with CED in this rural Indian population and low dietary iron is not the main cause of anaemia. Better farming practice may help to reduce CED in this population.

Profiles of HIV-Affected Households in Ghana

Background: To contribute to a fuller appreciation of Ghana’s HIV epidemic, this paper presents various profiles of the Ghanaian HIV-affected household. To comprehensively tackle the HIV epidemic in Ghana, the profiles would provide stakeholders with ready information for policy formulation. Methods: We used data from a nationally representative survey that measured livelihood activities, household asset wealth, household composition, health, and nutrition variables of 1745 HIV-affected households. From these emerged various profiles. Results: About 50% of the households are headed by females. Households headed by men have an average size of three members, compared to two for female-headed households. There are far more AIDS widows than widowers. The annual death rate among the surveyed households was about 1000 per 100,000-households. Relatively more deaths occurred in male-headed households. Two-thirds of the households were asset poor. Various coping strategies were instituted by the households in reaction to threat of food insecurity. The national prevalence of chronic energy deficiency is 16%. Conclusions: Our data show that age of household head, hosting of a chronically ill member, and average size of household differed by sex of household head. The annual death rate of 1000 per 100,000 households is very high.

Does Acclimatization Have Any Impact On Primary Health Status Among Students Of Vit University, Vellore?

Objective: The present study was undertaken to determine the overall prevalence of nutritional status among young adult of VIT University, Vellore with impact of psycho-somatic changes, primary health and climate change among fresh admission. Material &amp; Methods: Study measured data on height and weight of adults aged 17-23 years of the newly admitted students (n=157; Girls=87 &amp; Boys=70). One commonly used indicator i.e., body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) was used to evaluate the nutritional status of subjects. Based on BMI, chronic energy deficiency (CED) and obesity were determined accordingly. Results: The mean BMI varies from 21.828 to 23.223 among girls between 17-23 years of age while 23.493 to 24.265 among boys of 17-19 years of age. The mean magnitudes of BMI are between 23.497 and 22.563 respectively among students of 17 to 23 years old. The nutritional status of 57.32% of fresher is normal with the estimated BMI while 11.46 % are suffering from under-nutrition and 31.21% are with obesity. Overall prevalence of CED was (11.3 %). Among 87 girls, 58 (67.5%) and 27.1% of 70 boys are psychologically stressed. The study has also intervened the shifting of time management and utilization before and after to VIT system. Students either gained or lost their bodyweight during the first semester of academic courses; a total of 51 students (17 girls and 34 boys) lost their weight by 1-10 kg while a total of 36 students gained weight. Conclusion: Acclimatization has brought changes among studied students those who came from distant states. Asian Journal of Medical Science, Volume-3 No-3 (2012), Page -12-19 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v3i3.5687

Double Burden of Malnutrition: Indian Regional Perspective

Over nutrition are emerged as public health problems in India for the last two decades. Under this backdrop, this paper attempts to investigate nutritional status of women in India by regions and its relation to the prevalence of chronic energy deficiency and obesity and to identify the major determinants of the burden of malnutrition in India. Data drawn from the National Family Health Survey-III, conducted 2005-06, on body mass index of 78262 currently married women, ages 15-49 years.

Application of Factor Analysis to Identify Dietary Patterns and Use of Factor Scores to Study their Relationship with Nutritional Status of Adult Rural Populations

The prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (CED) among one-third of the Indian population is attributed to inadequacy of consumption of nutrients. However, considering the complexity of diets among Indians, the relationship between a particular dietary pattern and the nutritional status of the population has not been established so far. A community-based cross-sectional study was undertaken to assess estimates, at district level, of diet and nutritional status in Orissa State, India. Factor analysis was used for exploring the existence of consumption pattern of food and nutrients and their relationship with the nutritional status of rural adult population. Data on 2,864 adult men and 3,525 adult women in Orissa state revealed that there exists six patterns among food-groups explaining 59% of the total variation and three patterns among nutrients that explain 73% of the total variation among both adult men and women. The discriminant function analysis revealed that, overall, 53% of the men were correctly classified as either with chronic energy deficiency (CED) or without CED. Similarly, overall, 54% of the women were correctly classified as either with CED or without CED. The sensitivity of the model was 65% for both men and women, and the specificity was 46% and 41% respectively for men and women. In the case of classification of overweight/obesity, the prediction of the model was about 75% among both men and women, along with high sensitivity. Using factor analysis, the dietary patterns were identified from the food and nutrient intake data. There exists a strong relationship between the dietary patterns and the nutritional status of rural adults. These results will help identify the community people with CED and help planners formulate nutritional interventions accordingly.

Diet and Nutritional Status of Women in India

The health of women is linked to their status in the society. The demographic consequence of the women has formed expression in various forms, such as female infanticide, higher death rate, lower sex ratio, low literacy level and lower level of employment of women in the non-agricultural sector as compared to men. Generally, at household level, cultural norms and practices and socio-economic factors determine the extent of nutritional status among women. National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau has been carrying out regular surveys on diet and nutritional status of different population groups since 1972. For the purpose of present investigation, the data collected during 1998-99 and 2005-06 on diet and nutritional status of tribal and rural population respectively in nine States of India was utilized. The intake of all the foods except for other vegetables and roots and tubers was lower than the suggested level among rural as well as tribal women. The study revealed inadequate dietary intake, especially micronutrient deficiency (hidden hunger) during pregnancy and lactation. The prevalence of goiter was relatively higher (4.9%) among tribal women compared to their rural counterparts (0.8%). Tribal women were particularly vulnerable to undernutrition compared to women in rural areas. The prevalence of chronic energy deficiency was higher (56%) among tribal NPNL women compared to rural women (36%).

Adult body dimension and determinants of chronic energy deficiency among the Shabar tribe living in urban, rural and forest habitats in Orissa, India

Aims: This study was conducted to examine variation of adult body dimension and prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (CED) with its determinants (socio-economic, nutrient and morbidity) among the Shabar tribe living in urban, rural and forest areas of Orissa, India.Subjects and methods: Anthropometric measurements along with socio-economic, nutrient consumption and morbidity patterns of 444 males and 489 females aged 20–60 years were collected from the Khurda and Cuttack districts.Results: Major differences were found in fat mass rather than muscle mass between habitats, and the urban group showed higher values compared to rural and forest counterparts. The highest prevalence of undernutrition was observed among forest-dwelling males and rural females. Gender difference was higher in the rural area. Higher prevalence of CED was observed among illiterates, within larger families, economically poorer groups, those with inadequate nutrient consumption, and those who had experienced morbid conditions. However, sex and habitation-wise, the risk factors associated with CED were different. Notably, economic disparity and morbidity conditions were a significant risk factor of CED among rural females.Conclusion: Body fat content was found to be the major difference in body dimension across different habitats and rural women may be a vulnerable group.