Prevalence Of Chronic Energy Deficiency Research Articles

Prevalence of Chronic Energy Deficiency and its Socio-Demographic Correlates among Ethnic Adult Population of Punjab, India

Introduction: Chronic Energy Deficiency is a condition characterized by a long-term insufficient intake of calories and/or nutrients relative to a person’s energy expenditure, leading to a negative energy balance. It is typically associated with inadequate nutrition and can result in various health issues.Objectives: 1) To find out prevalence of CED in ethnic Punjabi population. 2) To determine the sociodemographic factors affecting CED the study subjects.Materials & Methods: The study was a cross sectional study using simple random sampling technique. Taking the prevalence of CED as 30%, sample size came out to be 336, but for ease of convenience, 400 subjects were selected.Results: The study subjects comprised of 183 males and 217 females and there were 24 cases of CED in males and 52 in females. Maximum cases of CED were found in the age group of 20-29 years, in lower castes and low-income groups and in illiterates.Conclusion: According to this study, maximum number of CED was found in the age group of 20-29 years.Prevalence was significantly higher in females than males and its was maximum in lower castes at 35.8%. In lower income group and in the illiterate group, it was maximum and the results were statistically significant.

Food taboo, dietary diversity and prevalence of chronic energy deficiency in pregnant women living in rural area Indonesia

Background: Chronic energy deficiency is strongly associated with poor pregnancy outcomes. Food taboo and dietary diversity are suspected as main risk factors of chronic energy deficient in pregnant women in rural area. Nevertheless, none studies elaborated the inferential relationship of those factors with chronic energy deficiency during pregnancy.
 Purpose: to describe dietary diversity score and perception of food taboo and examine it association with chronic energy deficiency prevalence in pregnant women in a rural area
 Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 178 pregnant women aged 15-45 years. Food taboo and dietary diversity scores was drawn from single 24 hours food recall while the perceived reason of food taboo was assessed by focus group discussion. Chronic energy deficiency was determined by mid-upper arm circumference by standard tape. Food taboo and dietary diversity score interaction was generated and binary logistic regression analysis with α= 5% and 95% confidence interval were performed to provide adjusted associations
 Results: Almost half of respondents had food taboo (43.8%) and had low dietary diversity score (43%) while one of fifth (19.7%) of respondent were chronic energy deficient. Those with food taboo and low dietary diversity were two times more likely to suffer from chronic energy deficiency. However, only pregnancy related factor (parity) was associated significantly with the outcome.
 Conclusions: Although the relationship between food taboo and chronic energy deficiency was not statistically significant, pregnant mother with food taboo should be encouraged to have a cultural-specific health and nutrition education.

Prevalence and determinant factors of Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) in pregnant women

Pregnant women with Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) are prone to malnutrition due to prolonged imbalances in the intake of essential nutrients. This study aimed to analyze the factors associated with the risk of CED in pregnant women. This study had a quantitative, cross-sectional design and was conducted from June to August 2023 in the working area of the Parung Panjang Health Center, Bogor Regency. The sample size in this study was 140 pregnant women using purposive sampling. The respondents’ characteristics were obtained through questionnaire interviews. MUAC was collected through MUAC tape, dietary intake using a Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ) form, and hemoglobin through a rapid test. Analysis was performed using the chi-square statistical test at 95% CI. The results of this study showed that the prevalence of CED was 20,7%. There was a significant relationship between maternal age, parity, gestational age, history of infectious diseases, knowledge, energy, and protein adequacy and CED in pregnant women (p <0,05). There was no significant relationship between income, anemia status, fat and carbohydrate adequacy, and the occurrence of CED (p> 0,05). In conclusion, the determinants of CED include maternal age, parity, gestational age, history of infection, knowledge, energy, and protein intake.

Analysis of Macronutrient Intake and the Incidence of Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) in Pregnant Women in Stunting Village, Argamakmur Sub-District, North Bengkulu Regency, Bengkulu Province

Background: The nutritional requirements of pregnant women significantly rise compared to their non-pregnant state, and failing to meet these heightened needs can lead to the development of Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED). This study was designed to investigate macronutrient intake and the prevalence of Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) in pregnant women residing in the Stunting Village area of Argamakmur Sub-District, North Bengkulu Regency, Bengkulu Province. Materials/Methods: This study was of a quantitative nature, employing a cross-sectional design. The population comprised all 165 pregnant women in Argamakmur Sub-District, North Bengkulu Regency, with a sample of 60 pregnant women selected through cluster sampling techniques. Data collection involved the use of a 3 x 24-hour food recall questionnaire. The analysis of the data was performed using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate methods. Result: The findings of this study indicated that over 50% of pregnant women had insufficient carbohydrate intake (56.7%), and 50% had inadequate protein intake, while 58.3% had deficient fat intake. There was a significant relationship between carbohydrate intake and the occurrence of Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) in pregnant women, as well as between protein intake and CED in pregnant women. Similarly, there was a significant relationship between fat intake and the incidence of CED in pregnant women in Argamakmur Sub-District, North Bengkulu Regency, with a p-value less than 0.05. Conclusion: Carbohydrate intake, protein intake, and fat intake are all associated with the occurrence of Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) in pregnant women. This underscores the importance of enhancing health services to provide nutritional education concerning maternal dietary intake during pregnancy. Such efforts aim to ensure that pregnant women consistently consume food that aligns with their nutritional requirements

Evaluasi Pemberian Makanan Tambahan pada Ibu Hamil dengan Kekurangan Energi Kronis (KEK) dari Program Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Tegal Angus Kabupaten Tangerang Tahun 2022

The condition of pregnant women who are at risk of CED can cause a decrease in the ability of the muscles that support the birth process. This can cause prolonged labor as well as bleeding, which is dangerous for the mother. Based on this, PT. Agung Sedayu Group pays special attention to the condition of chronic energy deficiency in pregnant women by creating a supplementary food program in the form of a unique and complete menu in the hope of helping to reduce the prevalence of chronic energy deficiency in pregnant women. The aim of this research is to find out how to evaluate the provision of additional food to pregnant women with chronic energy deficiency (KEK) from the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) program in the Tegal Angus Community Health Center work area in 2022. This type of research applies the Mixed Methods method with a Sequential Explanatory design The design starting from the first step of the research was carried out using quantitative methods and the second step was carried out using qualitative methods. Secondary data collection techniques were taken from Community Health Center data, while primary data were collected using in-depth interviews. Data analysis was carried out using the Wilxocon test. The research results showed that there were differences in the nutritional status of KEK pregnant women seen from LiLA with a significance value of 0.000 (p

Angraini Model as Effort to Early Detection of Chronic Energy Deficiency in Pregnancy

The prevalence of chronic energy deficiency in pregnant women in Indonesia is still high. This condition is one of the unresolved nutritional problems such as stunting. This study aims to develop the Angraini Model, as an effort to early detection of chronic energy deficiency in pregnancy. This research is a quantitative study with a case-control design on 190 CED and non-CED pregnant women in the city of Bandar Lampung. The research took time from October 2018 to July 2021. The data used in this study are 18 indicators and 7 latent variables. Latent variables consist of socioeconomic (education, employment, income, knowledge), culture (age, parity, food taboo), BMI (prepregnancy BMI), laboratory (anemia, iron status, protein status), food intake (energy, protein, fat carbohydrates, iron), weight gain during pregnancy (pregnancy weight gain), and CED (chronic energy deficiency). Data were analyzed using a structural equation model (SEM) with Lisrel software and then built into a web-based expert system. The results of the SEM analysis stated that food intake, laboratory values, and weight gain during pregnancy directly affect the incidence of CED. socioeconomic variables (knowledge, education, employment, and income), culture (age, parity, and food taboo), and prepregnancy BMI indirectly affect the incidence of CED through food intake variables. The model obtained based on SEM analysis is then built in a web-based expert system with the address modelangraini.com. The Angraini model is a web-based expert system that can be used to detect early CED in pregnant women for health workers in primary healthcare facilities.

The Effect of Deppamil Dangke in Increasung Upper Arm Circumference and Haemoglobin Levels in Pregnant Women with Chronic Energy Deficiency

The prevalence of chronic energy deficiency in pregnant women in Indonesia is relatively high, requiring some actions to be taken to lower it. This study aims to analyze the roles of deppamil dangke administration in increasing upper arm circumference and haemoglobin levels in pregnant women with chronic energy deficiency (CED) in Enrekang Regency. This research is of the quasi-experimental type with a non-equivalent control group design. The population consisted of 28 CED pregnant women with gestational age >20 weeks using exhaustive sampling technique, there were two test groups involved, namely, an intervention group and a control group, each consisting of 14 samples. The intervention group was given deppamil dangke 6 pieces/day (60 gr) plus government food supplement while the control group was given government food supplement 3 pieces/day (100 gr) with an intervention duration of 18 weeks. UAC and haemoglobin levels were measured before and after the intervention. The results of this study indicated that there was an increase in the size of UAC in both groups but not significantly different as both the intervention and control groups experienced increases in upper arm circumference with the same p value (p = 0.001). But it was significant in increasing the hemoglobin level of CED pregnant women because the intervention group experienced a significant increase with a p- value of 0.020 while the control group had a p value of 0.506. Future.

ANTHROPOMETRIC PATTERN AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS AT DAI NAM UNIVERSITY IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2022- 2023

Aims: To investigate the nutritional status of Dai Nam University students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 418 undergraduate students in the academic year 2022-2023. Anthropometric indices were measured. The questionnaire was used to collect data on epidemiological characteristics, daily diet, and living conditions. Nutritional status was classified using body mass index (BMI) cut-offs proposed by the World Health Organization Western Pacific Region in 2000. Results: The average height and weight were, respectively, 165.3 ± 9.7 cm and 64.0 ± 11.1 kg in boys, and 160.6 ± 7.8 cm and 48.5 ± 6.6 kg in girls. The average BMI (kg/m2) was 23.6 ± 4.9 in boys and 18.9 ± 3.1 in girls. The rates of chronic energy deficiency, overweight, and obesity were respectively 36.4%, 7.7%, and 13.2% in the cohort (10.1%, 12.2%, 23.1% in boys and 49.5%, 5.4%, 3.22% in girls). Conclusions: The study highlighted the high prevalence of chronic energy deficiency and overweight-obesity among students at Dai Nam University. The university and families need to pay more attention to the dietary regime and organize nutrition education sessions for students.

Diet, Pregnancy Distance, and Age at Marriage with Chronic Energy Deficiency (KEK) in Pregnant Women

Kronic energy deficiency (kekurangan energy kronis/KEK) is condition someone that suffer food shortage regularly (Chronic) marked humerus (LILA) <23,5 cm with the result that appearing health problems. Prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (KEK) in expectant mother at year 2013 nationally is 24,2% and decrease be 17,3% at years 2018 based Riskesda data 2018. This research have urpose to know relationship nourishment system, Spacing pregnancy, and marriageable age toward chronic energy deficiency (KEK) at Puskesmas Tongauna Utara occupation area in years 2021. This research as analistical observation research by approach “Cross Sectional Study” And have conducted in date 29 March-03 at Puskesmas Tongauna Utara occupation area. Sample in the research is 49 expectant mother. This research using “total sampling technique” is technique taking sample same with population. Then, this research using “Pearson Correlation” statistics test. The result of this research show that expectant mother which have goodn ourishment system is 51,0%, then have not nourishment system enough is 49,0%, expectant mother that have spacing high risk pregnancy is 16,3% then, that have not risk to pregnancy is 83,7%. The expectant mother have risk to marriageable age is 12,2% then, the expectant mother have not risk to marriageable age is 87,8%. The result of try out using spearmen correlation show that there is not relationship nourishment system toward expectant mother KEK (P = 0,376), spacing pregnancy toward expectant mother KEK (P = 0,4420), marriageable age toward expectant mother KEK (P = 0,165).

Relationship Between Knowledge and the Incidence of Chronic Energy Deficiency in Pregnant Women

Background: The prevalence of Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) in pregnant women based on the results of the 2018 Basic Health Research is 17.3%, this result is quite high so that efforts to prevent SEZ must be carried out early.
 Methods: This research is a quantitative study with 98 samples of shampoo, the data were analyzed by SPSS version 23.
 Results: The results of the study showed that there was a relationship between knowledge and CED based on the results of p value = 0.043.
 Discussion: The importance of providing counseling and education to pregnant women to maintain a nutritional balance so that the risk of CED and LBW can be avoided. Conclusion: There is a relationship between knowledge and the risk of CED in pregnant women

Traditional food consumption pattern and nutritional status of Oraons: An Asian Indian indigenous community

IntroductionFood consumption is an intensive social activity and can be considered a cultural artifact, reflecting the intricate process of sociocultural differentiation in shaping eating habits. Food has a positive effect on a person's health, physical performance, and state of mind. The nutritional composition of a person's diet plays a significant role in their overall health and development. Moreover, tribal cuisine is incomplete without a traditional drink. Rice beer, or handia, is one such indigenous alcoholic-fermented beverage that serves as a staple food.MethodsThis exploratory cross-sectional study was conducted from January, 2018 to December, 2020 to explore the traditional food practices of the Oraon community through a combination of one-to-one interviews, focus group discussions, and measurements. This study also involved the documentation of individual food recipes, from collection to preparation. To assess nutrient intake, we used a 24-h dietary recall method for 200 Oraon families comprising 466 adults and 193 children. Anthropometric measurements, such as body mass index (BMI) for adults and height-for-age and BMI-for-age z-score methods for children, recommended by the WHO, were taken and recorded using standard procedures. Additionally, the nutrient content of handia was analyzed.ResultsThe mean (SD) height, weight, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), and BMI of the Oraon people were analyzed. The combined overall prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (CED) (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) was 39% (37% in men and 40.3% in women). The prevalence of overweight and obesity (BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2) was found to be 7.1% among only women. The average daily energy intake was calculated to be 2,290 kcal per capita. It is worth noting that the food and nutrient consumption of the Oraon tribe was largely consistent with the recommended daily allowances/intakes (RDA/RDI). The consumption of root and tuber products was particularly high. The Oraon tribe was found to have a familiar intake of animal protein in the form of meat, including common periwinkles (Littorina littorea). The study also discovered a remarkable array of unique, region-specific festive foods. The consumption of nutrient-rich fermented rice beer was especially noteworthy.ConclusionThe present study provides insight into the traditional food practices of the Oraon tribe in West Bengal. It also highlights that their indigenous food consumption patterns have undergone significant changes as a result of admixture with other communities. To address these dietary issues, it is recommended that regional, need-based planning, and effective intervention programs be implemented. To ensure the proper maintenance of the Oraon tribe's traditional food practices, the cultivation of kitchen gardens and the domestication of wild, edible plants, such as seeds and tubers, may be helpful. Moreover, promoting the consumption of macronutrient-fortified handia, an indigenous beverage with high medicinal benefits, could be effective in combating hidden hunger among adults.

The Analysis Of Factors Related To The Prevalence Of Chronic Energy Deficiency (Ced) In Pregnant Women

Latar Belakang: Angka kematian ibu Indonesia Tahun 2018 menunjukkan bahwa AKI adalah sebesar 305 kematian ibu per 100.000 kelahiran hidup. Ibu meninggal akibat komplikasi yang terjadi dari buruknya status gizi ibu dan pada akhirnya berdampak kepada kondisi kesehatannya begitu juga dengan kondisi janin yang dilahirkan. Prevalensi KEK wanita hamil usia subur (15-49 tahun) di indonesia adalah sebesar 17.3%.Tujuan Penelitian: Untuk melakukan review pada beberapa literature terkait faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan Kejadian Kekurangan Energi Kronik (KEK) pada Ibu Hamil.Metode Penelitian: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode literature review. Artikel dikumpulkan dengan melakukan penelusuran/ pencarian jurnal menggunakan Google Search atau bibliografi dari artikel yang ditelusur dan google scholarly. Literature review ini menggunakan literature terbitan tahun 2016-2019 yang dapat diakses fulltext dalam format pdf.Hasil literature review: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Ada hubungan yang signifikan antara umur, ada hubungan pendapatan keluarga, ada hubungan pengetahuan, ada hubungan pendidikan, dan ada hubungan paritas dengan kejadian KEK pada ibu hamil.Kesimpulan dan Saran: Penelitian diatas menunjukkan adanya hubungan antara umur, pendapatan keluarga, pengetahuan, pendidikan, dan ada hubungan paritas dengan kejadian KEK pada ibu hamil.Saran diharapkan kepada lahan penelitian, penelitian ini dapat menjadi bahan masukan dalam mengambil kebijakan dalam mengatasi kejadian kekurangan energi kronik (KEK) pada ibu hamil. Kata kunci: Ibu hamil KEK, Umur, Pendapatan Keluarga, Pengetahuan, Pendidikan, Paritas. ABSTRACT Background: Indonesia's maternal mortality rate in 2018 shows that the MMR is 305 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. The high maternal mortality rate is due to complications that occur from the poor nutritional status of the woman and ultimately impact her health condition as well as the condition of the fetus being born. The prevalence of pregnant women with CED of childbearing age (15-49 years) in Indonesia is 17.3%.Objectives: To review some literature related to factors associated with the prevalence of Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) in Pregnant Women.Research Methods: This study uses the literature review method. Articles are collected by conducting a journal search using Google Search or a bibliography of the articles searched with Google Scholar. This literature review uses literature published in 2016-2019, which can be accessed in full-text in pdf format.Results: The results of the study show that there is a significant relationship between age, family income, knowledge, education, and parity with the incidence of CED in pregnant women.Conclusions: The above research shows a relationship between age, family income, knowledge, and education, and there is a relationship between parity and the incidence of CED in pregnant women.Suggestion The research field is expected to be used as input for policymaking in overcoming the incidence of chronic energy deficiency (CED) in pregnant women. Keywords: Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED); Pregnant women; Factors related to CED

The Role of the Youth Counselors to Improve the Nutritional Status of Youth in Wet Areas (Experimental Study in Aluh-Aluh District, Banjar Regency)

AIM: Nutritional problems in adolescent girls are iron deficiency anemia, thin adolescents, and chronic lack of energy. Banjar district has a prevalence of anemia of 23.54%, the prevalence of thin and very thin adolescents is 9.78% and 2.90%, while the prevalence of chronic energy deficiency is 1.35%. One factor that influences health problems is knowledge. Increased knowledge can be provided through health education. One technique that can carry out health education in adolescents is to conduct counselor intervention. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to know the difference in knowledge, attitudes, hemoglobin (Hb) levels, upper arm circumference, and body mass index (BMI) between before education and after education. METHODS: This study uses a quasi-experimental intervention as adolescent counselors who provide education about nutrition to young women at SMAN 1 Aluh-Aluh. The variables identified were Hb levels, upper arm circumference, and BMI before and after education by the counselor. Education was given in three meetings; each meeting identified the knowledge and attitudes of adolescents about nutrition. The number of samples is 53 people taken by incidental sampling. RESULTS: Knowledge data showed a significant difference before education by the counselor and after the first education (p = 0.000), there was no significant difference after the first and second education (p = 0.533), there was a significant difference after the second and third education (p = 0.000). Attitude data showed that there was no significant difference between attitudes before education and after the first education (p = 0.350), there was no significant difference between the first and second education (p = 0.991), and there was a significant difference between the second and third education (p = 0.000). Hb level data showed that there was no significant difference before counselor education and after education (p = 0.410). Upper arm circumference data showed that there was a significant difference before and after counseling by the counselor (p = 0.019). BMI data showed that there was no significant difference before and after education by counselors (p = 0.418). CONCLUSION: Adolescent counselors can improve knowledge and attitudes about nutrition and increase the size of the upper arm circumference of adolescents in wetland areas.

Diet Quality, Nutritional Adequacy and Anthropometric Status among Indigenous Women of Reproductive Age Group (15-49 Years) in India: A Narrative Review.

In India, indigenous communities are nutritionally vulnerable, with indigenous women suffering the greater burden. Studies and surveys have reported poor nutritional outcomes among indigenous women in India, yet systematic documentation of community-specific nutrition data is lacking. We conducted a narrative review of 42 studies to summarise the nutritional profile of indigenous women of India, with details on their food and nutrient intakes, dietary diversity, traditional food consumption and anthropometric status. Percentage deficits were observed in intake of pulses, green leafy vegetables, fruits, vegetables, flesh foods and dairy products when compared with recommended dietary intakes for moderately active Indian women. Indices of diet quality in indigenous women were documented in limited studies, which revealed poor dietary diversity as well as low consumption of diverse traditional foods. A high risk of nutritional inadequacy was reported in all communities, especially for iron, calcium, and vitamin A. Prevalence of chronic energy deficiency was high in most communities, with dual burden of malnutrition in indigenous women of north-eastern region. Findings from this review can thus help guide future research and provide valuable insights for policymakers and program implementers on potential interventions for addressing specific nutritional issues among indigenous women of India.

Under-Two Children Hunger Levels in Indonesia

Objective: To analyze the hunger level of toddlers under 2 years old using the Under-two Children Hunger Index (CHI). Methods: This study used secondary data from the Indonesian Basic Health Survey 2018. This study focused on the development of measurement for under-two children hunger index (CHI) using six indicators of the prevalence of chronic energy deficiency in pregnant women; the prevalence of risk height of pregnant women; the prevalence of under-two children who never being breastfeed; the prevalence of malnutrition for under-two children; the prevalence of wasting for under-two children; and the prevalence of stunting for under-two children. These six indicators were weighted differently and were calculated using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method.Results: The calculation of CHI using loading factors as weighted indicators has a higher precision with the percentage of 94.12 percent. With a 2018 CHI score of 46.40, Indonesia is at a serious CHI level. From the 34 provinces in Indonesia, 47.06% of provinces are at an extremely alarming level, 8.82% are at an alarming level, 17.65% are at a serious level, 17.65% are at a moderate level, and 8.82% are at a low level. Efforts can be performed by the government to increase the CHI based on the 6 indicators mentioned above.Conclusion: Based on this analysis, 25 provinces need attention in terms of the CHI level with six, three, and sixteen provinces suffered from a serious, alarming, and extremely alarming levels of CHI, respectively. Nevertheless, CHI is dynamic and should be updated annually to assess the province’s achievement in eradicating hunger. This time-series data is very important to evaluate government programs and programs to accelerate the eradication of under-two children's hunger should focus on the six indicators in this study.

Analysis of Determinan of Stunting Prevalence among Stunted Toddlers in Indonesia

Stunting is regarded as one of the nutritional problems in Indonesia. The prevalence of stunted toddlers in Indonesia showed a decline from 37.2 percent in 2013 to 30.8 percent in 2018. However, this was still far from the WHO target, which should be less than 20 percent. There were two objectives of this study, firstly, to determine the general condition of health and nutrition of toddlers as well as the general condition of households in Indonesia. The second one was to examine the determinants of stunting in toddlers. The data were obtained from Riskesdas 2018, Podes 2018, and population projections per district/city from Statistics Indonesia. The method was carried out using descriptive and inferential analysis. The findings showed that all regions in Indonesia, excluding DKI Jakarta, experienced cases of stunted toddlers categorized in high and very high categories. The regression results confirmed that the prevalence of malnutrition toddlers, the prevalence of obese toddlers, complete basic immunization coverage, the prevalence of chronic energy deficiency in women of childbearing age, the proportion of villages that had adequate midwives per population, as well as the coverage of access and clean water sources had a significant effect on the prevalence of stunted toddlers in Indonesia. The case of stunted toddlers was mainly caused by poverty, bad lifestyle, inadequate health services, and low access to clean water. Therefore, the government policies are then needed, especially those related to socio-economic determinants.

Milk supplementation increases mid-upper arm circumference and haemoglobin level among pregnant women in Kupang, Indonesia: Evidence from a regression discontinuity design

Introduction: The high prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (CED) and anaemia among pregnant women in Indonesia is worrying. Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) is one of the provinces in Indonesia with the highest prevalence of CED. This study aimed to determine the effect of fortified milk supplementation on changes in mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and haemoglobin level among pregnant women. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted in three locations of Community Health Centers in NTT from May to August 2019. Purposive sampling was used to recruit 69 pregnant women who were divided into two groups based on haemoglobin levels; the intervention group consisted of 31 pregnant women with haemoglobin levels below 11 g/dL, and control group consisted of 38 pregnant women with haemoglobin levels above 11 g/dL. Intervention group was provided with fortified milk supplementation, while control group received education about prevention of CED and anaemia. Data were analysed using regression discontinuity design with haemoglobin of 11 g/dL as cut-off. Results: Using regression discontinuity method, we were able to determine the effect of milk supplementation based on haemoglobin levels and confirm the result that milk supplementation significantly increased MUAC by 4.69 cm. Despite no discontinuity found, a positive increase of 0.98 g/dL in haemoglobin level was important to note. Conclusion: Milk supplementation of 300 kcal/day for three months significantly increased MUAC and to some extent, increased haemoglobin level. Thus, it should be considered when planning nutrition programmes to improve the nutritional status of pregnant women.

FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KEJADIAN KEKURANGAN ENERGI KRONIS (KEK) PADA IBU HAMIL DI DESA SUKAJAYA LEMPASING KECAMATAN TELUK PANDAN KABUPATEN PESAWARAN TAHUN 2020

The prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (CED) in pregnant women in Lampung Province shows a fairly high number of 21.3%. This study aims to determine the factors that influence the incidence of CED in pregnant women in Sukajaya Lempasing Village, Teluk Pandan District, Pesawaran Regency in 2020. This study is a quantitative study, with a case sample of 43 pregnant women who experienced CED and a sample of 86 pregnant women who did not experience CED. This research is a correlation study with a case control approach. Data collection tools in the form of a check list sheet with Chi Square statistical test analysis technique. In the statistical test, the proportion of pregnant women who experienced CED was 43 (33.3%), pregnant women with low family income 30 (69.8%), pregnant women with risk parity 28 (65.1%), and pregnant women with a distance pregnancies at risk of 30 (69.8%). The results of the study showed that there was a relationship between low family income and the incidence of CED in pregnant women (p-value = 0.000), there was relationship between a parity with risk and the incidence of CED in pregnant women (p-value = 0.000), there was relationship between a distance pregnancies with risk and the incidence of CED in pregnant women ( p value = 0.000). The results of this study are expected to be input for Sukajaya Lempasing Village, Teluk Pandan District, Pesawaran Regency regarding prevention and treatment of pregnant women so that they can reduce the incidence of chronic energy deficiency.

Energy Intake and Food Restriction as Determinant Factors of Chronic Energy Deficiency among Pregnant Women in Rural Area of Sungai Sembilan, Riau, Indonesia

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: Maternal malnutrition is a major public health problem in Indonesia which is shown by high prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (CED) among pregnant women. CED was expressed by the measurement of Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) showing value less than 23.5 cm.
 AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to identify the factors associated with chronic energy deficiency among pregnant women in rural area, Riau Province.
 METHODOLOGY: A community- based cross sectional study was conducted among 130 samples of pregnant women in Sungai Sembilan Community Health Center in June 2020. Data was collected using structured and field-study questionnaires. Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) was measured by MUAC tape. Energy and protein intake were assessed using 24-hour food recall. Multiple logistic regression was employed to analyse factors associated with CED by using SPSS version 20.
 RESULTS: The prevalence of CED among pregnant women was 64.9%. Age of mothers, food restriction, infection disease status, protein and energy intake were associated significantly with CED. Furthermore, energy intake and food restriction in pregnancy were risk factors of CED (AOR = 3.04, 95% CI: 1.1 – 8.3 and AOR = 6.73, 95% CI: 1.33 – 33.9, respectively). We found that proportion of energy intake below 80% RDA and mothers with food restriction were higher among CED group.
 CONCLUSION: High prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (CED) was found among pregnant women. Hence, innovative intervention was required to overcome this problem.

The Effectiveness of the Monitoring Card on the Motivation of Pregnant Women with Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) in Monitoring Pregnancy Development in West Lombok Regency

Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) is a condition in which a person's nutritional status is poor due to a lack of consumption of food sources of energy that contain macronutrients. The results of Basic Health Research 2013, showed that CED in pregnant women was 24.1%, decreased in 2018 by 17.3%, in West Lombok Regency in 2018, the prevalence of CED was 13.36%. , and increased in 2019 to 14.0%. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the monitoring card on the motivation of pregnant women with CED in monitoring pregnancy development in the West Lombok Regency. This study is a quasi-experimental study with a total sample of 52 people, which were divided into an intervention group and a control group. The data collected were in the form of pregnancy development monitoring data, pre-test and post-test data on the motivation of pregnant women. The results of the Independent T-test statistic in the pre-test showed that there was no difference in the mean motivation of pregnant women with CED (p-value: 0.828; p > 0.05). While the post-test results obtained a P-value: 0.001 it can be concluded that there is a difference in the average motivation score between CED pregnant women who are given a monitoring card and CED pregnant women with the MCH Handbook. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the monitoring card is effective in increasing the motivation of pregnant women with CED in monitoring the progress of the pregnancy.