Prevalence Of Carious Lesions Research Articles

Status Quo and Advanced Progress in Oral Health Care and Treatment of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literatiure Review.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has become one of the fastest growing diseases in the world, causing a great burden to ASD children's families and society. Children with ASD face more disadvantages relating to their oral health than those without ASD. There is a positive correlation between prevalence of caries lesions and severity of ASD. Poorer oral hygiene, higher detection rates of dental calculus and far more frequent cases of gingivitis occur in children with ASD. Traumatic injuries and various types of malocclusions are more frequent in children with ASD. Poorer oral health care and treatment status are caused by multiple adverse factors. Ways of promoting effective oral health care and treatment include pretreatment counselling; improvement of the individualised treatment environment; routine behaviour guidance techniques (BGTs) including tell-show-do, distraction, role model presentation, voice control, visual education and social stories, encouragement and reinforcement; targeted BGTs including visual education, behaviour modelling, applied behaviour analysis (ABA) and systematic desensitisation; passive BGTs including protective restraint, pharmaceutically administrated sedation and general anaesthesia; oral health education for guardians; and interdisciplinary collaboration and professional dental care/treatment. Dentists, families with children with ASD and schools should cooperate to improve family-centred oral health care and treatment for ASD children not only in China, but also the whole world.

Endodontic treatments on permanent teeth in pediatric patients aged 6–12 years old

The prevalence of carious lesions and traumatic injury in individuals between ages 6 and 12 is high. This study aimed to characterize pediatric patients aged 6–12 treated in the endodontic clinic and investigate the prevalence and patterns of their provided endodontic treatments. Clinical and radiographic records of patients (ages 6–12) referred to the postgraduate Endodontics clinic from June 2017 to June 2020 were reviewed. Demographics, pre-and post-operative conditions, type of endodontic treatment, and behavioral management were collected. A total of 6350 teeth from 6089 patients were treated in this period, and 425 teeth (6.7%) from 405 patients were included. Ages 9–11 were the most commonly treated age group. Significantly more lower molars (41.9%) and upper anterior teeth (36.7%) were treated ( P < 0.05). The majority of teeth were diagnosed with pulp necrosis (39.5%), and the most common periapical diagnosis was normal apical tissues (39.8%), then symptomatic apical periodontitis (38.8%). The most common etiological factor was caries (63.5%). Two hundred six teeth (48.5%) were treated with root canal therapy, 161 teeth (37.9%) with vital pulp therapy, 46 teeth (10.8%) with apexification or regenerative endodontic procedure, 12 teeth (2.8%) with non-surgical retreatment. A statistically high number of patients (87.8%) tolerated the endodontic procedures without any sedation ( P < 0.0001). Pediatric patients aged 6–12 compose around 7% of the population treated at the postgraduate Endodontics clinic, reflecting the high demand for endodontic treatment in a pediatric mixed dentition population.

A Healthier Smile in the Past? Dental Caries and Diet in Early Neolithic Farming Communities from Central Germany.

Dental health is closely linked to an individual’s health and diet. This bioarcheological study presents dental caries and stable isotope data obtained from prehistoric individuals (n = 101) from three Early Neolithic sites (c. 5500-4800 BCE) in central Germany. Dental caries and ante-mortem tooth loss (AMTL) were recorded and related to life history traits such as biological sex and age at death. Further, we correlate evidence on caries to carbon and nitrogen isotope data obtained from 83 individuals to assess the relationship between diet and caries. In 68.3% of the adults, carious lesions were present, with 10.3% of teeth affected. If AMTL is considered, the values increase by about 3%. The prevalence of subadults (18.4%) was significantly lower, with 1.8% carious teeth. The number of carious teeth correlated significantly with age but not sex. The isotopic data indicated an omnivorous terrestrial diet composed of domestic plants and animal derived protein but did not correlate with the prevalence of carious lesions. The combined evidence from caries and isotope analysis suggests a prevalence of starchy foods such as cereals in the diet of these early farmers, which aligns well with observations from other Early Neolithic sites but contrasts to Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age populations in Germany.

Prevalence of White Spot Caries Lesions in Primary Teeth in Preschool Children: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

The first clinically detectable stage of caries lesion is a non-cavitated white spot lesion (WSL). The detection of early stages of caries lesions allows non-invasive management by fluoride usage, oral hygiene and diet control. There is a lack of information in the literature regarding the prevalence of these caries lesions in preschool children, which is important especially for public health strategies. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review with meta-analysis to verify the WSLs prevalence in primary teeth of preschool children. A literature search with MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Open Gray databases was conducted. Included studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Meta-analyses were performed using random effects model, for prevalence of pooled WSLs and subgroups analyses. The search strategy identified 4922 potentially relevant articles, with final inclusion of 16 studies. The pooled prevalence of WSLs in primary teeth was 14.0% (95% CI: 8.0-24.0), without publication bias (p=0.2668). For subgroup analyses, an increase in WSLs prevalence for children of low-income economy (24.0%; 95% CI: 20.0-28.0), for age >31 months (22.0%; 95% CI: 12.0-37.0), for validated visual criteria assessment (20.0%; 95% CI: 11.0-33.0), and for tactile assessment with ball-ended probe (26.0%; 95% CI: 11-50.0) were detected. It is suggested that the prevalence of WSLs in primary teeth of preschool children increases in countries with low income economy, with age greater than 31 months or texture assessment with visual validated criteria or ball-ended probe. PROSPERO Registration: Protocol number #CDR42017078434.

Dental caries and academic performance in schoolchildren from a Peruvian public educational institution

Objective: To compare the prevalence of dental caries through the DMFT /dmft index with the low academic performance in schoolchildren at a public school in Lima. Methods: Observational, analytical, cross-sectional, prospective design. The sample was made up of schoolchildren aged 10 to 12 from the Fortaleza de Vitarte Educational Institution N o . 1239, from the period 2019. The sample size was made up of 136 schoolchildren who met the inclusion criteria. Dental evaluations were performed after dental hygiene and a record of the odontogram was taken using the DMFT / dmft index, to determine the presence of dental caries. Likewise, the record of grades was collected to obtain academic performance. Results: A high prevalence of dental caries was found in schoolchildren (94.9%), with moderate lesions prevailing (36.8%) compared to healthy teeth (5.1%). Likewise, the prevalence of carious lesions in children aged 11 years (50.7%), followed by 12 years (26.5%) and 10 years (22.8%), an increase is observed between the ages of 10 years and 11 years. In addition, a low academic performance of (10.3%) was presented, being the distribution in males (6%) and in females (3.7%). It was found that the DMFT +dmft are homogeneous in approved children and children with low performance both in age and sex, meaning that there is no statistically significant difference between both variables (p&gt; 0.05). Conclusion: Despite the high prevalence of dental caries, it does not show a correlation with low academic performance in schoolchildren aged 10 to 12 according to the DMFT / dmft index.

Evaluation of the dental status in special needs children

Introduction: Contemporary literature suggests that individuals with chronic diseases or special needs tend to have worse oral health, compared to the healthy population. Aim: The aim of this study is tо research the distribution of caries lesions in children with special needs. Materials and Methods: The observation was performed using the dmft/DMFT index. Results and Discussion: The total average dmft/dmf(T+t)/DMFT index was 14.28± 2.95. The final value of the index was higher in children from the youngest group 12 years (0.37 ± 0.59). The results from the registration of the dental status described a high prevalence of carious lesions in special needs children (SNC) treated under general anesthesia, which was a result of the main systemic disease and the side effects, experienced from the prescribed medicaments. Other reasons for the high carious lesion count in these children were the absence of proper oral hygiene habits due to sensory impairment and pain from complicated carious lesions, as well as neglected oral health due to care for the main systemic disorder. Conclusion: In SNC it is very important to focus on prophylaxis and special care for control of oral hygiene.

Association of parenting style with the behaviour and caries prevalence of preschool children

Objective: This study aimed to associate parenting styles (democratic, authoritarian, and permissive) with the behaviour, and prevalence of caries lesions among preschool children submitted to dental care. Methods: At the initial consultation, preschool children (n = 67), from two to six years of age, were evaluated for behaviour through the Frankl scale. The parenting styles were investigated through the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire - Reduced Version (PSDQ) and the prevalence of caries lesions through the dmft index. Sociodemographic and economic data were collected. The chi-squared test was used for association among parenting styles, dmft index, type of behaviour (dichotomised as positive and negative), and the following independent variables: socioeconomic level, single child, school attendance, and educational level of the person in charge. ANOVA followed by the Tukey test were used to compare the mean dmft and parenting styles. Results: The majority of preschoolers presented positive behaviour (83.6%), and the dmft mean was 4.76 (± 3.43). Of the total, 49.3% were democratic, 44.8% were permissive, and 6% were authoritarian. There was no association between parenting styles and all variables investigated (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Considering the results, it can be observed that there was no association among parenting styles, caries prevalence, and behaviour of the preschool children in an initial dental consultation.

Prevalence of caries and gingivitis in 2- to 4-year-old children attending daycare centers managed by the Chilean National Kindergartens Board (JUNJI) and municipal schools, Valdivia

Objective: To determine the prevalence of carious lesions and gingivitis in 2- to 4-year-old children attending JUNJI daycare centers and urban municipal schools in the city of Valdivia, Chile. Material and method: Descriptive cross-sectional study. A population of 182 two-year-old children and 285 four-year-old children were examined. Subjects were selected by stratified random sampling. All subjects were enrolled in daycare centers managed by JUNJI and municipal schools in the city of Valdivia. An oral examination was performed to measure the DMFT and hemorrhagic indexes according to the WHO diagnostic criteria. The presence of cavitated carious lesions and gingivitis was determined, resulting in descriptive statistics according to age and gender. Results: The prevalence of caries was 12.6% in two-year-old children and 41% in four-year-olds, respectively. The prevalence of gingivitis was 36.8% at 2 years of age and 70.5% at 4 years. There were no significant differences by gender at 2 years of age (p=1) or at 4 years (p=0.37). Two year-old children have significantly fewer carious lesions and gingivitis less frequently than four-year-olds (p=&lt;.001). Conclusion: Two year-old children have a lower prevalence of carious lesions and gingivitis than four-year-old ones. No relationship between the variables and gender was found.

Clinical Consequences of Untreated Dental Caries Evaluated with the Pulpal Involvement-Roots-Sepsis Index in the Primary Dentition of School Children from the Raipur and Durg Districts, Chhattisgarh State, India

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of the clinical consequences of untreated dental caries in primary dentition among 6- to 8-year-old children using the prs [pulpal involvement (p), roots (r) and sepsis (s)] index and record the distribution of prs among boys and girls.Subjects and Methods: The study included a sample of 371 children aged 6-8 years with at least one carious primary molar tooth, who had been randomly selected from schools in the districts of Raipur and Durg, Chhattisgarh State, India. We recorded the presence of decayed, extracted and filled (i.e. def) teeth. The prevalence of the consequences of untreated dental caries was evaluated using the prs index. The data were statistically analyzed to express the prevalence of prs among boys and girls and the distribution of individual prs codes in the sample population. Results: The prevalence of carious lesions was very high (87%) and teeth with clinical consequences of untreated dental caries were found in 49.3% of the children. The prs distribution in children who were 8 years old (40.9%) was higher than in the 6-year-old children (25.6%). In the group of 8-year-olds, the occurrence of prs was greater among the boys whereas in the 6- and 7-year-old group, it was greater among the girls. Conclusion: The prs index is a valuable tool for measuring the clinical consequences of untreated dental caries. It could be useful for epidemiological studies and provide relevant information regarding treatment needs.

Dietary patterns during the early prehispanic settlement in La Gomera (Canary Islands)

The dietary pattern of 10 adults interred in the Acceso al Pescante de Vallehermoso cave (La Gomera, Canary Islands), dated from 1600 to 1800 years BP, has been investigated using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope signatures, bone barium and strontium levels, and dental and oral pathologies. In addition, trabecular bone mass – as a parameter useful to evaluate overall nutrition – was also determined. The majority of the studied individuals died before 35 years. Diet was mixed, mainly based on C 3 plants and probably sea snails. The prevalence of carious lesions was low, but the intensity of dental attrition was high. They did not show osteopenia, but bone mass was lower among those who died at earlier ages. Based on anatomical characteristics it was inferred that the majority of individuals buried in this cave were women. This sex determination was confirmed by DNA molecular sexing using the amelogenin gene. There were no gender differences in dietary pattern or bone mass.

Salivary Glucosyltransferase B as a Possible Marker for Caries Activity

Bacteria-derived glucosyltransferases (Gtf) (EC 2.4.1.5), through synthesizing glucan polymers from sucrose and starch hydrolysates, play an essential role in the etiology and pathogenesis of caries. We attempted to correlate the levels of Gtf in whole saliva with the prevalence of carious lesions in young children. We examined saliva from children who were either free of overt carious lesions, or had severe early childhood caries (mean dmfs = 18.72 ± 9.0 SD), for Gtf by direct enzyme assay. The levels of GtfB, GtfC and GtfD from Streptococcus mutans in the saliva using monoclonal/specific antibodies in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were determined. Multiple logistic regression analyses with model selection showed that GtfB levels correlated with dmfs values of the subjects (p = 0.006). There was no correlation between total Gtf activity as measured by direct enzyme assay and dmfs values. There was a strong correlation between mutans streptococci populations in saliva and caries activity. Collectively, these data show that GtfB levels in saliva correlate strongly with presence of clinical caries and with number of carious lesions in young children. It is also possible to measure different Gtfs, separately, in whole saliva. These observations may have important clinical implications, may lead to development of a chair side caries activity test and support the importance of GtfB in the pathogenesis of dental caries.

Effect of a School's Naturally Fluoridated Water on the Prevalence of Carious Lesions*

These writers explored a situation in which fluoridated water consumed only at school reduced the caries‐attack rate.

An evaluation in rats of the relationship between the frequency of providing food and the caries-producing ability of diets

A mechanical device was used to offer food to caries-susceptible rats for limited, reproducible periods throughout each day of the 60-day experimental period. When cariogenic diet 2700 was provided for four 60-min or four 84-min periods each day, the rate of growth was good and highly significant reductions in the prevalence of dental caries occurred in the occlusal sulci and on the smooth surfaces. When an additional four 84-min feedings of either sucrose or diet 2700 were offered, major increases in carious lesions occurred. When four daily 84-min feedings of Purina Laboratory Meal were alternated with four daily 84-min feedings of sucrose or diet 2700, the prevalence of carious lesions in both groups was significantly less than when diet 2700 was fed ad libitum throughout the day. The periodic feeding device and the general procedure employed proved to be worthwhile for the evaluation of the caries-producing potential of a diet or a food item, such as sucrose, when fed intermittently.