Prevalence Of Allergic Rhinitis Research Articles

A Conceptual Review of Allergic Rhinitis According to Ayurveda

The study focuses on the global health concern of allergic rhinitis, a condition that affects approximately 400 million people worldwide. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis characterized by recurrent attacks of sneezing, nasal congestion and rhinorrhoea has increased over the years due to urbanization and environmental pollution. Although modern medicine has developed treatments for allergic rhinitis, it is still incurable. In Ayurveda, there is a concept of Sannipatik disorders, which involves the vitiation of all the three Doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha) in the pathophysiology of the disease. Sannipatik diseases are known to be particularly challenging to treat. The symptoms of allergic rhinitis closely resemble the diseased condition called Sannipatik Pratishayaya in Ayurveda. While modern medicine offers anti-allergic, antihistaminic, corticosteroids, and other treatment options, these are not entirely effective in curing the disease or preventing its recurrence. Additionally, these treatments often come with their own side effects. In contrast, Ayurvedic classical texts provide detailed explanation of the pathophysiology, sign and symptoms and principles of treatment for effective management for Sannipatik Pratishayaya. Thus, the Ayurvedic concept of Sannipatik Pratishyaya and its understanding can be helpful in managing allergic rhinitis. Aim- The aim of the article is to correlate symptomatology of Sannipatik Pratishyaya with allergic rhinitis and discuss the role of various treatment modalities according to Ayurveda. Methods- Literary review of various Ayurvedic texts, electronic databases; online Journals in the field available at various search portals. Result-The final outcome of the study is to find out a permanent treatment measure for this problem that can be further tested by practical application.

The Relationship of Climate Change to Rhinitis

Evidence is mounting that climate change is having a significant impact on exacerbations of rhinitis. Concomitantly, the prevalence of allergic rhinitis is increasing at an accelerated rate. We herein explore the impact of carbon dioxide, barometric pressure and humidity changes, anthropogenic pollutants, on aeroallergens and rhinitis hypersensitivity. Important immune mechanisms underlying the climate-driven effects on rhinitis are discussed. Also, climate change is shifting ecological zones and seasons, increasing weather extremes, and altering regional atmospheric and environmental conditions. The direct impact of these factors on promoting allergic and nonallergic rhinitis are reviewed.

Incidence of grass and weed sensitization in Bangkok, Thailand: a clinical study.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a prevalent public health concern globally, significantly impacting quality of life. In Thailand, the prevalence of AR is rising, with grass and weed pollen identified as primary outdoor triggers. This study aimed to (1) assess patterns of pollen sensitization in Thai AR patients and (2) investigate correlations between demographics/clinical data and SPT results. A total of 121 individuals aged ≥18 years with clinically diagnosed AR were recruited. Skin prick testing (SPT) was performed using a panel of commonly encountered tropical grass and weed pollen extracts. SPT wheal sizes and clinical symptom scores were recorded. Correlations between SPT outcomes and symptom scores were analyzed. Among the participants, 104 (85.95%) exhibited positive SPT reactions to at least one pollen type. Nutsedge (76/121), para grass (57/121), and Bermuda grass (48/121) were the most frequently identified allergens. Hurricane grass elicited the strongest reaction, evidenced by the highest average wheal size (6.2 mm). Poly-sensitization was observed in 77 (63.6%) of the SPT-positive individuals, with most cases involving two different pollen extracts (35/77). Notably, AR severity positively correlated with both average wheal size and the number of positive SPT tests. This study highlights nutsedge, para grass, and Bermuda grass as major allergenic pollen sources for Thai AR patients. Including nutsedge, hurricane grass, and careless weed in clinical SPT panels is recommended for improved diagnostic accuracy. Additionally, the positive correlation between AR severity and pollen reaction strength emphasizes the importance of implementing patient education and avoidance strategies.

Greenness and its composition and configuration in association with allergic rhinitis in preschool children

BackgroundFew studies focus on the associations of green space composition and configuration with children's allergic rhinitis (AR). MethodsA multi-center population-based cross-sectional study was performed in 7 cities in mainland of China between 2019 and 2020, recruiting 36,867 preschool children. Information on the current AR symptoms and demographics were collected by questionnaire. Exposure to residential greenness was estimated by Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI, 1000 m buffer) around the residences. Greenness composition was estimated in 3 main categories: forest, grassland, shrubland. Configuration of each category and total greenness (a spatial resolution of 10 m × 10 m) was estimated by 6 landscape pattern metrics to quantify their area, shape complexity, aggregation, connectivity, and patch density. Exposure to daily ambient particulate matter (PM1, PM2.5 and PM10, a spatial resolution of 1 km × 1 km) was estimated. Multilevel logistic regression models were applied to analyze the associations of greenness and its composition and configuration with AR, and mediation effects by PMs were examined by mediation analysis models. ResultsThe prevalence of self-reported current AR in preschool children was 33.1%. Two indicators of forest, Aggregation Index of forest patches (AIforest) (odds ratio (OR):0.92, 95% Confidential Interval (CI): 0.88–0.97), and Patch Cohesion of forest (COHESIONforest) (OR: 0.93, 95% CI:0.89–0.98) showed significantly negative associations with AR symptoms. Mediation analyses found the associations were partially mediated by PMs. Age, exclusive breastfeed duration and season were the potential effect modifiers. The associations varied across seven cities. ConclusionOur findings suggest the inverse associations of the aggregation and connectivity of forest patches surrounding residence addresses with AR symptoms. Since the cross-sectional study only provides associations rather than causation, further studies are needed to confirm our results as well as the underlying mechanisms.

A Comprehensive Analysis of Immunoglobulin E Levels, Allergen-Specific Sensitivities, and Clinical Manifestations in Allergic Dermatological Conditions: A Multicenter Retrospective Study in China.

To assess the correlations between Immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, pruritus, and lesion severity in patients with eczema, atopic dermatitis, or urticaria. A retrospective study was conducted and data of 814 patients who visited the dermatology or allergy clinics of multiple hospitals, from December 2019 to December 2021, were collected. Patients were divided into children group (<18 years, 325 cases), adult group (18-60 years, 435 cases), and older population group (>60 years, 54 cases) based on the age. Baseline information, pruritus severity, severity of skin lesions, total IgE level, and specific IgE level were recorded to analyze the complex relationship between them. The prevalence of allergic conjunctivitis and allergic rhinitis in the children group was significantly higher than that in the adult and older population group (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). The positive rate of specific IgE in children group was significantly higher than that in the adult and older population group (P < 0.01). The IgE levels in children with moderate pruritus were significantly lower than those of severe pruritus (63.39vs 114.42 IU/mL, P < 0.05). The IgE levels in children with mild and moderate skin lesions were significantly lower than those in children with severe skin lesions (58.95 vs 72.88 vs 169.15 IU/mL, P < 0.001 or P < 0.01, respectively). Relationships among age, severity of skin pruritus and lesions, and allergen-specific IgE response are complex and subtle, displaying dynamic patterns.

Epidemiological characterization and risk factors of rhinitis and rhinoconjunctivitis among preschool children in Shanghai, China

BackgroundPrevious studies have reported an increasing prevalence of childhood allergic rhinitis in developing countries. There is still a lack of the recent epidemiology of allergic rhinitis among Chinese preschool children. Therefore, this study explored the prevalence of rhinitis symptoms and identified their associations with potential risk factors among children at the age of 3–6 in Shanghai, China. MethodsValidated International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire was adopted to collect information about rhinitis symptoms and potential risk factors. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess associations between risk factors and allergic rhinitis and rhinoconjunctivitis. ResultsA total of 6183 questionnaires were included in our study. The prevalence of rhinitis ever, current rhinitis, and physician-diagnosed rhinitis were 32.6%, 29.2%, and 14.3%, respectively, while the prevalence of current rhinoconjunctivitis was 11.3%. The higher prevalence was observed in boys than in girls in terms of rhinitis ever, current rhinitis, current rhinoconjunctivitis and doctor-diagnosed rhinitis. Autumn had the highest prevalence among four seasons. In our multivariate logistic regression analyses, history of allergic diseases and paracetamol use in the last year showed positive associations with the increased risk of both current rhinitis and rhinoconjunctivitis, and antibiotic use was an independent significant risk factor only for current rhinitis. Genetic factors, including maternal and paternal rhinitis, asthma, and eczema, were significantly associated with the prevalence of current rhinitis. Similar associations were seen between these factors and current rhinoconjunctivitis, except for paternal eczema. Among environmental factors, smoking exposure at home, heavy truck traffic in home's street, floor heating system were independent risk factors for both current rhinitis and rhinoconjunctivitis in the adjusted model, while cleaning the house less than once a week was only associated with current rhinitis. ConclusionThe prevalence of current rhinitis was 29.2% among children aged 3–6 in Shanghai, China. Sex differences and seasonal variations were observed in the prevalence of rhinitis symptoms. The identified risk factors would provide a basis for policy makers and medical experts to take intervention measures to prevent allergic rhinitis and rhinoconjunctivitis.

Three Artemisia pollens trigger the onset of allergic rhinitis via TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway.

The prevalence of allergic rhinitis is high, making it a relatively common chronic condition. Countless patients suffer from seasonal Allergic rhinitis (AR). The objective of this investigation is to examine the potential involvement of common pollen allergens in seasonal allergic rhinitis, and study the proposed mechanism of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) signaling pathway in the induction of AR. A mouse AR model (sensitized group) was constructed with pollen extracts and ovalbumin(OVA) of Artemisia annua (An), Artemisia argyi (Ar) and Artemisia Sieversiana (Si), and thereafter, AR symptom score was performed. After successful modeling, mouse serum and nasal mucosa tissues were extracted for subsequent experiments. The expression levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE), Interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) in serum were detected using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining methods were used to observe the pathological changes of the nasal mucosal tissue; Utilizing immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining, the expression levels of TLR4, MyD88 and Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 in mouse nasal mucosa were quantified; The mRNA and protein expression levels of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB p65 in nasal mucosa of sensitized mice were detected with Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western Blot. Finally, the in vitro culture of Human nasal mucosal epithelial cells (HNEpC) cells was conducted, and cells were treated with 200µg/ml Artemisia annua pollen extractand OVA for 24h. Western Blot assay was used to detect the expression level of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB p65 proteins before and after HNEpC cells were treated with MyD88 inhibitor ST-2825. On the second day after AR stimulation, the mice showed obvious AR symptoms. H&E results showed that compared to the control group, the nasal mucosal tissue in the sensitized group was significantly more inflamed. Furthermore, ELISA assay showed increased expression levels of IgE, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and TNF-α in serum of mice induced by OVA and Artemisia annua pollen, Artemisia argyi pollen and Artemisia Sieversiana pollen than those of the control group. However, the expression level of IL-2 was lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05). Using Immunohistochemistry staining visually observed the expression levels of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB p65 in mouse nasal mucosa tissues and quantitatively analyzed. The expression levels of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB p65 in the sensitized group were higher than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The results from qRT-PCR and Western Blot showed that the mRNA and protein expression levels of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB p65 in nasal mucosa of the sensitized group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Finally, HNEpC cells were cultured in vitro and analyzed using Western Blot. The expression levels of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB p65 in OVA and An groups were significantly increased (P < 0.05). After ST-2825 treatment, TLR4 protein expression was significantly increased (P < 0.05) and MyD88 and NF-κB p65 protein expression were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). To sum up, the occurrence and development of AR induced by OVA and pollen of Artemisia annua, Artemisia argyi and Artemisia Sieversiana were related to TLR4/MyD88 signal pathway.

A Perception-Based Survey on Practice Patterns Pertaining to the Diagnosis and Management of Allergic Rhinitis in India.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is increasingly prevalent in India, affecting a significant portion of the population and adversely impacting their quality of life. This nationwide survey aimed to explore the perceptions and clinical preferences of Indian physicians regarding the perceived prevalence, common symptoms, and various available treatments for AR. This cross-sectional, observational, digital questionnaire-based survey was conducted from September 2022 to March 2023, involving physicians sharing insights on prevalence rates, diagnostic approaches, medication preferences, and immunotherapy practices in AR management. A total of 1608 physicians participated in this survey. The majority of physicians (n=684, 42.5%) reported that the prevalence of AR in routine clinical practice is between 21 and 40%. Physicians also noted a substantial burden of AR with asthma (n=626, around 40%). Total IgE count was reported as a mandatory test for the diagnosis of AR by 47.5% of physicians (n=764). For the management of mild cases of seasonal or perennial AR, 980 (60.9%) physicians preferred fexofenadine as an oral antihistamine of choice. Fluticasone furoate was the preferred intranasal corticosteroid (INCS) option (67.1% of physicians (n=1079)), for the management of patients with moderate to severe AR, the most recommended duration of INCS therapy was two to fourmonths (40.9% of physicians). Doctors recommended a montelukast and antihistamine combination in mild AR (n=152, 9.5%), mild AR not responding to antihistamine alone (n=291, 18.1%), moderate to severe AR along with INCS (n=252, 15.7%), and AR with mild asthma (n=74, 4.6%). The majority of physicians (n=1512, 75.6%) preferred using fexofenadine in combination with montelukast for the management of AR. The majority of physicians (n=839, 52.2%) opined that the efficacy rate of oral montelukast-fexofenadine was 60-90% in the management of mild-moderate AR. Around 55.3% of physicians (n=889) had not used immunotherapy in their clinical practice. These observations offer a holistic view of how Indian physicians perceive the management of AR, a condition highly prevalent in India and often associated with asthma. It also highlights the treatment strategies employed in their day-to-day clinical practice.

Association between environmental mercury exposure and allergic disorders in Korean children: Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycles 3–4 (2015–2020)

Although previous studies have suggested potential adverse effects of mercury on a child’s immune system, the associations have been inconsistent. We aimed to determine the association between urinary mercury levels and allergic diseases in Korean children with high mercury exposure. Data from 853 and 710 children aged 6–11 years in the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 3 (2015–2017) and cycle 4 (2018–2020) were analyzed. We examined the association between mercury exposure and the prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD), asthma, allergic rhinitis (AR), and allergic multimorbidity. After adjusting for all covariates, the urinary mercury level was positively associated with AD in the 2015–2017 study (OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.01, 1.79) and AR in 2018–2020 study (OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.01, 2.10). Pooled effects showed OR of 1.34 (95% CI = 1.01, 1.79) for AD and 1.47 (95% CI = 1.01, 2.12) for allergic multimorbidity. The association with allergic multimorbidity was greater in boys (OR = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.01, 3.49) than in girls (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 0.73, 2.14). These results suggest that environmental mercury exposure may exacerbate symptoms of atopic dermatitis and allergic multimorbidity in children.

Probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum GUANKE effectively alleviates allergic rhinitis symptoms by modulating functions of various cytokines and chemokines.

Currently, the prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR) remains high and there is a great need to develop better and safer ways to alleviate AR symptoms. The Lactobacillus plantarum GUANKE probiotic was reported as an immunomodulator through maintaining Th1/Th2 balance. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of GUANKE in AR subjects. Adults aged from 18 to 60 years old and previously suffered from AR were recruited and received GUANKE probiotics treatment for 4 weeks. The questionnaires of Total nasal symptom scores (TNSS), total non-nasal symptom score (TNNSS), and rhinitis control assessment test (RCAT) were used to assess the effectiveness before and after treatment. The serum allergen-specific IgE and cytokines were also determined at baseline and after 4 weeks of probiotics administration. The results showed that TNSS and TNNSS were significantly reduced and the RCAT score was significantly increased compared to baseline. The sub-symptom score of rhinorrhea, itching, sneezing, and tearing in each questionnaire also showed significant changes, and the serum IgE level was markedly decreased. We further measured inflammatory-related proteins in serum and found that a total of 20 proteins (6 upregulated and 14 downregulated) were significantly changed compared to baseline, including IL-4, IL-7, IL-20, IL-33, CXCL1, CXCL5, CXCL6, CXCL11, CCL4, CCL23, TGF-alpha, LAP-TGF-beta-1, MMP-1, MMP-10, AXIN1, NT-3, OSM, SCF, CD6, and NRTN. Enrichment analysis showed that these significantly altered proteins were mainly enriched in cytokine and chemokine-related signaling pathways. Taken together, this study demonstrated the Lactobacillus plantarum GUANKE can serve as an effective immunobiotic for the treatment of AR, which is realized through maintaining the Th1/Th2 balance by modulating the functions of various cytokines and chemokines.

Allergic rhinitis and other comorbidities associated with asthma control in Thailand.

Asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR) can coexist and cause disabilities. This study aimed to assess the association between AR, asthma control, asthma-related quality of life, and other comorbidities. A cross-sectional study was conducted in adults with asthma in six hospitals in Thailand. The outcomes were association of asthma control assessed by the asthma control test (ACT), AR, and asthma comorbidities. Not-well-controlled asthma was defined as ACT scores ≤22. The severity of AR was determined by visual analog scale (VAS). Severe AR was defined as VAS ≥5. Asthma-related quality of life (AQLQ), comorbidities, and total IgE were recorded. A total of 682 asthmatic patients were included. Median (IQR) age was 58.0 (47.0-64.0) years. 69.9% were female. Not-well-controlled asthma was present in 44.7%. The prevalence of AR was 86.1%. Moderate/severe persistent AR was diagnosed in 21.7% and severe AR was diagnosed in 30.2% of the patients. Inhaled corticosteroid-containing regimens were prescribed in 97.7% of patients. Intranasal corticosteroid and antihistamine were prescribed in 65.7 and 31.7%, respectively. Patients with not-well-controlled asthma had higher body mass index, VAS scores, proportions of pollution exposure, aeroallergen sensitization, severe AR, nasal polyp, urticaria, food allergy, gastroesophageal reflux disease, depression and anxiety, peptic ulcer, and asthma exacerbations, but younger age, lower AQLQ scores, and lower FEV1. Correlation was found between AR severity and ACT (r = -0.461, p < 0.001), AQLQ (r = -0.512, p < 0.001), and total IgE (r = 0.246, p < 0.023). Multiple regression analysis revealed that ACT, AQLQ, and percentage of FEV1/FVC were significantly associated with severe AR. Allergic rhinitis is prevalent in Thai asthmatic patients. AR severity is associated with asthma control, quality of life, and pulmonary function. Comprehensive care is essential for patients with uncontrolled asthma, particularly when coexisting with conditions.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Allergic Rhinitis; A systematic Review

Allergic rhinitis (AR), an immunoglobulin E-induced nasal infection, significantly impacts nasal mucosa function and quality of life. Its incidence has risen globally, showing variations across income categories. This systematic study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of AR. Data were sourced from PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Embase, following PRISMA guidelines. English-language articles (2010–2023) discussing AR prevalence and risk factors were included. A total of 15 articles were reviewed, with surveys and national database analyses being predominant (n=15). The search initially yielded 95 studies, of which 15 met inclusion criteria. Enhanced knowledge of prevalence and risk factors is crucial for future treatment improvements. The prevalence of AR has surged, necessitating evidence-based assessments of risk factors. For adults, risk factors include smoking, asthma, family history of AR, drug and food allergies, pollen allergy history, antibiotic use, occupational dust exposure, home renovation, and middle school education. In children, passive smoking, asthma, family history of AR, allergies, eczema, pet ownership, seafood consumption, male gender, and breastfeeding were identified as risk factors. The study highlights AR prevalence\&amp;apos;s correlation with allergic diseases, familial allergy history, and environmental factors. Comprehending these associations is pivotal for enhancing adherence to preventive management plans.

Prevalence of food allergy and other atopy among children with eosinophilic esophagitis in single centre retrospective study, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Background: Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE) is increasingly recognized as a significant public health issue in pediatric populations. The multifaceted mechanisms involving genetic, environmental, and immunological factors, particularly the role of allergens, are central to understanding EoE&amp;apos;s pathogenesis. This study aims to analyze the prevalence of food allergies and atopic diseases among children diagnosed with EoE, offering insights into their interrelations and informing improved management strategies. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed 47 pediatric patients diagnosed with EoE at the Allergy and Gastroenterology Clinic, Children&amp;apos;s Hospital, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, from February 2012 to December 2018. Patients were selected based on documented food allergies, anaphylactic reactions, comorbid atopic conditions, positive RAST results, and elevated eosinophilia. Data collection involved medical records and detailed family questionnaires. Immunological assays and endoscopic biopsies were used for diagnosis, with EoE defined as more than 15 eosinophils/HPF. Results: The study population predominantly comprised Saudi males, with a mean age of 8.36 years. A significant portion had consanguineous parents. Notable findings include a high prevalence of asthma (46.8%), allergic rhinitis (23.4%), and eczema (25.5%). The most common food allergens identified were peanuts, nuts, and seafood. Asthma severity varied, with Ventolin and Fluticasone being the most prescribed medications. Laboratory investigations showed elevated WBC, ANC, Lymph, ESO, eosinophil percentage, and IgE levels. RAST indicated specific allergen sensitivities in 34.0% of patients. Conclusion: This study provides essential insights into the demographic, clinical, and therapeutic aspects of pediatric EoE, emphasizing the importance of a comprehensive, personalized approach to management.

Prevalence of asthma and allergic rhinitis in children exposed to pets: a meta-analysis.

Pet exposure has always been controversial with childhood asthma and allergic rhinitis. We aimed to understand the prevalence of asthma and allergic rhinitis in children exposed to pets by meta-analysis. We searched articles published from Jan 1, 2012 to Dec 31, 2022 in the Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases. We included a cross-sectional study that reported the prevalence of asthma and allergic rhinitis in children exposed to pets. Furthermore, we performed subgroup analyses according to pet type and age. In 14 selected studies, the meta-analysis results showed that the pooled prevalence of asthma in children exposed to pets was 19.0% (95% CI 13.3-24.7%), and the pooled prevalence of allergic rhinitis in children exposed to pets was 25.5% (95% CI 12.4-38.5%). The prevalence of asthma in children exposed to cats and dogs was 16.4% (95% CI 9.9-22.8%) and 12.5% (95% CI 8.7-16.2%), respectively. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis was 24.9% (95% CI 2.9-47.0%) and 24.1% (95% CI 2.6-45.6%), respectively. The prevalence of asthma in pet-exposed children was 17.1% (95% CI 12.3-22.0%) in the adolescence group (> 10years) and 26.3% (95% CI 12.2-40.3%) in the childhood group (0-10years). The prevalence of allergic rhinitis was 8.6% (95% CI 7.2-10.0%) in the adolescence group and 46.3% (95% CI 44.0-48.6%) in the childhood age group. The prevalence of asthma and allergic rhinitis in children exposed to pets is different. Exposure to pet cats is more prone to illness, and younger children are more susceptible to disease than older children.

Prevalence and Socioeconomic Impact of Allergic Rhinitis Among Ear, Nose, and Throat Patients of a Tertiary Hospital.

The objectives of this study were to establish the demographic factors of allergic rhinitis patients taking part in the study, to gain insight into the common symptoms experienced by patients with allergic rhinitis, to know the common allergens or triggers that lead to the symptoms of allergic rhinitis and to determine the prevalence of other comorbidities associated with allergic rhinitis. The study was a cross-sectional hospital-based study encompassing both quantitative and qualitative features of the participants involved. The quantitative study involved collecting data on allergic rhinitis clients visiting our tertiary hospital, over the period of March 1, 2021, to June 25, 2021. The quantitative data included the gender and age groups commonly affected, the most common symptom, and the trigger identified. Whilst, the qualitative aspect of the study involved the socioeconomic impact of allergic rhinitis on the clients. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis is 10% at the ENT clinic of our hospital. It was most common in the age group (19-35). Urban residents suffered more from allergic rhinitis than the rural residents. The main presenting complaint was sneezing and the commonest comorbid condition and trigger associated with allergic rhinitis were sinusitis and dust mites respectively. Twenty-nine percent of respondents had experienced reduced productivity at their workplace and in school. Twenty-one percent had experienced depression while 26% perceived the cost of treatment to be greatly expensive. The use of face masks was found not to be beneficial in reducing the symptoms of allergic rhinitis in most clients. The conclusions reached at the end of this study were that the public must be educated on allergic rhinitis and to look out for the triggers, signs, and symptoms of it and then report early to the hospital for appropriate management.

Hygienic and Morphological Aspects of Using the Aqueous Solution of Molecular Hydrogen in an Experimental Model of Hay Fever

Introduction: The human body is exposed to numerous chemical and biological environmental factors. Post-exposure allergic reactions are becoming increasingly common. Interacting substances enhance each other’s health effects and aggravate allergy symptoms. Registration of a high pollen count resulting from a gradual increase in ambient temperatures leads to disappointing forecasts of a high prevalence of allergic rhinitis (hay fever). Evaluation of public health monitoring data on drinking water and food quality has revealed the significance of such pollutants as nitrates and nitrites. The interaction between pollen and nitrates has not been studied although it is of interest in terms of potential health effects of combined exposures. Objectives: To evaluate morphological changes in the quantitative composition of mast cells using an aqueous solution of molecular hydrogen in an experimental model of hay fever aggravated by exposure to chemical agents. Methods: Male Wistar rats were selected for experimental modeling of allergic rhinitis and 34 groups of six animals each were exposed to pollen and chemical agents during 55 days. To assess morphological changes in the nasal respiratory mucosa, we stained tissues with Giemsa solution and also applied a combined staining technique (Patent No. 2781558 dated October 13, 2022). Study limitations: Groups for comparison of methods of administration of the aqueous solution of molecular hydrogen against the saline solution were not included. Results: The cell morphology analysis revealed quantitative and qualitative changes in the animal groups with single and combined exposure to pollen and chemical agents and confirmed the therapeutic and prophylactic effect of the aqueous solution enriched with molecular hydrogen. Conclusion: The combined exposure to pollen allergens and nitrates and/or nitrites induces significant mast cell activation compared to control and single exposure groups. Therapeutic and preventive effects of molecular hydrogen down-regulate mast cell degranulation.

PREVALENCE AND SYMPTOMS OF ASTHMA AND ALLERGIC RHINITIS IN ADULTS WITH CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS IN THE EASTERN REGION OF SAUDI ARABIA

Background: This cross-sectional study explores the prevalence and symptoms of asthma and allergic rhinitis among adults diagnosed with Chronic Rhinosinusitis (CRS) in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia. Methods: Involving 386 participants, the research employs demographic profiling and symptom analysis and explores the interplay of upper and lower airway conditions. This study investigates the prevalence of asthma and allergic rhinitis among 386 adults with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in Eastern Saudi Arabia. Employing a cross-sectional design, participants from King Fahad Specialist Hospital and Jubail General Hospital were selected through random and stratified sampling. Results: The study reveals a higher prevalence of asthma (40.6%) compared to allergic rhinitis (25.1%), emphasising the need for a comprehensive understanding of these respiratory conditions. Intriguing associations between asthma attacks and specific CRS symptoms, such as chest tightness and waking due to shortness of breath, provide insights into shared pathways. Demographically, higher prevalence is observed among females, individuals with lower educational attainment, and nonsmokers, highlighting socio-demographic influences on respiratory health. Conclusion: The study discloses a noteworthy prevalence of asthma (40.6%) in comparison to allergic rhinitis (25.1%) among adults with Chronic Rhinosinusitis in Eastern Saudi Arabia. Asthma attacks showcase distinctive associations with specific CRS symptoms, emphasising the intricate interplay of these respiratory conditions. The demographic influences of education and smoking underscore the importance of lifestyle factors. Recommendations for future research include longitudinal studies and clinical validations to enhance the validity and depth of our findings.

Long-term effects of the Hebei Spirit oil spill on the prevalence and incidence of allergic disorders

The Hebei Spirit oil spill accident occurred in December 2007, approximately 10 km off the coast of Taean, South Korea, a location notably close to residential areas. Crude oil substances have been detected in various environmental mediums since the accident, yet previous studies have primarily focused on the acute effects of oil exposure due to the short latency period of allergic diseases. Therefore, this study evaluated the long-term effects of oil spill exposure on allergic disorders. Our study included adult residents who had participated in the Health Effects Research on Hebei Spirit Oil Spill (HEROS) study up to five years post-incident, which was a prospective cohort to monitor the health status of Taean residents. We used two indicators to assess oil spill exposure, namely the distance from the initial contaminated coastline to each participant's residence and the number of days participants had engaged in oil clean-up work. Current symptoms such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and multimorbidity were considered allergic disorders. In the baseline survey, the prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and allergic multimorbidity symptoms was associated with both exposure indicators; however, these associations were not observed in the two consecutive surveys. Significant longitudinal associations between oil spill exposure indicators and the four allergic disorders, as well as multimorbidity incidences, were observed during a five-year follow-up period. Our results suggest that oil spill exposure can affect acute and long-term allergic symptoms in residents near the accident site.

Allergic rhinitis in schoolchildren under combined exposure to various environmental risk factors

Introduction. Growing prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR) and significant socioeconomic losses related to implementing medical and prevention activities indicate the necessity to examine what role exogenous factors play in the disease onset and development. The aim of this study was to establish pathogenetic peculiarities of AR onset and development in schoolchildren under combined exposure to various environmental risk factors. &#x0D; Materials and methods. We analyzed results of clinical and laboratory examinations of schoolchildren’s health and data obtained by questioning and taken from diaries of daily rations provided at school for four hundred thirty nine AR children. They attended either an ordinary secondary school or a school with profound studies of some subjects. Influence of risk factors on clinical and laboratory indicators was evaluated by using one-factor logistic regression models that described “adverse exposure – likelihood of a response (effect)” relationships. Leading risk factors and pathogenetic peculiarities of AR onset and development were identified based on analyzing established cause-effect relations “risk factor – laboratory indicator – likelihood of diagnosing AR». &#x0D; Results. More significant violations of hygienic standards were established in schools with profound studies of some subjects; we identified improper management of educational activities, non-rational diets, and too intensive use of electronic devices. Likelihood of AR is 4.2 times higher for schoolchildren in such schools than for their counterparts from ordinary schools (OR=4.2) under combined exposure to adverse factors related to the educational process, diets, the environment (blood contamination with nickel, chromium, manganese, zinc, benzene, and toluene) and low physical activity. We established cause-effect relations between the disease development and the examined factors as well as their contributions to likelihood of risk-associated AR (12–60 %). We identified adverse laboratory effects in AR children who attended schools with profound studies of some subjects and established their association with affecting environmental factors. Pathogenetic peculiarities of the disease onset and development were posited based on modelling associations between laboratory indicators of disrupted homeostasis and AR development. &#x0D; Limitations. The examination was performed with 439 schoolchildren participating in it. Participants were not divided into sex-specific groups when describing peculiarities of allergic rhinitis development.&#x0D; Conclusion. The established key pathogenetic components in development of risk-associated AR are relevant targets for hygienic activities as regards the educational process and quality of the environment

Allergic Rhinitis Systematic Review Shows the Trends in Prevalence in Children and Adolescents in Greece since 1990

Allergic rhinitis is the most common immune disorder worldwide, affecting approximately 10–40% of the general population. It is characterized by an inflammatory response of the nasal mucosa following exposure to non-infectious, inhaled, and airborne allergens that are defined based on the period of exposure to the allergen as annual, seasonal, or episodic. A variety of factors are found to relate to the prevalence of allergic rhinitis, i.e., sex, race, age, seasonality, personal and family-positive atopic history, as well as exposure to environmental and epigenetic factors. In addition to the local inflammation in the nasal mucosa, systemic inflammation is activated in the entire respiratory system, such as rhinoconjunctivitis, asthma, sinusitis, and otitis media with effusion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the trends in the prevalence of allergic rhinitis in the Greek pediatric and adolescent population since 1990. Research was performed in electronic databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane Library) using appropriate MeSH terms for related studies from 1990 to 2023. We found 12 studies, 11 prospective and 1 cross-sectional, conducted in the cities of Athens, Thessaloniki, Patras and Evros prefecture, with sample sizes varying from 517 to 3076 subjects aged 6–17 years old. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis showed geographic and temporal variability, ranging between 2.1 and 32.5% in children and 25.3 and 30.8% in adolescents, with increasing trends. Factors such as gender (male), age (8–10 years), environmental exposures (moisture, mites, and fungi), positive atopic profile, and family history (asthma and eczema) were related to the manifestation of the disease. The need for systematic research in the Greek child and adolescent population is vital to recognize, prognosis, and control allergic rhinitis manifestations.