Prevalence Of Allergic Diseases Research Articles

Managing food allergies at school: A qualitative study

IntroductionThe prevalence of childhood allergic diseases, including food allergies, has increased globally. Parents and children have experienced psychosocial and financial difficulties, decreased quality of life, anxiety, and depression in the management of food allergies in schools. PurposeThe aim of the study was to determine the challenges experienced by mothers of children with food allergies during their children's school life. DesignA qualitative phenomenological study design was used. MethodsOnline interviews were conducted with 9 mothers who have children with food allergies between June–August 2022. The data were analyzed using the content analysis method. The COREQ checklist was used in the study. ResultsThe ages of the mothers participating in the study ranged from 28 to 40. Four themes were generated from 75 codes: 1) Problems experienced in the process of utilizing health services, 2) Burden of care, 3) Coming out of the shell: The school process, and 4) Environmental and social perspective. ConclusionsMothers carried the burden of food allergy management during the school process, and the increased burden of care negatively impacted mothers emotionally, physically, and socially. Also, mothers were anxious about the safety of their school-age children with food allergies and their experiences with school administration, teachers, and other parents made it difficult for food allergy management in the school environment. Clinical relevanceChildren with chronic health problems such as food allergies need to be closely monitored by a health professional in school to ensure their safety. Nurses have a pivotal role in supporting families to address their child's food allergies competently, hence fostering positive health outcomes. This study showed that there was a need for the development of school health policies to ensure the safety of children with food allergies and to reduce anxiety and care burden among mothers.

Maternal Dietary Vitamin D Intake during Pregnancy Is Associated with Allergic Disease Symptoms in Children at 3 Years Old: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study

Introduction: Vitamin D plays an important role in the immune system, and postnatal vitamin D insufficiency is one of the risk factors for the development of allergic disease. However, the effects of women’s vitamin D intake during pregnancy on the prevalence of allergic disease in their children remain controversial. Methods: From the Japan Environment and Children’s Study, an ongoing nationwide birth cohort study, we obtained information on maternal dietary vitamin D intake determined using a food frequency questionnaire and parent-reported allergic disease symptoms based on the ISAAC questionnaire in children at 3 years of age. Results: From the full dataset of 103,060 pregnancies, we analyzed complete data for 73,309 mother-child pairs. The prevalence of current wheeze, current rhinitis, current rhino-conjunctivitis, current eczema, ever asthma, ever pollinosis, and ever atopic dermatitis in the children was 17.2%, 29.7%, 3.8%, 15.2%, 9.6%, 3.7%, and 11.0%, respectively. The ORs for current rhinitis were significantly lower in the 3rd, 4th, and 5th quintiles than in the 1st quintile after adjustment for various covariates and showed a linear association. The ORs for ever pollinosis were significantly lower in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th quintiles than in the 1st quintile, showing a U-shaped curve. There was no clear association between mothers’ dietary vitamin D intake and symptoms of asthma or atopic dermatitis in their 3-year-old children. Conclusion: Maternal dietary vitamin D intake during pregnancy is associated with the ORs for nasal allergies in children at the age of 3 years. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the appropriate intake dose of vitamin D for pregnant women to prevent the development of nasal allergies in their children.

The Role of Diet and Nutrition in Allergic Diseases.

Allergic diseases are a set of chronic inflammatory disorders of lung, skin, and nose epithelium characterized by aberrant IgE and Th2 cytokine-mediated immune responses to exposed allergens. The prevalence of allergic diseases, including asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis, has increased dramatically worldwide in the past several decades. Evidence suggests that diet and nutrition play a key role in the development and severity of allergic diseases. Dietary components can differentially regulate allergic inflammation pathways through host and gut microbiota-derived metabolites, therefore influencing allergy outcomes in positive or negative ways. A broad range of nutrients and dietary components (vitamins A, D, and E, minerals Zn, Iron, and Se, dietary fiber, fatty acids, and phytochemicals) are found to be effective in the prevention or treatment of allergic diseases through the suppression of type 2 inflammation. This paper aims to review recent advances in the role of diet and nutrition in the etiology of allergies, nutritional regulation of allergic inflammation, and clinical findings about nutrient supplementation in treating allergic diseases. The current literature suggests the potential efficacy of plant-based diets in reducing allergic symptoms. Further clinical trials are warranted to examine the potential beneficial effects of plant-based diets and anti-allergic nutrients in the prevention and management of allergic diseases.

Air Pollen Monitoring in a Specific Region as a Part of the Pollinosis Prevention

Background: The prevalence and severity of allergic diseases, including pollinosis, are increasing worldwide. Hay fever develops due to the complex interaction of genes and manifests itself due to exogenous factors. The main environmental etiology of allergy is plant pollen. Continuous study and analysis of the air pollen spectrum constitute the basis of air monitoring and are important in developing preventive measures for allergic diseases. Objective: To perform an air pollen monitoring in Kr snodar and to assess the treatment of patients with pollinosis in various cities and districts of the Krasnodar Region according to the Krasnodar Regional Allergy Center data. Materials and methods: We retrospectively analyzed the patients seeking medical care due to allergy in the Krasnodar Region using the statistical data obtained in 2022 from the Krasnodar Regional Allergy Center. We assessed the effects of air pollen pollution according to the data of air pollen monitoring in Krasnodar during the main activity of herbaceous plants’ taxa (from April 1, 2022 to October 31, 2022). We used AeRobiology and Microsoft Excel 2010 tools for data processing and development of the main parameters of the pollen season. Results: According to the Krasnodar Regional Allergy Center data, there were 37,212 people diagnosed with J45.0, J46 and 20,012 people diagnosed with J30.1-30.4 in 2022. We identified 8 allergenic taxa of herbaceous plants in the Krasnodar air. We found that the total seasonal pollen concentration increased by an average of 1.8 in 2022 compared to previous monitoring periods in 2018-2021. Conclusions: Comparative assessment of the prevalence of pollinosis and the air pollen monitoring are important for effective medical care.

EUFOREA summit in Brussels 2023: inspiring the future of allergy & respiratory care.

In March 2023, the European Forum for Research and Education in Allergy and Airways diseases (EUFOREA) organized its bi-annual Summit in Brussels with expert panel members of EUFOREA, representatives of the EUFOREA patient advisory board, and the EUFOREA board and management teams. Its aim was to define the research, educational and advocacy initiatives to be developed by EUFOREA over the next 2 years until the 10th anniversary in 2025. EUFOREA is an international non-for-profit organization forming an alliance of all stakeholders dedicated to reducing the prevalence and burden of chronic allergic and respiratory diseases via research, education, and advocacy. Based on its medical scientific core competency, EUFOREA offers an evidence-supported platform to introduce innovation and education in healthcare leading to optimal patient care, bridging the gap between latest scientific evidence and daily practice. Aligned with the mission of improving health care, the expert panels of asthma, allergic rhinitis (AR), chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) & European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps (EPOS), allergen immunotherapy (AIT) and paediatrics have proposed and elaborated a variety of activities that correspond to major unmet needs in the allergy and respiratory field. The current report provides a concise overview of the achievements, ambitions, and action plan of EUFOREA for the future, allowing all stakeholders in the allergy and respiratory field to be up-dated and inspired to join forces in Europe and beyond.

Can air handling equipment be beneficial to children’s health? Results from a cross-sectional survey in 2010 and 2019 in China

A growing number of studies have shown that the indoor residential environment is associated with respiratory and allergic diseases in children. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of respiratory and allergic diseases among children in China and its correlation with using air handling equipment, based on the cross-sectional survey results of the China Children Homes Health Project in 2010 and 2019. The binary logistic regression model was used to explore the association between asthma, rhinitis, eczema and pneumonia and the use of air handling equipment in children. The prevalence of children’s respiratory and allergic diseases has decreased, and the usage rate of portable air purifiers and split air conditioners has increased in 2019 compared to 2010. The results showed that using a fresh air system with filters was negatively correlated with children’s pneumonia (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 0.767, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.704–0.835). The use of portable air purifiers was positively correlated with most diseases’ symptoms in two undertaken surveys. In 2019, the positive correlation between using split air conditioners and asthma-related symptoms decreased compared with 2010, while it was positively correlated with rhinitis, eczema and pneumonia. To avoid children’s allergic diseases and reduce respiratory symptoms, parents should choose appropriate air handling equipment.

Allergic Diseases as a Clinical Phenotype Marker in Patients with Common Variable Immunodeficiency

Introduction: Patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) have been shown to be more predisposed to develop allergic diseases because of mucosal immune defects and immune dysregulation. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, and clinical and laboratory characteristics of various allergic diseases in patients with CVID. Methods: The study included patients aged ≥18 years who were followed up for a diagnosis of CVID. Patients were separated into 5 groups according to the clinical phenotypic characteristics of lymphoproliferation, autoimmunity, gastrointestinal diseases, allergic diseases, and malignancy. Atopic dermatitis (AD), drug hypersensitivity reaction (DHR), allergic rhinitis (AR), and asthma were accepted as allergic diseases. Results: The most commonly seen clinical phenotypes were lymphoproliferation in 41 (48.8%) patients and allergic diseases in 31 (37%). AD was determined in 2 (2.4%) patient, DHR in 5 (6%), AR in 7 (8.3%), and asthma in 21 (25%). The delay in diagnosis of patients with allergic disease was determined to be shorter compared to those without allergic disease (p = 0.042). Serum total immunoglobulin E level, CD19⁺ B cell, switched memory B cell, and natural killer cell counts were determined to be higher in the CVID patients with allergic disease compared to those without (p = 0.007, p = 0.022, p = 0.023, p = 0.017, respectively). Conclusion: Allergic diseases should be considered as a marker of clinical phenotype in CVID because of the clinical and immunological differences. Early diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases in patients with CVID can improve quality of life.

Positive rate of wheat allergens in the Chinese allergic population: a systematic review and meta-analysis

In recent years, the prevalence of allergic diseases has increased significantly, causing great concern, and wheat, as one of the top 8 food allergens, is a common allergy trigger. Nevertheless, reliable estimates of the positivity rate of wheat allergens in the allergic population in China are still lacking. The systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the positive detection rate of wheat allergens in the Chinese allergic population and further provide a reference for the prevention of allergy. CNKI, CQVIP, WAN-FANG DATA, Sino Med, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases were retrieved. Related research and case reports about the positive rate of wheat allergen in the Chinese allergic population published from inception to June 30, 2022, were searched, and meta-analysis was performed using Stata software. The pooled positive rate of wheat allergens and 95% confidence interval were calculated by random effect models, and the publication bias was evaluated using Egger’s test. A total of 13 articles were included for the final meta-analysis, in which wheat allergen detection methods involved only serum sIgE testing and SPT assessment. The results showed that the wheat allergen positivity detection rate in Chinese allergic patients was 7.30% (95% CI 5.68–8.92%). Subgroup analysis showed that the positivity rate of wheat allergens was influenced by region, but hardly by age and assessment method. The positive rates of wheat allergy in the population with allergic diseases were 2.74% (95% CI 0.90–4.58%) and 11.47% (95% CI 7.08–15.87%) in southern and northern China, respectively. In particular, the positive rates of wheat allergens were greater than 10% in Shaanxi, Henan and Nei Mongol, all of which belong to the northern region. These results suggest that wheat allergens are an important cause of sensitization in allergic populations from northern China, and therefore attention should be paid to early prevention in high-risk populations.

Formula milk companies and allergy healthcare professionals in India.

India is a low-middle income country with a population of 1.4 billion and home to one quarter of the world's children. Exclusive breastfeeding until 6 months and continued breastfeeding until at least 2 years as per global recommendations are common practice. The Indian government and associated organisations have strived to protect breastfeeding, which is important in a country with high under-5 mortality, malnutrition and stunting. Allergic disease is under-recognised in India, but despite the absence of a dedicated allergy medical specialty, awareness of allergy is increasing among healthcare practitioners and in the general population. In high-income countries, overdiagnosis of allergy has become recognised as an issue in recent years. Allergy healthcare professionals have also attracted criticism for close relationships with the formula industry, which appear to have contributed to excessive use of specialised formula products and undermining of breastfeeding. Specialised formula has been used unnecessarily for preventing allergy, based on fraudulent and selectively reported science; and for managing normal infant symptoms which are mislabelled as milk allergy. This forms part of a broader formula industry corporate strategy to widen the boundaries of illness in order to expand sales and markets. In India, allergic disease management is hindered by limited understanding of the disease entity among practitioners, low access to diagnostics, limited healthcare resources, high exposure to air pollution and a large, diverse population. Data specific to India on allergic disease prevalence and interpreting allergy diagnostics are incomplete. The knowledge gaps mean allergy management in India is often extrapolated from guidance developed in high-income countries with low breastfeeding rates. As the allergy specialty develops in India, local guidance and practice will need to recognise the threat that current allergy practice poses to India's normative infant feeding culture, and ensure that breastfeeding continues to be supported at all levels.

The occurrence of allergic diseases in children with normal weight, excess body weight and obesity: a comparative analysis

Aim to study the prevalence of allergic diseases (AD), excess body weight and obesity in school children and to analyze the correlations between the AD diagnosis and body weight.
 Material and methods. During the single-stage observational study, 1503 children aged from 7 to 14 years received medical checkup. In all children, we measured anthropometric data, calculated body mass index and standard sigma deviation with the following assessment. The information about the presence of AD was obtained from the primary medical documentation of schoolchildren. Then, we conducted a telephone survey of the parents of the examined children to clarify the data on the presence of allergopathology in them.
 Results. The prevalence of excess body weight in school-children was 20.9%, obesity 13.5%. The prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AtD) according to the medical record was 6.72%, allergic rhinitis (AR) 6.65%, bronchial asthma (BA) 1.86%. The statistical analysis of mentioned diseases revealed no correlation between the increased body weight and the prevalence of AD both in the general cohort of children, and when stratified by age and gender. The comparative analysis of the telephone survey data on the prevalence of allergopathology in overweight and obese children provided statistically significant results: with the weight gain, the prevalence of the studied allergic diseases was increasing.
 Conclusion. The results of the study did not reveal a statistically significant positive association between excess body weight, obesity and the presence of AD in the children of the examined group. However, the differences in the prevalence of allergopathology in schoolchildren according to primary medical documentation and the results of a telephone survey of parents indicate the need for a deeper study of the problem and an epidemiological study of the true prevalence of AD in children, followed by an analysis of the association between these conditions.

Increased risk of respiratory and allergic diseases in preschoolers from building envelope dampness exposure: Repeated cross-sectional surveys in multicity China

Building envelope dampness exposure is correlated with children's respiratory and allergic diseases. However, little research has compared the variation in the health impact of dampness exposure across multiple cities from a longitudinal perspective. A cross-sectional survey and a repeated one were conducted in children's residences in six cities: Chongqing, Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan, Changsha and Taiyuan, China, in 2010 (Phase I) and 2019 (Phase II). We selected 17,810 preschoolers during Phase I and 26,001 preschoolers during Phase II aged 3–6 years without changing residence since birth in the study. The proportion of residences with building envelope dampness exposure and the prevalence of respiratory and allergic diseases, except allergic rhinitis, in preschoolers significantly declined from Phase I to Phase II. Dampness exposure increased the risk for most childhood respiratory diseases in Phase II, with a 34% greater risk of lifetime-ever asthma in early residences and a 36% greater risk of current eczema in current residences. Most diseases showed a significantly positive exposure-response relationship to the cumulative period of building envelope dampness exposure (p < 0.05). The risk of developing current eczema was approximately 1.35 and 1.73 times higher in children exposed to both early and current dampness in Phase I and Phase II, respectively, than in children who had never been exposed. These findings provide new insights into the respiratory and allergic diseases in Chinese preschoolers because of building envelope dampness exposure over the last decade. The increased risk in Phase II raises concerns about the household's dampness environment.

Association between breastfeeding and prevalence of allergies among children in the Academy Teaching Charity Hospital, Sudan.

Background: The role of breastfeeding in the primary prevention of allergic diseases remains controversial, with hardly any reported studies from developing countries. Objective: To evaluate the association between breastfeeding and the presence of allergies. Specifically, we aimed to demonstrate the association between the exclusivity of breastfeeding and the prevalence of allergies, including asthma, eczema, allergic rhinitis, and food allergy. Secondly, to ascertain the impact of feeding cow milk as complimentary feeding on the prevalence of atopy. Finally, we intended to substantiate the association between maternal education and breastfeeding awareness. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted; 182 participants were enrolled. A confidential, anonymous questionnaire was administered to the participantsf mothers (those attending Academy Charity Teaching Hospital with children aged six months to 10 years). Crude associations between exclusive or non-exclusive breastfeeding and atopic diseases were evaluated using Chi-Square Test by computing crude odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% Confidence Interval (CI) with α level of 0.05. Multiple logistic regression models were used to estimate the effect of exclusive breastfeeding on allergic diseases. The sample was adjusted for confounding factors such as gender, family history, number of siblings, and paternal and/or maternal smoking habits. Results: Of the 182 participants included in this study, 95(52.2%) were not exclusively breastfed, and 87(47.8%) were exclusively breastfed. The prevalence of allergic diseases in the children who received non-exclusive breastfeeding compared with those with exclusive breastfeeding showed a significantly higher prevalence of atopy [OR =3.6 95%CI: 1.87-6.94] with a p-value <0.001, even more, significant when the sample was adjusted for family history [OR =4.59 95%CI: 1.96-10.75] with a p-value <0.001. Moreover, milk administration as a complementary feeding type was not significantly associated with the development of atopy [OR =1.65 95%CI: 0.87-3.14] with a p-value of 0.14. Conclusion: There is evidence that exclusive breastfeeding is protective against atopy. Mothers should breastfeed mainly for the first six months of child age and continue with partial breastfeeding beyond that age.

Exopolysaccharide from Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus induces IgA production in airways and alleviates allergic airway inflammation in mouse model.

The currently observed high prevalence of allergic diseases has been associated with changes in microbial exposure in industrialized countries. Defined bacterial components represent a new strategy for modulating the allergic immune response. We show that intranasal administration of exopolysaccharide (EPS) isolated from Lacticaseibacillus (L.) rhamnosus LOCK900 induces TGF-β1, IgA, and regulatory FoxP3+ T-cells in the lungs of naïve mice. Using the ovalbumin mouse model, we demonstrate that intranasal administration of EPS downregulates the development of allergic airway inflammation and the Th2 cytokine response in sensitized individuals. At the same time, EPS treatment of sensitized mice, similar to EPS-induced responses in naïve mice, significantly increased the level of total, OVA-specific, and also bacteria-specific IgA in bronchoalveolar lavage and the number of IgA-producing B-cells in the lung tissue of these mice. Thus, EPS derived from L. rhamnosus LOCK900 can be considered a safe candidate for preventing the development of allergic symptoms in the lungs of sensitized individuals upon exposure to an allergen.

Allergies Come Clean: The Role of Detergents in Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction.

The prevalence and incidence of allergic disease have been rising in Westernized countries since the twentieth century. Increasingly, evidence suggests that damage to the epithelium initiates and shapes innate and adaptive immune responses to external antigens. The objective of this review is to examine the role of detergents as a potential risk factor for developing allergic disease. Herein, we identify key sources of human detergent exposure. We summarize the evidence suggesting a possible role for detergents and related chemicals in initiating epithelial barrier dysfunction and allergic inflammation. We primarily focus on experimental models of atopic dermatitis, asthma, and eosinophilic esophagitis, which show compelling associations between allergic disease and detergent exposure. Mechanistic studies suggest that detergents disrupt epithelial barrier integrity through their effects on tight junction or adhesion molecules and promote inflammation through epithelial alarmin release. Environmental exposures that disrupt or damage the epithelium may account for the increasing rates of allergic disease in genetically susceptible individuals. Detergents and related chemical compounds represent possible modifiable risk factors for the development or exacerbation of atopy.

Allergy to Hymenopter Venins: About Two Cases

The prevalence of allergic diseases has increased significantly, Hymenoptera allergy is one of the most frequent causes of anaphylaxis. The most common species are Wasps and Bees. The fatal risk has been known since antiquity. We report the study of two observations of allergy to hymenoptera venom collected in the respiratory diseases department of the Ibn Rochd University Hospital of Casablanca. A man and a woman, victims of a hymenoptera sting, presented severe allergic reactions requiring treatment with allergenic immunotherapy. The clinical examination was unremarkable. The blood count showed hypereosinophilia. Skin tests were positive for bee venom. The specific IgE assay for bee venom was positive. The diagnosis chosen was that of allergy to bee venom. Our patients were classified as Mueller stage III. The bee venom desensitization protocol was started according to the Ultra Rush protocol with clinical monitoring of the desensitization sessions.

Characterization of a group of children with eosinophilic esophagitis in Cali, Colombia.

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an immunologically mediated chronic disease of the gastrointestinal tract. The objective of this study was to clinically and demographically describe a child population with EoE diagnosed in a high-complexity hospital in Cali, Colombia. A retrospective study was carried out. The clinical histories of patients between 0 and 18 years with clinical suspicion and a histological diagnosis of EoE were analyzed. All patients underwent an allergy study, either by measurement of specific immunoglobulin (Ig) E and/or an intraepidermal skin-prick test. Thirty-five patients were included in the study, of which 21 (60%) women. The median age was 8 years (interquartile range [IQR] 5-12), and the age of onset of symptoms was 5 years (IQR 2-10). Thirty patients (85.7%) reported a history of allergic disease, with rhinitis being the most frequent (n = 25, 71.4%). Only one patient reported with food allergy mediated by IgE. The main symptoms in patients included abdominal pain (17 [48.6%]), refractory gastroesophageal reflux (16 [45.7%]), and choking (9 [25.7%]). Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was normal in 10 patients (38.5%). The median number of eosinophils in the biopsy was 42 (IQR 31-92). Allergenic sensitization was verified in 25 of 35 patients (71.4%). Of these, dust mite allergy was positive in 21 patients (84%), while the most frequent food allergy was toward cow's milk, in five patients (31.3%). The majority of patients with EoE were females. The most frequent symptom was abdominal pain. Endoscopic abnormalities were also observed frequently, and the prevalence of other allergic diseases (especially rhinitis) and allergenic sensitization (especially to mites) was high.

Effects of pollen concentration on allergic rhinitis in children: A retrospective study from Beijing, a Chinese megacity

With global climate change and rapid urbanization, the prevalence of allergic diseases caused by pollen is rising dramatically worldwide with unprecedented complexity and severity, especially for children in mega-cities. However, because of the lack of long time-series pollen concentrations data, the accurate evaluation of the impact of pollen on allergic rhinitis (AR) was scarce in the Chinese metropolis. A generalized additive model was used to assess the effect of pollen concentration on pediatric AR outpatient visits in Beijing from 2014 to 2019. A stratified analysis of 10 pollen species and age-gender-specific groups was also conducted during the spring and summer-autumn peak pollen periods separately. Positive associations between pollen concentration and pediatric AR varied with the season and pollen species were detected. Although the average daily pollen concentration is higher during the spring tree pollen peak, the influence was stronger at the summer-autumn weed pollen peak with the maximum relative risk 1.010 (95% CI 1.009, 1.011), which was higher than the greatest relative risk, 1.003 (95% CI 1.002, 1.004) in the spring peak. The significant adverse effects can be sustained to lag10 during the study period, and longer in the summer-autumn peak (lag13) than in the spring peak (lag8). There are thresholds for the health effects and they varied between seasons. The significant effect appeared when the pollen concentration was higher than 3.74 × 105 grain·m−2·d−1 during the spring tree pollen peaks and 4.70 × 104 grain·m−2·d−1 during the summer-autumn weed pollen peaks. The stratified results suggested that the species-specific effects were heterogeneous. It further highlights that enough attention should be paid to the problem of pollen allergy in children, especially school-aged children aged 7–18 years and weed pollen in the summer-autumn peak pollen period. These findings provide a more accurate reference for the rational coordination of medical resources and improvement of public health.

Tropomyosins of the helminthes: Sensitization and association with allergic diseases

The increase in the prevalence of allergic diseases has been a driver of the development of new technologies. Over the past two decades, significant progress in biochemistry and molecular allergology has contributed to the study of the structure of allergens and development of component-resolved diagnostics. Specifically, clinically significant families of allergens have been identified, including tropomyosin, which can cause various cross-IgE-mediated reactions. One of the risk factors for sensitization development is helminthiasis, which is common in different regions and population of endemic areas. The global prevalence of helminthiasis remains high. Approximately 1.5 billion people worldwide have chronic infections with at least one helminth.&#x0D; This review aimed to analyze current studies determining the relationship between helminth infections and the development of sensitization to helminth tropomyosin and clinical course of allergic diseases.&#x0D; The analysis of scientific publications described the relationship between helminth tropomyosin and the development of allergic diseases and sensitization in patients with parasitic infection. The PubMed database was used for the review. The review included original articles published between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2021.

Association of soap use when bathing 18-month-old infants with the prevalence of allergic diseases at age 3 years: TheJapan Environment and Children's Study.

Atopic march is defined as the progression from atopic dermatitis (AD) during early life to other allergic diseases in later childhood. In a nationwide birth cohort study, the Japan Environment and Children's Study, we investigated the association of bathing habits, which are known to affect skin conditions, for infants with their later development of allergic diseases. Pregnant women who lived in 15 designated regional centers throughout Japan were recruited. We obtained information on bathing habits for their 18-month-old infants and the prevalence of allergic diseases when they were aged 3 years. Data for 74,349 children were analyzed. Most 18-month-old infants were bathed or showered almost every day. When they were divided into four groups according to the frequency of soap use during bathing (every time, most of the time, sometimes, and seldom), the risk of AD later at age 3 was shown to increase in association with a decreasing frequency of soap use [most of the time: adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-1.34; sometimes: aOR 1.72, 95% CI 1.46-2.03; seldom: aOR 1.99, 95% CI 1.58-2.50], compared with soap use every time during bathing at 18 months of age. Similar results were obtained for food allergy but not for bronchial asthma. Frequent soap use when bathing 18-month-old infants was associated with a decreased risk of them developing allergic diseases at age 3. Further well-designed clinical studies are warranted to determine an effective bathing regimen for preventing the development of allergic diseases.

Early-life environment and the risk of eczema at 2 years-Meta-analyses of six Finnish birth cohorts.

Urban-related nature exposures are suggested to contribute to the rising prevalence of allergic diseases despite little supporting evidence. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of 12 land cover classes and two greenness indices around homes at birth on the development of doctor-diagnosed eczema by the age of 2 years, and the influence of birth season. Data from 5085 children were obtained from six Finnish birth cohorts. Exposures were provided by the Coordination of Information on the Environment in three predefined grid sizes. Adjusted logistic regression was run in each cohort, and pooled effects across cohorts were estimated using fixed or random effect meta-analyses. In meta-analyses, neither greenness indices (NDVI or VCDI, 250 m × 250 m grid size) nor residential or industrial/commercial areas were associated with eczema by age of 2 years. Coniferous forest (adjusted odds ratio 1.19; 95% confidence interval 1.01-1.39 for the middle and 1.16; 0.98-1.28 for the highest vs. lowest tertile) and mixed forest (1.21; 1.02-1.42 middle vs. lowest tertile) were associated with elevated eczema risk. Higher coverage with agricultural areas tended to associate with elevated eczema risk (1.20; 0.98-1.48 vs. none). In contrast, transport infrastructure was inversely associated with eczema (0.77; 0.65-0.91 highest vs. lowest tertile). Greenness around the home during early childhood does not seem to protect from eczema. In contrast, nearby coniferous and mixed forests may increase eczema risk, as well as being born in spring close to forest or high-green areas.