Prevalence Of Adverse Birth Outcomes Research Articles

The impact of prenatal mental health on birth outcomes before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Anhui, China.

Adverse birth outcomes remain challenging public health problems in China. Increasing evidence indicated that prenatal depression and anxiety are associated with adverse birth outcomes, highlighting the importance and severity of prenatal depression and anxiety in China. The COVID-19 pandemic is likely to further exacerbate prenatal mental health problems and increase the risk of adverse birth outcomes. The aim of this study is to assess and compare the impacts of prenatal mental health issues on birth outcomes before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ma'anshan, Anhui, China. Participants in this study were women who visited local maternal and child health hospitals in Ma'anshan, Anhui, China. Two independent sets of individual maternal data (npre-pamdemic = 1148; npandemic = 2249) were collected. Prenatal depression and anxiety were measured online using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). Adverse birth outcomes were determined using hospital-recorded infant birth weight and gestational age at delivery. In this study, we found that the pandemic cohort had lower mean EPDS and GAD-7 scores than the pre-pandemic cohort. The prevalence of prenatal depression (14.5%) and anxiety (26.7%) among the pandemic cohort were lower than the pre-pandemic cohort (18.6% and 36.3%). No significant difference was found in the prevalence of adverse birth outcomes comparing the two cohorts. Prenatal depression was associated with small gestational age only in the pandemic cohort (OR = 1.09, 95% CI 1.00-1.19, p = 0.042). Overall, this study highlighted an association between prenatal depression and small for gestational age in Anhui, China. Addressing prenatal depression may thus be key in improving birth outcomes. Future studies could focus on potential causal relationships.

IJCM_71A: Adverse birth outcomes and its association with non-communicable diseases and behavioral risk factors among Indian women: a secondary analysis from National Family Health Survey- 5.

Background: Pregnancy may be associated with several adverse outcomes. India, with its diverse population, presents a unique setting for studying the determinants of adverse birth outcomes. Objectives: Among women respondents of National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5): 1. To estimate prevalence of adverse birth outcomes; 2. To determine association between adverse birth outcomes and various non- communicable diseases (NCDs), behavioral risk factors. Methodology: We have analyzed the latest available data from NFHS- 5 (2019-2021) gathered from Demographic Health Survey program with permission. Prevalence of adverse birth outcome was estimated using weighted prevalence. Binary logistic regression was performed to calculate adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and p-values < 0.005 were considered statistically significant. Results: Data pertaining to 2,02,798 respondents were analyzed. The mean (SD) age was 27.56 (±5.255) years. Prevalence of adverse birth outcome was 80318 (39.6%). Among the adverse birth outcomes, low birth weight (28,605, 17.7%) was more common followed by preterm birth (23,532, 12.3%). NCDs like anemia (AOR- 1.023; 95%CI- 1.004-1.042; p=0.019), hypertension (AOR- 1.059; 95%CI- 1.024-1.095; p<0.001), heart disease (AOR- 1.464; 95%CI- 1.285-1.668; p=0.00), thyroid disease (AOR- 1.258; 95%CI- 1.187-1.332; p<0.001), tobacco usage (AOR- 1.152; CI- 1.095-1.211; p<0.001) were significantly associated with presence of any adverse birth outcomes. Conclusion: From this secondary data analyzed from NFHS-5, prevalence of adverse birth outcome is high among Indian women aged 15-49 years. Several factors significantly associated with adverse birth outcomes were determined. Findings from this analysis may have implications concerning pregnant women with NCDs and behavioral risk factors.

Birth Outcomes of Twin’s Pregnancy and Associated Factors in Selected Public Hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2022

Background: Twin birth is a type of multiple births when the mother gives birth to two offspring from the same pregnancy. The prevalence rates range from less than 8 twin pregnancies per 1,000 births in the East and Southern Asia, India, and Oceania to 17 or more per 1,000 births in Africa. There are factors to increase the negative birth outcome of twin delivery; from these, some of them are associated with increased maternal age, prim parity, low birth weight, chronic disease, low ANC follow-up, and PROM. Adverse birth outcome for twin delivery is a critical health issue in developing countries such as Ethiopia. It resulted in many bad consequences, neonatal and infant morbidity and mortality. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess birth out come and associated factors of twin’s pregnancy in selected public Hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: Facility based cross sectional study was conducted on 246 maternal records of twin delivery in selected public hospitals of Addis Ababa to assess birth out come and associated factors of twin’s pregnancy from December, 2020-June, 2021.A pretested questionnaire which will be analyzed by SPSS and result will be reported in tables, bivariate and multivariate regression will be done to show correlations by Crude and adjusted odds ratio. A confidence limit of 95% and p- value less than 0.05 will be used as cut of point to see presence of statistical significance. Result: The prevalence of adverse birth outcome (Both maternal and fetal) among twin delivery in the three selected public hospitals of Addis Ababa is 234 (95%). majority, 156(63.4%) were in the age group 18-28 years, with the mean age of 29.78 and Standard deviation of±6.53.Most of the mothers 227(92%) were married. Mothers who had Pregnancy induced hypertension (AOR= 10.465, 95% CI (2.922-37.474)), Mothers who had ruptured membrane before the onset of Labor (AOR= 3.577, 95% CI (1.198-10.682)) and Mothers who labor for more than 12 hours were (AOR= 3.324, 95% CI (1.101-10.034)) were significantly associated with adverse maternal birth outcome. While mothers who had ANC follow up at private clinic (AOR= 0.252, 95% CI (0.098-0.649)) and Mothers who live outside Addis Ababa were unlikely to have adverse fetal outcome (AOR= 0.343, 95% CI (0.143-0.826)). Conclusion: Adverse birth outcome of Twins pregnancy is relatively higher when compared to similar studies conducted in Ethiopia. The Health facilities should have effective risk assessment in Antenatal care unit and labor ward. It is also recommended to have guidelines and protocols for the management of twin’s pregnancy. Since the Prevalence of Adverse twin’s Birth outcome is higher greater attention should be given on both Antepartum and Intrapartum care.

The Risk of Adolescent Mothers having Low Birth Weight Babies in Rural Birbhum District during Covid Pandemic

Abstract: Objective: The objective of this research is to determine the factors associated with low-birth-weight (LBW) infants in adolescent pregnancy. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from July 1, 2021, to 31 December 2021, in Rampurhat and Mallarpur areas of Birbhum district. Studies were included a sample of adolescent mothers (≤19 years) and adult mothers (≥20 years) who gave birth to singleton infants in rural Birbhum district, West Bengal. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the factors associated with LBW infants in adolescent and adult pregnancy. Results: All 640 cases that fulfilled the study criteria were included. Of total mothers, over 37.19% were adolescence experiencing at least one pregnancy during the survey period. Of adolescent pregnancy, 24.79% delivered LBW babies; whereas the estimate was lower (17.41%) for adult women. Among adolescents, the 7.98% had abortion and 0.42% had stillbirths; whereas in case of adult women it was 6.22% and 1% respectively. Low birth weight babies increased during the COVID period for adolescent mothers. Odds ratio from Multivariate logistic regression suggests that adolescents are more likely to experience adverse birth outcome. Conclusion: Adolescent mothers in study area are more likely to give birth to babies that are preterm, LBW, or stillborn than adult mothers. Although analysis demonstrates a higher prevalence of adverse birth outcomes among pregnant adolescents than among adult pregnant women, future research is needed to investigate the mechanisms surrounding these differences by maternal age and, ideally, also to compare differences between pregnancies in younger and older women.

Antenatal interventions to reduce risk of low birth weight related to maternal infections during pregnancy

BackgroundMaternal infections during pregnancy have been linked to increased risk of adverse birth outcomes, including low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth (PTB), small for gestational age (SGA), and stillbirth (SB). ObjectivesThe purpose of this article was to summarize evidence from published literature on the effect of key interventions targeting maternal infections on adverse birth outcomes. MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and CINAHL Complete between March 2020 and May 2020 with an update to cover until August 2022. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and reviews of RCTs of 15 antenatal interventions for pregnant women reporting LBW, PTB, SGA, or SB as outcomes. ResultsOf the 15 reviewed interventions, the administration of 3 or more doses of intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy with sulphadoxine–pyrimethamine [IPTp-SP; RR: 0.80 (95% CI: 0.69, 0.94)] can reduce risk of LBW compared with 2 doses. The provision of insecticide-treated bed nets, periodontal treatment, and screening and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria may reduce risk of LBW. Maternal viral influenza vaccination, treatment of bacterial vaginosis, intermittent preventive treatment with dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine compared with IPTp-SP, and intermittent screening and treatment of malaria during pregnancy compared with IPTp were deemed unlikely to reduce the prevalence of adverse birth outcomes. ConclusionsAt present, there is limited evidence from RCTs available for some potentially relevant interventions targeting maternal infections, which could be prioritized for future research.

Adverse birth outcomes of adolescent and young adult women diagnosed with cancer during pregnancy.

We examined adverse birth outcomes among adolescent and young adult women diagnosed with cancer (AYA women, ages 15-39 years) during pregnancy. We linked data from the Texas Cancer Registry, vital records, and Texas Birth Defects Registry to identify all singleton births to AYA women diagnosed during pregnancy from January 1999 to December 2016. We compared prevalence of adverse live birth outcomes between AYA women and women without cancer (matched 1:4 on age, race and ethnicity, and year). Among AYA women, we used log-binomial regression to identify factors associated with these outcomes. Statistical tests were 2-sided. AYA women had 1271 singleton live births and 20 stillbirths. AYA women (n = 1291) were 33.3% Hispanic and 9.8% non-Hispanic Black and most commonly had breast (22.5%), thyroid (19.8%), and gynecologic (13.3%) cancers. Among live births, AYA women had a higher prevalence of low birth weight offspring (30.1% vs 9.0%), very preterm (5.7% vs 1.2%), and preterm birth (25.1% vs 7.2%); cesarean delivery (44.3% vs 35.2%); and low Apgar score (2.7% vs 1.5%), compared with women without cancer (n = 5084) (all P < .05). Prevalence of any birth defect by age 12 months did not statistically differ (5.2% vs 4.7%; P = .48), but live births to AYA women more often had heart and circulatory system defects (2.2% vs 1.3%; P = .01). In adjusted models, cancer type and chemotherapy were associated with adverse live birth outcomes. AYA women diagnosed during pregnancy have higher prevalence of adverse birth outcomes and face difficult decisions in balancing treatment risks and benefits.

Adverse birth outcome and associated factors among mothers with HIV who gave birth in northwest Amhara region referral hospitals, northwest Ethiopia, 2020

Adverse birth outcomes are a common cause of health problems in developing nations and have a significant negative impact on infant health as well as financial costs to families, communities, and the world. Mothers with HIV may be at increased risk of adverse birth outcomes. However, there is a limited study about adverse birth outcomes among mothers with HIV around the world including in Ethiopia. Therefore this study aimed to assess adverse birth outcomes and associated factors among mothers with HIV Facility based cross-sectional study was conducted among mothers with HIV who gave birth in northwest Amhara region referral hospitals from September 2016 to September 2019. Simple random sampling was used to select 590 mothers. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regressions were carried out to identify factors. Statistical significance was declared by using a p-value < 0.05. An adjusted odds ratio was used to show the magnitude of the association. Out of a total of 590 mothers, the prevalence of adverse birth outcomes among HIV-positive mothers was 21% (95% CI 17.8–24.6%). History of spontaneous abortion [AOR = 1.9, 95% CI (1.19, 3.70)], PROM [AOR = 3.55, 95% CI (1.72, 7.30)], opportunistic infection [AOR = 3.38, 95% CI (1.50, 8.22)], pre-pregnancy BMI of < 18.5 [AOR = 5.61, 95% CI (1.97, 15.91)], MUAC < 23 cm [AOR = 2.56, 95% CI (1.10, 5.97)], and ANC visit of < 4 times [AOR = 3.85, 95% CI (2.34, 6.55)] were significantly associated with Adverse birth outcome. The prevalence of adverse birth outcomes was high. Abortion history, MUAC, BMI, Opportunistic infection, PROM, and a number of ANC visits were associated with adverse birth outcomes. This study suggests to increase number of antenatal care follow-ups, prevent and treat opportunistic infections, and focus on early detection and treatment of pregnancy-related complication

Association of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection With Maternal Mortality and Neonatal Birth Outcomes in Botswana by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Status.

To evaluate the combined association of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on adverse birth outcomes in an HIV-endemic region. The Tsepamo Study abstracts data from antenatal and obstetric records in government maternity wards across Botswana. We assessed maternal mortality and adverse birth outcomes for all singleton pregnancies from September 2020 to mid-November 2021 at 13 Tsepamo sites among individuals with documented SARS-CoV-2 screening tests and known HIV status. Of 20,410 individuals who gave birth, 11,483 (56.3%) were screened for SARS-CoV-2 infection; 4.7% tested positive. People living with HIV were more likely to test positive (144/2,421, 5.9%) than those without HIV (392/9,030, 4.3%) (P=.001). Maternal deaths occurred in 3.7% of those who had a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result compared with 0.1% of those who tested negative (adjusted relative risk [aRR] 31.6, 95% CI 15.4-64.7). Maternal mortality did not differ by HIV status. The offspring of individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection experienced more overall adverse birth outcomes (34.5% vs 26.6%; aRR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1-1.4), severe adverse birth outcomes (13.6% vs 9.8%; aRR 1.2, 95% CI 1.0-1.5), preterm delivery (21.4% vs 13.4%; aRR 1.4, 95% CI 1.2-1.7), and stillbirth (5.6% vs 2.7%; aRR 1.7 95% CI 1.2-2.5). Neonates exposed to SARS-CoV-2 and HIV infection had the highest prevalence of adverse birth outcomes (43.1% vs 22.6%; aRR 1.7, 95% CI 1.4-2.0). Infection with SARS-CoV-2 at the time of delivery was associated with 3.7% maternal mortality and 5.6% stillbirth in Botswana. Most adverse birth outcomes were worse among neonates exposed to both SARS-CoV-2 and HIV infection.

Higher Dietary Intake of Animal Protein Foods in Pregnancy Is Associated with Lower Risk of Adverse Birth Outcomes

The prevalence of adverse birth outcomes is highest in resource-limited settings such as sub-Saharan Africa. Maternal consumption of diets with adequate nutrients during pregnancy may protect against these adverse outcomes. The objective was to determine the association between maternal dietary consumption of animal source foods (ASFs) and the risk of adverse birth outcomes among HIV-negative pregnant women in Tanzania. Using dietary intake data from 7564 HIV-negative pregnant women, we used Poisson regression with the empirical variance (generalized estimating equation) to estimate the RR of adverse birth outcomes-preterm birth, very preterm birth, small for gestational age (SGA), low birth weight (LBW), stillbirth, and neonatal death-for higher and lower frequency of ASF intake. Median daily dietary intake of animal protein was 17 g (IQR: 1-48 g). Higher frequency of ASF protein intake was associated with lower risk of neonatal death (quartile 4 compared with quartile 1; RR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.38, 0.90; P-trend = 0.01). Higher fish intake was associated with lower risk of very preterm birth (high tertile compared with low; RR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.58, 0.99; P-trend = 0.02). Any meat intake was protective of preterm birth (RR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.65, 0.82; P < 0.001), very preterm birth (P < 0.001), LBW (P < 0.001), and neonatal death (P = 0.01) but was associated with increased risk of SGA (RR:1.19; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.36; P = 0.04). Any egg intake was protective of very preterm birth (RR: 0.50; 95% CI: 0.31, 0.83; P = 0.01) as compared with no egg intake. Finally, any dairy intake was associated with lower risk of preterm birth (RR: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.68, 0.98; P = 0.03) and very preterm birth (RR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.34, 0.84; P = 0.01). Higher frequency of dietary intake of ASF is associated with lower risk of adverse birth outcomes in urban Tanzania. Promoting prenatal dietary intake of ASF may improve birth outcomes in this region and similar resource-limited settings.

Prevalence of adverse birth outcomes and associated factors in Jazan, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study.

This study aimed to measure the prevalence of adverse birth outcomes and associated factors among mothers from the Jazan region in Saudi, Arabia. This was a cross-sectional investigation where data was collected via a semi-structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was completed during interviews to assess data regarding the participants’ demographics, morbidity, the reported adverse birth outcomes, and maternal complications during pregnancy. Chi-squared and Fisher’s Exact tests were both used to compare the distribution of demographic and obstetric risk factors according to the historical presence of adverse birth outcomes. A total of 1315 women with a combined history of 4950 pregnancies were involved in the current investigation. The mean age of the participants was 33.1 years. The total number of adverse birth outcomes was 1009. The most frequently reported adverse birth outcome was miscarriage (12.1%), followed by premature birth (2.3%) and underweight birth (1.9%). Reports of a minimum of 1 adverse birth outcome were higher among women who reported family incomes of more than 10,000 Saudi Arabian Riyal (SAR), women who were first-degree cousins of their husbands, and women with less than a secondary level education (P values <.05). This study found a relatively high prevalence of miscarriage. Further investigations are needed to assess factors associated with this high frequency level of miscarriage. Furthermore, these findings have preventive and clinical implications concerning pregnant women with a history of obesity, anemia, consanguinity, and hypertension. The goal is to target them with a better range of antenatal care services to reduce the incidence of potential adverse birth outcomes.

Large gains in schooling and income are possible from minimizing adverse birth outcomes in 121 low- and middle-income countries: A modelling study.

While the global contributions of adverse birth outcomes to child morbidity and mortality is relatively well documented, the potential long-term schooling and economic consequences of adverse birth outcomes has not been estimated. We sought to quantify the potential schooling and lifetime income gains associated with reducing the excess prevalence of adverse birth outcomes in 121 low- and middle-income countries. We used a linear deterministic model to estimate the potential gains in schooling and lifetime income that may be achieved by attaining theoretical minimum prevalence of low birthweight, preterm birth and small-for-gestational age births at the national, regional, and global levels. We estimated that potential total gains across the 121 countries from reducing low birthweight to the theoretical minimum were 20.3 million school years (95% CI: 6.0,34.8) and US$ 68.8 billion (95% CI: 20.3,117.9) in lifetime income gains per birth cohort. As for preterm birth, we estimated gains of 9.8 million school years (95% CI: 1.5,18.4) and US$ 41.9 billion (95% CI: 6.1,80.9) in lifetime income. The potential gains from small-for-gestational age were 39.5 million (95% CI: 19.1,60.3) school years and US$113.6 billion (95% CI: 55.5,174.2) in lifetime income gained. In summary, reducing the excess prevalence of low birthweight, preterm birth or small-for-gestational age births in low- and middle-income countries may lead to substantial long-term human capital gains in addition to benefits on child mortality, growth, and development as well as on risk of non-communicable diseases in adults and other consequences across the life course.

Prevalence, risk factors and short-term consequences of adverse birth outcomes in Zimbabwean pregnant women: a secondary analysis of a cluster-randomized trial.

Globally, 15 million children are born preterm each year and 10.7 million are born at term but with low birthweight (<2500 g). The Sanitation Hygiene Infant Nutrition Efficacy (SHINE) cluster-randomized trial enrolled 5280 pregnant women between 22 November 2012 and27 March 2015 to test the impact of improved water supply, sanitation and hygiene, and improved infant feeding, on child growth and anaemia. We conducted a secondary analysis to estimate the prevalence and risk factors of miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm birth, size small for gestational age (SGA), low birthweight (LBW), perinatal mortality, and neonatal mortality, and to estimate the effects of adverse birth outcomes on infant survival and growth. The prevalence of adverse birth outcomes was: miscarriage: 5.0%[95% confidence interval (CI), 4.4, 5.7]; stillbirth:2.3% (95% CI 1.9, 2.7);preterm birth: 18.2% (95% CI 16.9, 19.5); SGA: 16.1% (95% CI 15.0, 17.3); LBW: 9.8% (95% CI 9.0, 10.7); andneonatal mortality:31.4/1000 live births (95% CI 26.7, 36.5). Modifiable risk factors included maternal HIV infection, anaemia, lack of antenatal care and non-institutional delivery. Preterm infants had higher neonatal mortality [risk ratio (RR): 6.1 (95% CI 4.0, 9.2)], post-neonatal infant mortality [hazard ratio (HR): 2.1 (95% CI 1.1, 4.1)] and stunting at 18 months of age [RR: 1.5 (95% CI 1.4, 1.7)] than term infants; 56% of stillbirths and 57% of neonatal deaths were among preterm births. Neonatal mortality and stillbirth are high in Zimbabwe and appear to be driven by high preterm birth. Interventions for primary prevention of preterm birth and strengthenedmanagement of preterm labour and ill and small neonates are required to reduce neonatal mortality in Zimbabwe and other African countries with similar profiles.

Determinants of adverse birth outcome in Sub-Saharan Africa: analysis of recent demographic and health surveys

BackgroundMore than 75% of neonatal deaths occurred in the first weeks of life as a result of adverse birth outcomes. Low birth weight, preterm births are associated with a variety of acute and long-term complications. In Sub-Saharan Africa, there is insufficient evidence of adverse birth outcomes. Hence, this study aimed to determine the pooled prevalence and determinants of adverse birth outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa.MethodData of this study were obtained from a cross-sectional survey of the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) of ten Sub-African (SSA) countries. A total of 76,853 children born five years preceding the survey were included in the final analysis. A Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM) were fitted and an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI) was computed to declare statistically significant determinants of adverse birth outcomes.ResultThe pooled prevalence of adverse birth outcomes were 29.7% (95% CI: 29.4 to 30.03). Female child (AOR = 0.94, 95%CI: 0.91 0.97), women attended secondary level of education (AOR = 0.87, 95%CI: 0.82 0.92), middle (AOR = 0.94,95%CI: 0.90 0.98) and rich socioeconomic status (AOR = 0.94, 95%CI: 0.90 0.99), intimate-partner physical violence (beating) (AOR = 1.18, 95%CI: 1.14 1.22), big problems of long-distance travel (AOR = 1.08, 95%CI: 1.04 1.11), antenatal care follow-ups (AOR = 0.86, 95%CI: 0.83 0.86), multiparty (AOR = 0.88, 95%CI: 0.84 0.91), twin births (AOR = 2.89, 95%CI: 2.67 3.14), and lack of women involvement in healthcare decision-making process (AOR = 1.10, 95%CI: 1.06 1.13) were determinants of adverse birth outcomes.ConclusionThis study showed that the magnitude of adverse birth outcomes was high, abnormal baby size and preterm births were the most common adverse birth outcomes. This finding suggests that encouraging antenatal care follow-ups and socio-economic conditions of women are essential. Moreover, special attention should be given to multiple pregnancies, improving healthcare accessibilities to rural areas, and women’s involvement in healthcare decision-making.

Opioid and benzodiazepine dispensing and co-dispensing patterns among commercially insured pregnant women in the United States, 2007\u20132015

BackgroundLittle is known about benzodiazepine and opioid-benzodiazepine co-dispensing patterns among pregnant women. Understanding these patterns is necessary to mitigate high-risk medication use during pregnancy. Our objective in this analysis was to evaluate opioid and benzodiazepine dispensing and co-dispensing patterns among commercially insured pregnant women in the United States.Methods This retrospective study used a 10% random sample of commercially insured enrollees from the IQVIA™ Adjudicated Health Plan Claims Data from 2007 to 2015. The study included women (12–55 years of age) with completed pregnancies who had continuous medical and prescription drug coverage from 3 months prior to the date of conception through 3 months post-delivery. We estimated the prevalence of opioid and benzodiazepine dispensing and co-dispensing before, during, and after pregnancy, and evaluated trends in dispensing patterns across the study period (2007–2015) using Cochrane-Armitage tests. Chi-square tests were used to examine differences in demographic and clinical characteristics by dispensing and co-dispensing patterns. Among women that received an opioid or benzodiazepine during pregnancy, logistic regression models were used to quantify the association between sample characteristics and dispensing patterns (co-dispensing vs single dispensing).ResultsOf 168,025 pregnant women that met our inclusion criteria, 10.1% received at least one opioid and 2.0% received at least one benzodiazepine during pregnancy, while 0.5% were co-dispensed these drugs. During the study period (2007 vs 2015), prevalence of opioid dispensing during pregnancy decreased from 11.2 to 8.6% (p < 0.01); while benzodiazepine dispensing increased from 1.3 to 2.9% (p < 0.01), and the prevalence of co-dispensing, while low and stable, increased slightly from 0.39 to 0.44% (p < 0.01). Older age, a higher comorbidity burden, pain diagnosis, anxiety diagnosis, and alcohol, tobacco, and drug use disorders, were all associated with an increased odds of co-dispensing during pregnancy.ConclusionsThis study provides evidence that while opioid dispensing during pregnancy has decreased in the past decade, benzodiazepine dispensing has increased. The prevalence of opioid-benzodiazepine co-dispensing was rare and remained fairly stable during our study period. Those co-dispensed both drugs had a higher prevalence of adverse birth outcomes. Further research to establish the potentially causal relationship between opioid and benzodiazepine co-dispensing and adverse birth outcomes should be undertaken.

Comparative analysis of perinatal outcomes and birth defects amongst adolescent and older Ugandan mothers: evidence from a hospital-based surveillance database

BackgroundUganda has one of the highest adolescent pregnancy rates in sub-Saharan Africa. We compared the risk of adverse birth outcomes between adolescents (age 12–19 years) and mothers (age 20–34 years) in four urban hospitals.MethodsMaternal demographics, HIV status, and birth outcomes of all live births, stillbirths, and spontaneous abortions delivered from August 2015 to December 2018 were extracted from a hospital-based birth defects surveillance database. Differences in the distributions of maternal and infant characteristics by maternal age groups were tested with Pearson’s chi-square. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using logistic regression to compare the prevalence of adverse birth outcomes among adolescents to mothers 20–34 years.ResultsA total of 100,189 births were analyzed, with 11.1% among adolescent mothers and 89.0% among older mothers. Adolescent mothers had an increased risk of preterm delivery (aOR: 1.14; CI 1.06–1.23), low birth weight (aOR: 1.46; CI 1.34–1.59), and early neonatal deaths (aOR: 1.58; CI 1.23–2.02). Newborns of adolescent mothers had an increased risk of major external birth defects (aOR: 1.33; CI 1.02–1.76), specifically, gastroschisis (aOR: 3.20; CI 1.12–9.13) compared to mothers 20–34 years. The difference between the prevalence of gastroschisis among adolescent mothers (7.3 per 10,000 births; 95% CI 3.7–14.3) was statistically significant when compared to mothers 20–34 years (1.6 per 10,000 births; 95% CI 0.9–2.6).ConclusionsThis study found that adolescent mothers had an increased risk for several adverse birth outcomes compared to mothers 20–34 years, similar to findings in the region and globally. Interventions are needed to improve birth outcomes in this vulnerable population.

Impacts of Medicaid Expansion Before Conception on Prepregnancy Health, Pregnancy Health, and Outcomes.

Preconception health care is heralded as an essential method of improving pregnancy health and outcomes. However, access to health care for low-income US women of reproductive age has been limited because of a lack of health insurance. Expansions of Medicaid program eligibility under the Affordable Care Act (as well as prior expansions in some states) have changed this circumstance and expanded health insurance coverage for low-income women. These Medicaid expansions provide an opportunity to assess whether obtaining health insurance coverage improves prepregnancy and pregnancy health and reduces prevalence of adverse pregnancy outcomes. We tested this hypothesis using vital statistics data from 2011-2017 on singleton births to female US residents aged 15-44 years. We examined associations between preconception exposure to Medicaid expansion and measures of prepregnancy health, pregnancy health, and pregnancy outcomes using a difference-in-differences empirical approach. Increased Medicaid eligibility was not associated with improvements in prepregnancy or pregnancy health measures and did not reduce the prevalence of adverse birth outcomes (e.g., prevalence of preterm birth increased by 0.1 percentage point (95% confidence interval: -0.2, 0.3)). Increasing Medicaid eligibility alone may be insufficient to improve prepregnancy or pregnancy health and birth outcomes. Preconception programming in combination with attention to other structural determinants of pregnancy health is needed.

Adverse birth outcome and associated factors among diabetic pregnant women in Ethiopia: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

The magnitude of adverse birth outcome among diabetic pregnant women is high in low-and-middle income countries, like Ethiopia. Precise epidemiological evidence is necessary to plan, evaluate and improve effective preventive measures. This systematic review and meta-analysis is the first to estimate the pooled prevalence of adverse birth outcome and associated factors among diabetic pregnant women in Ethiopia. PubMed, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, SCOPUS, Web of Science and PsycINFO, and article found in University online repository were accessed. Observational studies such as cross-sectional, case-control and prospective cohort reported using English language was involved. I2 statistic was used to check heterogeneity. Egger's test and funnel plot were used to measure publication bias. Weighted inverse variance random effects model was also performed. Seven studies with 1,225 study participants were retrieved to estimate the pooled prevalence of adverse birth outcome and associated factors. The pooled prevalence of adverse birth outcome among diabetic pregnant women was 5.3% [95% CI; 1.61, 17.41]. Fasting blood glucose level above 100 mg/dl [Adjusted Odds ratio (AOR) = 10.51; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 5.90, 15.12], two hour post prandial glucose level above 120 mg/dl [AOR = 8.77; 95% CI = 4.51, 13.03], gestational age <37 completed week [AOR = 9.76; 95% CI = 5.29, 14.23], no ANC follow-up [AOR = 10.78; 95% CI = 6.12, 15.44], history of previous adverse outcomes [AOR = 3.47; 95% CI = 1.04, 5.90], maternal age < 30 years [AOR = 3.47; 95% CI = 1.04, 5.90], and illiteracy [AOR = 2.89; 95% CI = 0.81,4.97)] were associated factors of adverse birth outcome. The pooled prevalence of adverse birth outcomes among diabetic pregnant women in Ethiopia was high. Child born from mothers who were illiterate, maternal age < 30 years, gestational age < 37 completed weeks, history of previous adverse birth outcomes and no ANC follow-up increased the risk of adverse birth outcome. It is registered in PROSPERO data base: (PROSPERO 2020: CRD42020167734).

Analyzing temporal trends and spatial patterns in adverse birth outcomes in Massachusetts from 2000–2014

This study explores temporal trends and spatial patterns in adverse birth outcomes (ABO) in the state of Massachusetts from 2000 to 2014. ABO include low birthweight (<2500 g) and preterm births (gestational age <37 weeks). This research evaluates if there are areas in Massachusetts that have experienced statistically significant increases or decreases in ABO throughout the study period. Birth data was obtained from the Massachusetts Department of Public Health and only singleton, live births were included for the analysis. The data were aggregated to census tracts, and the total number of births and the number of ABOs were calculated for each census tract for each year. In total, 1478 census tracts were included in this analysis. Trends and patterns of ABO were evaluated using the Space Time Cube and the Mann-Kendall statistic and a multiple linear regression was conducted to identify potential associations between socioeconomic factors and prevalence of ABO. Results showed that there were associations between the socioeconomic indicators and the ABO rate (particularly educational attainment, income, and diversity) though there were no conclusive racial disparities present throughout the state or 15-year study period. Results of this study can be used to identify areas that are experiencing an increase in ABO to potentially allow for more effective, targeted intervention methods.

Prevalence and Predictors of Adverse Birth Outcome among Deliveries at Butajira General Hospital, Gurage Zone, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peopleâ??s Region, Ethiopia

Background: Adverse birth outcomes are the most common public health problem in both developed and developing countries, including Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and predictors of adverse birth outcome among women who delivered at the Butajira General Hospital, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People’s Region, Ethiopia. Methods: A Hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 06–27, 2019. Three hundred thirteen mothers’ card was obtained using the systematic sampling method. A pretested checklist was used to collect data. Data were entered into Epi-data version 3.1 and analysed using SPSS version 24. Multiple logistic regressions were used to identify associated predictors of adverse birth outcome with 95% confidence interval. p value of <0.05 was considered significant. Result: The overall prevalence of adverse birth outcome was 18.2%. The predictors of the adverse birth outcome were as follows: being rural residence [AOR=3.2; 95% CI (1.5, 7.7)], mothers aged 35 and above [AOR=8.7; 95% CI (3.1, 24.5)], history of abortion [AOR=2.4; 95% CI (1.1, 5.4)], and pregnancy complication [AOR=12.9; 95% CI (4.8, 35.2)]. Conclusion: Most factors associated with adverse birth outcome are manageable by means of appropriate pre-natal care and improving antenatal, intrapartum, neonatal care services and incorporating community-based health education within our limited resources.

Prevalence of adverse birth outcome and associated factors among women who delivered in Hawassa town governmental health institutions, south Ethiopia, in 2017

BackgroundMost pregnancies are unplanned in Ethiopia. This is due to ignorance of the types and efficacy of each method of contraception they are associated with vast and unpredictable complications. Most of the time, these complications result in adverse birth outcomes. Information about prevalence of adverse birth outcome and it’s factors are relevant for designing, and initiating and intervening programs to decrease these undesirable out comes.ObjectiveTo assess prevalence of adverse birth outcome and associated factors among women who delivered in Hawassa town governmental health institutions, south Ethiopia, in 2017.MethodWe conducted institutional based cross sectional study among 580 pregnant women from december1–30/2017, by multistage systematic random sampling method in governmental health institution in Hawassa town. Data were collected through structured pre-tested, close ended and interview administered questionnaire in their post-partum period. Collected data was entered in Epi-info version 7 and analyzed using SPSS. Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval on multivariable logistic regression was computed and P-value< 0.05 considered as significance.ResultFrom a total of 580 respondents 106(18.3%) respondent’s had child related adverse birth outcome. Previous History of child related adverse pregnancy outcome 4.2 (95%,CI = 2.5–6.9), Attend at list one antenatal care visit 2.3 (95%CI = 1.1–4.3), Own cat in the house 2.2 (95%,CI = 1.3–3.7), Had any chronic disease/s 2.1(95%,CI = 1.1–4.8), Age of the mother (from 35 to 45 Years) 2.3(95%,CI = 1.1–4.8), Poor participants’ Knowledge on preconception care 3 (95%CI = 1.4–1.6) were significant predictor of adverse birth outcome in this study .Conclusion and recommendationPrevalence of adverse birth outcome was found to be significant in the current study. Presence of Previous History of adverse pregnancy outcome, on ante-natal attendance, presence of cat in the house, presence of chronic disease/s, younger mother and Poor Knowledge of preconception care were significant predictor of adverse pregnancy outcome. Therefore it is better to give more attention on expanding preconception and antenatal care. Creating awareness about family planning methods type and efficacy for women of reproductive health is mandatory. Services, increasing health education on personal hygiene vaccination of cats. Moreover, early detecting and treatment of chronic disease.