Prevalence Of Abdominal Obesity Research Articles

Assessment of metabolic syndrome in railway workers

Metabolic syndrome is currently the leading cause of the development of cardiovascular pathology.This is associated with an increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity, which leads to a significant increase in related metabolic diseases. The production activities of workers in many railway professions, primarily locomotive crew workers, are characterized by high psychoemotional stress, which is an important risk factor for the development of metabolic syndrome. Objective: to establish an association between the prevalence of metabolic syndrome Materials and methods: 220 men have been included into the research, workers of railway transportation with arterial hypertension. All the men have been divided into two groups according to their profession. The first group consisted of 114 workers of locomotive brigades (engine drivers and their Assistants). 106 workers of a railway transportation of other specialties have been included in II group. General clinical part of the study included: collection of complaints, medical history, work experience and duration of the disease, examination, anthropometric data with determination of body mass index, waist circumference. Laboratory tests included assessment of biochemical parameters (total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), triglycerides (TG), glucose, fasting blood sugar and 2 hours after meals). Results: The frequency of metabolic syndrome is 37% and 35%, respectively, in the first and second groups. Significant differences were found in the prevalence of abdominal obesity: among workers of locomotive crews, abdominal obesity was significantly more common by 14% than among engineers (office workers) (χ² = 8.42; p = 0.004). Among men of working age, workers in stressful professions (machinists and their Assistants) more often have a combination of three components of MS: hypertension with AO and an increase in the concentration of LDL-C >3 mmol/l. The following clusters of metabolic syndrome are more often observed in office workers (engineers): hypertension with AO and hypertriglyceridemia and hypertension with AO and hyperglycemia. Conclusions: The received results specify in necessity of carrying out of primary preventive maintenance arterial hypertension among workers of locomotive brigades.

Influence of waist circumference measurement site on the cardiometabolic risk factors in Korean adults.

Waist circumference (WC) has been recognized as a simple anthropometric measure of abdominal obesity and associated health risk. We compared WC values at five measurement sites, and examined whether measurement sites influence the relationships between WC and cardiometabolic risk in Korean adults. In this cross-sectional study, participants included 180 men and 176 women (age: 30-60 years, BMI: 18.5-30.0 kg/m2) who underwent a regular health examination between 2021 and 2022. WC was measured at the following sites; lowest rib, superior border of the iliac crest, midpoint between the lowest rib and the iliac crest, umbilicus, and narrowest waist. Fasting glucose and lipids, and resting blood pressure were measured after a 10-hour overnight fast. Cardiometabolic risk factors were defined using the modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel-III. All WC measures at five sites were highly correlated (P < 0.01) with each other in men (r = 0.933-0.995) and women (r = 0.893-0.990). Differences in absolute mean WC values existed in both men and women. The prevalence of abdominal obesity (men: 17.2 %-34.4 %, women: 5.7 %-40.9 %) and metabolic syndrome (men: 30.6 %-38.9 % women: 13.6 %-22.2 %) varied depending on the measurement site. All five WC sites were similarly associated (P < 0.05) with an increased odd ratio for elevated glucose, elevated triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol and cardiometabolic risk clustering in men, and elevated blood pressure and cardiometabolic risk clustering in women. Although the differences in absolute WC values existed, the associations between WC at each site and cardiometabolic risk were similar in Korean adults.

The pattern and burden of non-communicable diseases in armed conflict-exposed populations in Northeastern Nigeria.

The risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in conflict and post-conflict settings in Northeastern Nigeria has not been evaluated to date. As this region undergoes recovery, understanding the prevalence of NCDs, such as hypertension, diabetes, depression, and obesity, and the associated behavioral coping mechanisms, is crucial for developing tailored healthcare solutions. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the impact of conflict on the prevalence of NCDs in conflict-exposed areas in Northeastern Nigeria compared with non-conflict regions. This study was an unmatched cross-sectional study. The participants were selected from inpatients and outpatients at general hospitals in Mubi (conflict-exposed) and Jada (non-conflict), which are local government areas in Adamawa, a state in Northeastern Nigeria. The study was conducted over four months, and data on various health indicators were collected. Multivariable binary logistic regression and complementary log regression were performed to investigate the effects of individual risk factors and regional settings on the prevalence of NCDs. A sample of 463 individuals from both locations was analyzed. The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, abdominal obesity, and depression in the entire cohort was 22.92%, 5.04%, 44.19%, and 17.94%, respectively. The rates of hypertension and abdominal obesity in the conflict-exposed Mubi were lower, and the rate of depression was higher than those recorded in Jada. Females showed higher rates of hypertension, obesity, and depression than males. The residents of Mubi had lower odds of having abdominal obesity (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.18; 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.11-0.28]) but a higher risk of depression (incidence risk ratio (IRR) = 4.78; 95% CI [2.51-9.22]) than those in Jada. However, the participants affected by insurgency showed higher odds of having both abdominal obesity (aOR = 1.95; 95% CI [1.23-3.08]) and depression (IRR = 1.76; 95% CI [1.08-2.88]) than those who were not affected by the conflict. The findings of this study underscore the urgent need for mental health support in conflict-affected regions and comprehensive healthcare strategies for the aging population. As adjustment of lifestyle factors is crucial for addressing NCDs, effective case management and food security are essential for reducing the risk of NCDs in conflict-exposed populations.

Prevalence of Abdominal Obesity in Children and Adolescents with Intellectual Disability in Southeastern Poland.

Background/Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of occurrence of a significant health problem-abdominal obesity (AO)-in children and adolescents with intellectual disability (ID) compared to children and adolescents without disabilities, examined in the period 2013-2014. Methods: The study group included 568 students with various ID degrees (n = 265 mild; n = 249 moderate; n = 54 severe) (age range 7-18 years) attending care and educational facilities. The comparison group (non-ID) was randomly selected based on the principle of matching the group (age and sex) among students without ID. Anthropometric measurements were taken: waist circumference (WC), height, and body mass. To classify WC and BMI values, percentile charts developed within the OLAF project were used. Analyses were performed using the independence chi-square test, odds ratio (95% confidence interval) and logistic regression for multivariate analysis. The level of significance was assumed as α = 0.05. Results: The prevalence of AO in the ID group was not statistically significant (OR = 1.31; p = 0.056). The risk in the study group was significantly higher in the older age category (OR = 1.88; p < 0.001) and increased with the level of intellectual disability, amounting (OR = 3.71; p < 0.001) to moderate ID and (OR = 5.62; p < 0.001) for profound ID, respectively. Conclusions: Consideration should be given to the extension of preventive and therapeutic measures to defined subgroups of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities, who are particularly vulnerable to AO.

Prevalence of Overweight, Obesity, and Abdominal Obesity in Polish Adults: Sociodemographic Analysis from the 2016-2020 National Health Program.

Excessive body weight, particularly the abdominal distribution of adipose tissue, has remained an important public health concern for years. The study aimed to assess the prevalence of general overweight status and obesity, as well as abdominal overweight status and obesity in the adult Polish population. The results are based on the analysis of anthropometric data of 3735 people aged 19 and over who were surveyed under the 2016-2020 National Health Program. Excessive body weight (BMI > 25 kg/m2) was reported in 56.6% of the respondents. Abdominal overweight was found in 20.8% of respondents and abdominal obesity in 31.7% of the respondents. Abdominal obesity was more common in women than in men (44.3% vs. 18.0%, p < 0.001). Over half of women over 55 (approx. 60%) had abdominal obesity. The odds of becoming overweight/obese as measured by the BMI depended on the age and sex of the respondents. It was confirmed that men were over 28% more likely to develop such a condition than women (OR = 1.288, p < 0.001). The odds increased with age (OR = 1.029, p < 0.001). The type of person with obesity/found to be overweight in Polish population was most often a rural resident, aged 65.0-74.9, assessing their financial situation as average, being married/in a partnership, and not declaring the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. The person with an overweight status had secondary education, and the person with obesity had primary/lower secondary/vocational education. Being overweight and having obesity, both general and abdominal, are still a major epidemiological problem in Poland. The results obtained in this study suggest that the prevalence of being overweight and having obesity has decreased over the last 10 years, though this assumption requires further investigation. Rural residents with lower education should be covered by educational activities adapted to their needs and possibilities, considering that obesity in young women, especially when having abdominal obesity, may be associated with an increased risk of infertility caused by ovulation disorders. Further research and educational activities are necessary. Excessive body weight affected almost 42% of the women from the youngest age group, and abdominal obesity was found in 21% of them.

Higher Animal-Based Protein Intake Levels Show a Greater Likelihood of Having Metabolic Syndrome in Single-Person Households Among Korean Adults.

Despite the increasing intake of animal-based protein and the growing number of single-person households (SPHs) in Korean populations, no studies have analyzed the relationship of protein intake by source with metabolic syndrome (MetS) according to household type. This study examined the association between protein intake (plant- and animal-based sources) and MetS risk factors in SPH and multi-person households (MPHs) among Korean adults. A total of 12,022 participants aged 30-64 years (SPH: 982; MPH: 11,040) were selected from the 2016-2021 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Protein intake level was defined as the percentage contribution of food source to daily intake, assessed using 24 h recall dietary data. The animal-based protein intake level was slightly higher in SPHs (51.2%) compared to MPHs (49.5%), whereas the contributions of plant sources from vegetables, fruits, and whole grains were higher in MPHs (p < 0.01). The prevalence of MetS and abdominal obesity increased with higher animal-based protein intake levels across all household types. Only in SPHs, each 1% rise in the proportion of animal-based protein was positively associated with increased blood pressure (OR = 1.013, 95% CI: 1.004-1.022). Moreover, the interaction between animal-based protein intake levels and household type was significantly associated with a higher prevalence of elevated triglycerides (TGs) (MPH[Q1] vs. SPH[Q4] OR = 1.51; p for interaction = 0.0335). However, these two risk factors did not show significant association in MPHs. The results suggest that reducing dietary animal protein could help manage MetS risk factors, particularly increased blood pressure, and elevated TGs in SPHs of Korean adults. In conclusion, dietary guidelines that promote a higher intake of plant-based protein over animal-based protein for the health of the SPH population would be valuable from a public health perspective.

Composite dietary antioxidant index and obesity among U.S. adults in NHANES 2007–2018

Antioxidant-rich diets serve as protective factors in preventing obesity. The composite dietary antioxidant index (CDAI) represents a novel, comprehensive metric for assessing the antioxidant capacity of diets. Our objective is to investigate the relationship between the CDAI and obesity prevalence among adults in the United States. Dietary and anthropometric information about adults aged 20 years and older were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2018. The CDAI was derived from six dietary antioxidants. Obesity is defined as a body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) ≥ 30 kg/m2, and abdominal obesity as a waist circumference (WC, cm) ≥ 102 cm for men and ≥ 88 cm for women. The relationship between CDAI and obesity, including abdominal obesity, was analyzed using logistic regression and subgroup analyses. A total of 25,553 participants were analyzed. With higher tertiles of the CDAI, both obesity (41.28% vs. 38.62 vs. 35.09%, P < 0.001) and abdominal obesity (63.75% vs. 59.54 vs. 52.09%, P < 0.001) prevalence notably declined. Adjusting for multiple confounders, the CDAI was found to be independently linked to obesity (OR = 0.980, 95%CI = 0.971–0.989, P < 0.001) and abdominal obesity (OR = 0.972, 95%CI = 0.963–0.982, P < 0.001) risks. Subgroup analyses revealed a stronger relationship between CDAI and obesity in non-hypertensive individuals and a more significant association with abdominal obesity in women and those without hypertension. Our findings reveal a negative relationship between CDAI levels and both general and abdominal obesity. Additional extensive research is necessary to investigate CDAI’s contribution to obesity.

Prediction Models for Elevated Cardiac Biomarkers from Previous Risk Factors and During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Residents of Trujillo City, Peru.

Cardiac troponin serum concentration is a marker of myocardial injury, but NT-pro BNP is a marker of myocardial insufficiency. The purpose of this study was to determine binary logistic regression models to verify the possible association of cardiovascular risk indicators, pre-pandemic history, the number of times participants were infected with SARS-CoV-2, and vaccination against these biomarkers. A total of 281 residents of Trujillo city (Peru) participated between September and December 2023. We found a high prevalence of abdominal obesity of 55.2%; glycemia > 100 m/dL in 53%; hypercholesterolemia in 49.8%; low HDL in 71.9%; and LDL > 100 mg/dL in 78.6%. A total of 97.5% were vaccinated against COVID-19, and 92.2% had three or more doses. Also, 2.5% had cTnI > 0.05 ng/mL, and 3.3% had NT-proBNP > 125 pg/mL. The number of COVID-19 infections versus cTnI > 0.05 ng/mL presented an OR = 3.513 (p = 0.003), while for NT-proBNP > 125 pg/mL, the number of comorbidities presented an OR = 2.185 (p = 0.025) and LDL an OR = 0.209 (p = 0.025). A regression model was obtained in which there is an association between a higher number of COVID-19 infections and elevated cTnI values and a model implying an association of the number of comorbidities and LDL with the NT-proBNP level in a direct and inverse manner, respectively. Both models contribute to the prevention of cardiac damage.

Assessment of abdominal obesity prevalence and determinants among adults in southwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.

Abdominal obesity, excess fat around the abdomen, is more harmful than other fat types and is a key diagnostic criterion for metabolic syndrome. It poses a growing global public health concern. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of and determinants of abdominal obesity among adults in southwest Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study involving 624 adults in Semen Bench district, southwest Ethiopia was conducted from May 23 to June 23, 2022. The data was gathered using questionnaires and anthropometric measurements. The data were analyzed using Stata version 18. A robust Poisson regression was used due to the abdominal obesity prevalence exceeding 10%. Variables with p-values < 0.25 in the bivariate analysis were included in the multivariable analysis. The adjusted prevalence ratio (APR) and 95% confidence interval were reported to indicate statistical significance and the strength of associations. The prevalence of abdominal obesity was 18% (95% CI: 15-21%). After adjusting for confounding variables, the determinants of abdominal obesity included participants aged 31-50 (APR = 3.62, 95% CI: 2.67-8.95) and 51-65 (APR = 3.24, 95% CI: 2.51-8.69), being female (APR = 2.65, 95% CI: 1.63-4.98), having a low wealth index (APR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.19-3.76), physical inactivity (APR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.06-4.18), lack of adequate dietary diversity (APR = 3.08, 95% CI: 2.09-6.42), and food insecurity (APR = 2.84, 95% CI: 1.82-7.68). The research revealed that 18% of the participants exhibited abdominal obesity. Factors such as advanced age, being female, having a low wealth index, physical inactivity, insufficient dietary diversity, and food insecurity were identified as contributors to abdominal obesity. Therefore, it is crucial to develop targeted interventions to address modifiable factors, as this can also help prevent the onset of non-communicable chronic diseases associated with abdominal obesity.

Association of Abdominal Obesity and Diabetes among the Adult Tribal Population in Tamil Nadu.

Previously overweight and obesity are considered to be an issue of high-income countries but now increasingly becoming more prevalent in low-income and middle-income countries. Obesity and overweight are growing health issues in India. It is important to determine the quantum of the risk contribution by individual risk factor siuch as abdominal obesity. To find out the association of abdominal obesity and diabetes among the adult tribal population. A cross-sectional study was conducted using multi-stage random sampling techniques. Using a pretested validated modified Stepwise questionnaire, a detailed interview with the participants aged above 30 years were performed. Random blood sugar and anthropometric parameters were estimated for all the participants. Chi-square test and multivariate regression analysis were used to study association. Prevalence of abdominal obesity was 49.6% [211] among the study participants. Prevalence of diabetes was 7.8% [33] among the study population and 92.2% [392] of them were nondiabetic. Normal WHR was seen among 27.3% [9] of the diabetic individuals. High WHR was seen among 72.7% [24] of diabetic individuals. Gender, Illiterate, BMI, and waist-hip ratio shows significant association with diabetes. The prevalence of abdominal obesity was higher in the study population. As this burden among tribal people is on the increasing trend when compared with other general populations, effective strategies to prevent this have to be devised among the tribal population.

Evaluation of Body Composition and Biochemical Parameters in Adult Phenylketonuria

Background/Objectives: Phenylketonuria is a hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by a deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase. The main treatment for PKU is a phenylalanine-restricted diet. The exclusion of protein rich natural foods and inclusion of low-Phe substitutes may give rise to an imbalanced diet, and the increased risk of overweight and obesity in PKU is a cause for concern. We aimed to evaluate the body composition and nutritional biochemical biomarkers in adult PKU patients who are on Phe-restricted and essential amino acid-supplemented nutrition therapy and to investigate the relationships between these parameters and patient gender, adherence to dietary therapy, and disease type, defined as mild or classic PKU. Methods: The study group comprised 37 PKU patients and 26 healthy siblings as controls. The participants were assessed based on an analysis of anthropometric parameters, body composition, and biochemical test results. Results: PKU patients do not have a higher incidence of overweight and obesity than healthy controls, the proportion of energy derived from carbohydrates in their diets was below the recommended level, and their total energy intake was below the recommended daily allowance. It was remarkable that patients with a treatment adherence ratio of &lt;50% displayed a higher prevalence of overweight and abdominal obesity in comparison to those with a more favorable treatment adherence ratio. Conclusions: In view of the growing prevalence of overweight in the general population, PKU patients should be kept under close long-term follow-up. Particularly in the group with low treatment compliance, more caution should be taken in terms of adverse outcomes.

Factors associated with diabesity in older women: A cross-sectional investigation.

To investigate the factors associated with diabesity in older women. This epidemiological study used a cross-sectional design and included 196 older women (72.70 ± 7.20 years) from Jequié, Bahia, Brazil. Diabesity was defined as having both an elevated abdominal circumference (≥88 cm) and diabetes mellitus. For the inferential analyses, we constructed crude models followed by a multiple hierarchical explanatory model, with the following levels: Level 1 (socioeconomic variables), Level 2 (behavioral aspects), and Level 3 (health conditions). Poisson regression with a robust estimator was employed, and we calculated Prevalence Ratios (PR) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI). The prevalence of abdominal obesity, diabetes mellitus, and diabesity were 79.60%, 27.80%, and 22.40%, respectively. Women who were insufficiently active had a higher likelihood of diabesity (PR: 2.04; 95% CI: 1.22-3.41), as did those who spent more time in sedentary behavior (PR: 1.81; 95% CI: 1.04-3.16), used three or more continuous medications (PR: 2.51; 95% CI: 1.29-4.89), or reported a negative self-perception of health (PR: 2.57; 95% CI: 1.03-5.80). The study identified several factors associated with diabesity in older women: insufficient physical activity, prolonged sedentary behavior, polypharmacy, and negative self-perception of health.

Patterns of beverages consumption and prevalence of non-communicable chronic diseases.

Beverages consumption influences diet quality in general and has been associated with the development of non-communicable chronic diseases (NCCD). We aimed to verify the association between beverage consumption patterns and the prevalence of NCCD. A cross-sectional household and population-based study was conducted with 489 individuals aged 20 years and older. The presence of NCCD (arterial hypertension, diabetes, cancer and hypercholesterolemia) was obtained by self-report, while obesity was diagnosed by measuring body weight, height and waist circumference. Beverage consumption patterns were obtained by principal component analysis. The association between beverages patterns and the prevalence of NCCD was verified using Poisson regression, expressed as prevalence ratio (PR) and adjusted for potential confounding factors. Three beverage patterns were identified: ‘ultra-processed beverages’, ‘alcoholic beverages’ and ‘healthy beverages’. Individuals with greater adherence to the Ultra-processed Beverages Pattern had a 2·77 times higher prevalence of cancer (PR: 3·77; 95 % CI 1·57, 9·07). Higher adherence to the Alcoholic Beverages Pattern was associated with a higher prevalence of obesity (PR: 1·97; 95 % CI 1·13, 3·44). In contrast, individuals in the second tertile of adherence to the Healthy Beverages Pattern had a 39 % lower prevalence of hypercholesterolemia (PR: 0·61; 95 % CI 0·40, 0·92), and individuals in the third tertile had a 10 % lower prevalence of abdominal obesity estimated by the waist-to-height ratio (PR: 0·90; 95 % CI 0·83, 0·97). Beverage consumption patterns may be associated with a higher prevalence of NCCD, regardless of other risk factors. It is therefore important to conduct more studies investigating the impact of beverages patterns on health.

Exploring the relationship between live microbe intake and obesity prevalence in adults

Obesity has become a global health problem. In recent years, the influence of dietary microbes in the obese population has attracted the attention of scholars. Our study aimed to investigate the link between live microbe intake and obesity in adults. Participants (aged over 20 years) for this study were from the 1999–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Participants were categorised into low, medium and high dietary live microbe intake groups. Linear regression was used to analyse the link between live microbe intake and body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). Logistic regression was used to analyse the link between live microbe intake and obesity and abdominal obesity prevalence. Restricted cubic spline curves (RCS) were used to check whether there was a non-linear relationship between live microbe intake and obesity. A total of 42,749 participants were included in this study and the number of obese reached 15,463. We found that live microbe intake was negatively linked to BMI and WC. In models adjusted for all confounders, the high live microbe intake group had lower obesity (OR = 0.812, 95%CI: 0.754–0.873) and abdominal obesity prevalence (OR = 0.851, 95%CI: 0.785–0.923) than the lowest intake group. Upon further quantification of live microbe intake, we found similar results. RCS analyses showed that live microbe intake was nonlinearly negatively correlated with BMI, WC, obesity, and abdominal obesity prevalence (P for non-linearity < 0.05). This study preliminarily reveals a negative link between live microbe intake and obesity in adults.

The Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome After Cesarean and Natural Delivery in Southwest Iran, 2021 - 2022

Background: The prevalence of abdominal obesity appears to vary depending on the mode of delivery. Abdominal obesity is the most common manifestation of metabolic syndrome and plays a significant role in diagnosing metabolic disorders. Objectives: This study aimed to determine whether the mode of childbirth is associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods: A total of 350 women who had either an elective cesarean section (CS) or natural vaginal delivery (NVD) at least three years ago were included in this cross-sectional study. The sample was recruited from the integrated health system (Sib) affiliated with Ilam University of Medical Sciences in southwest Iran, 2020 - 2021, using cluster randomization. Metabolic syndrome was assessed according to the 2005 revised NCEP ATP III criteria. Descriptive data were presented as means (standard deviations, SD) or frequencies (%). A t-test was used for comparison between groups, and logistic regression analysis was employed to estimate odds ratios (ORs). Results: Metabolic syndrome was found in 18.29% of women in the NVD group and 30.29% in the elective CS group. Multivariate logistic analysis revealed that breastfeeding duration (P &lt; 0.001) and NVD (P = 0.04) were significantly associated with a decreased likelihood of MetS among mothers. Each additional month of breastfeeding was shown to reduce the likelihood of MetS by 30%. The results also demonstrated that NVD had a protective effect against MetS (Adjusted Odds Ratio (OR): 0.57, 95% CI: 0.34 - 0.97, P = 0.04) after adjusting for age and breastfeeding duration. Conclusions: Women with a history of CS were found to have a higher prevalence of MetS than those in the NVD group. This suggests that the mode of delivery may play a role in the development of MetS after childbirth. Therefore, obstetricians and midwives should consider the potential risk of disorders such as MetS when deciding on elective cesarean sections.

Association of dietary habits with general and abdominal obesity in Korean children and adolescents: cluster analysis of nationwide population survey data.

Childhood obesity is a growing global health concern, but few studies have investigated dietary factors specifically related to obesity and abdominal obesity in children and adolescents. Herein, we aimed to identify the dietary factors affecting childhood obesity in Korean children and adolescents. Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey (KNHANES) VIII were analyzed using K-means clustering analysis to identify distinct clusters based on nine variables related to dietary habit, nutritional status, and nutritional education. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between incident obesity risk and the different clusters. We enrolled 2,290 participants aged 6-18 years, and separated them into two distinct clusters; Healthy and Unhealthy Dietary Habit Groups, clusters 1 and 2, respectively. Cluster 1 was characterized by a lower obesity prevalence, healthier dietary habits (regular breakfast consumption; fruit and vegetable, reduced total energy, and lower protein and fat intakes), and greater nutritional education than Cluster 2. After adjusting for confounders, compared with Cluster 1, Cluster 2 demonstrated a significantly higher prevalence (OR [95% CI]) of both general and abdominal obesity (1.49 [1.05-2.13], p=0.027 and 1.43 [1.09-1.88], p=0.009). Maintaining optimal dietary quality and patterns are crucial to prevent childhood obesity. Further research is warranted to explore specific dietary interventions tailored to different clusters to effectively address childhood obesity.

Risk Factors Associated With General and Abdominal Obesity Among South Asian Minorities in Hong Kong.

South Asians have become a sizable ethnic minority in Hong Kong with unique health and social needs often being overlooked. Elevated obesity risk among South Asians has been highlighted in high-income Western settings; however, relevant local evidence is scarce. This cross-sectional study aims to explore the obesity prevalence and related risk factors among South Asians in Hong Kong. Between June 2022 and February 2023, 535 South Asian adults were recruited via territory-wide health outreach services, and completed a survey and anthropometric measurements on height, weight, and waist circumference. In our female-dominated sample (84.1% female; mean age = 41.0 ± 12.3 years), the observed prevalence of general obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 27.5 kg/m2 for South Asians) and abdominal obesity (waist-to-height ratio [WHtR] > 50%) were 60.2% and 89.4%, respectively. Results from multivariable linear regressions showed that mean BMI and WHtR were significantly higher among women and Pakistani individuals (and Nepalese individuals for BMI only) but lower among better educated and employed respondents. Apart from age, household size, and marital status as common risk factors, having a healthier diet and higher physical activity level were also associated with lower WHtR. Notably, the associations of female gender and Pakistani ethnicity were attenuated after adjustments for socioeconomic and lifestyle factors. In conclusion, there was a high prevalence of obesity in South Asian participants in this study. The identified risk and protective factors could inform targeted services and community-based weight management programs to mitigate obesity and its associated cardiometabolic risks in this fast-growing but vulnerable community.

Assessment Criteria to Diagnose Malnutrition (Undernutrition and Overnutrition) in Hemodialysis Patients

This study aimed to determine if adapted Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria can diagnose overnutrition, in addition to undernutrition, in hemodialysis patients. Additionally, it compared the adapted GLIM criteria with the Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) for diagnosing undernutrition. A cross-sectional, descriptive study design with an analytical component was utilized. An interviewer-administered questionnaire (IAQ) was completed with 116 adult participants from two public renal units in Cape Town. Data collection included demographic, medical, and anthropometric information, incorporating the established SGA tool and the adapted GLIM criteria. Of the participants, 58% were female, with a mean age of 41.04 years (SD 10.6). The primary causes of renal failure were hypertension (38%) and glomerular disease (33%). The median weight was 64.74 kg (IQR 16.4) and the mean BMI was 25.44 kg/m2 (SD 4.66). The prevalence of obesity was 20%, and undernutrition was 4% by BMI. Participants from Groote Schuur Hospital (GSH) had a higher mean BMI (26.40, SD 4.9) than those from Tygerberg Hospital (TBH) (p=0.0033). Abdominal obesity prevalence was 51%, with a mean waist circumference of 87.06 cm (SD 11.37). Using SGA parameters, undernutrition prevalence was 26%, all classified as SGA-B, compared to 22% by adapted GLIM. Adapted GLIM classified 69.83% as malnourished (overnutrition 47%, undernutrition 22%). For undernutrition, the adapted GLIM had a sensitivity of 75% (CI 64.04, 85.96), specificity of 77.78% (CI 67.26, 88.3), positive predictive value of 69.23% (CI 57.55, 80.91), and negative predictive value of 82.35% (CI 72.71, 92.00). Among those diagnosed with overnutrition by adapted GLIM, 89% were classified as well-nourished by SGA. The adapted GLIM criteria effectively assessed overnutrition as well as undernutrition in hemodialysis patients. It identified a significant proportion of patients misclassified as well-nourished by SGA who were actually overnourished. The adapted GLIM showed good sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing undernutrition in this population.

A Cross-Sectional Validation of Horos and CoreSlicer Software Programs for Body Composition Analysis in Abdominal Computed Tomography Scans in Colorectal Cancer Patients.

Body composition assessment using computed tomography (CT) scans may be hampered by software costs. To facilitate its implementation in resource-limited settings, two open-source segmentation programs (Horos and CoreSlicer) were transversally validated in colorectal cancer patients. Contrast-enhanced abdominal CT scans were analyzed following the Alberta protocol. The Cross-Sectional Area (CSA) and intensities of skeletal muscle tissue (MT), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and intramuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) were measured. The Skeletal Muscle Index (SMI) was calculated. Cutoff points were applied to the SMI, MT intensity, and VAT CSA to define muscle atrophy, myosteatosis, and abdominal obesity. The inter-software agreement was evaluated using different statistical tools. A total of 68 participants were measured. The MT CSA and SMI displayed no differences. The MT CSA agreement was excellent, and both programs provided equal muscle atrophy prevalences. CoreSlicer underestimated the MT intensity, with a non-significant myosteatosis prevalence increase (+5.88% and +8.82%) using two different operative definitions. CoreSlicer overestimated the CSA and intensity in both VAT and SAT, with a non-significant increase (+2.94%) in the abdominal obesity prevalence. Both software programs were feasible tools in the study group. The MT CSA showed great inter-software agreement and no muscle atrophy misdiagnosis. Segmentation differences in the MT intensity and VAT CSA caused limited diagnostic misclassification in the study sample.

КАРДИОМЕТАБОЛИЧЕСКИЙ ПРОФИЛЬ С УЧЕТОМ СТАДИРОВАНИЯ ПО CMDS У ЛИЦ МОЛОДОГО ВОЗРАСТА

Abstract. Introduction. The burden of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and the associated mortality remains high. One classification system that predicts the development of cardiovascular events and type 2 diabetes mellitus is Cardiometabolic Disease Staging (CMDS). The study of new cardiometabolic profile parameters is relevant in the context of their association with residual cardiovascular risk. The aim of the study was to evaluate the cardiometabolic profile, including extended parameters, in young adults, while taking into account the CMDS. Materials and Methods. 185 male and female subjects aged 35.0 [30.0–39.0] years were examined. The participants were divided into groups according to the CMDS classification: Stage 0, metabolically healthy; Stage 1 (low risk), one or two risk factors (RFs) other than prediabetes; Stage 2 (intermediate risk), presence of ≥3 risk factors or prediabetes; Stage 3 (high risk), presence of ≥3 risk factors and prediabetes. The study examined visceral adiposity index, visceral fat level, insulin resistance, leptinemia, hyperuricemia, glomerular filtration rate, C–reactive protein, and N–terminal brain natriuretic peptide concentrations. The data were processed in SPSS Statistics 26. Results and Discussion. The cardiometabolic profile demonstrated unfavorable alterations with the progression of CMDS stages. Across the spectrum from CMDS 0 to CMDS 3, we observed a significant rise in the prevalence of abdominal obesity (0% to 100%, p&lt;0,001), body mass index ≥25 kg/m2 (16.2% to 100%, p&lt;0.001), and excess visceral fat level (0% to 23.8%, p&lt;0.001). Simultaneously, the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia demonstrated a significant rise (24.3% to 52.4%, p=0.025), as did elevated low–density lipoprotein cholesterol (32.4% to 76.1%, p=0.014), insulin resistance (2.7% to 66.7%, p&lt;0.001), leptinemia (45.9% to 90.5%, p=0.009), C–reactive protein (2.7% to 57.1%, p&lt;0.001) and hyperuricemia (16.2% to 61.9%, p&lt;0.001). The median values of these parameters also increased. Conclusions. Our data confirm the simultaneous increase in both the quantity and intensity of risk factors, manifestations of adiposopathy associated with increasing residual cardiovascular risk. Our results substantiate the feasibility of using the CMDS classification at the stage of primary prevention of cardiometabolic diseases to identify groups with the most significant metabolism disorders of lipid, carbohydrate and purine metabolism in young adults.