Prevalence Of Ticks Research Articles

Prevalence of different tick species on livestock and associated equines and canine from different agro-ecological zones of Pakistan.

Ticks are ectoparasites that act as vectors for transmission of various pathogens to wild and domesticated animals and pose a serious threat to human health. Because of the hot and humid conditions in different agro-ecological zones of Pakistan, ticks are abundant and parasitize a variety of animals. The aim of this study was to identify different tick species and distribution on different hosts especially livestock, such as sheep, goat, cattle, buffalo, and camel, and livestock associated canines and equines, such as horse, donkey, and dog, across different agro-ecological zones of Pakistan. The ticks samples were collected and morphologically identified at genus and species level using morphological keys under stereomicroscope. A total of 2,846 animals were examined for the tick infestation, and 408 animals were tick-infested. Eleven tick species belonging to 4 genera were identified: Hyalomma anatolicum, Hyalomma scupense, Hyalomma dromedarii, Hyalomma isaaci, Rhipicephalus microplus, Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides, Rhipicephalus turanicus, Haemaphysalis cornupunctata, Haemaphysalis montgomeryi, Haemaphysalis bispinosa, and Ixodes kashmiricus. The overall tick prevalence was 14.3%; host-wise infestation rate was 12.2% in sheep; 12.6%, goat; 11.7%, buffalo; 11.7%, cattle; 19.6%, camel; 27.4%, donkey; 23.5%, horse; and 24.3%, dog. Tick infestation of different animals differed on the basis of the zones. Camels showed the highest tick infestation rate in zones 1 and 2 (21.4 and 26.7%, respectively), whereas donkeys showed the highest infestation rate in zones 3, 4, 6, and 7 (25, 39.3, 3.3, and 21.4%, respectively). The infestation rates of Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus were the highest in zone 2 (71.4 and 52.9%, respectively). The infestation rate of Hyalomma was the highest (47.4%) in sheep; Haemaphysalis (46.9%), goat; Rhipicephalus (69.7%), buffalo; Rhipicephalus (62.3%), cattle; Hyalomma (70%), camel; Ixodes (60.9%), donkey; Ixodes (75%), horse; and Rhipicephalus (61.1%), dog. This study showed the diversity and infestation rate of different ticks with respect to their hosts and agro-ecological zones of Pakistan. High tick burdens and infestation rates are responsible for the spread of different tick-borne infections, resulting in loss of animal productivity and posing a threat to animal and human health. Understanding different tick species and their distribution across different zones will be helpful for developing efficient control strategies against different tick born infections.

Ticks Infesting Dogs in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan: Detailed Epidemiological and Molecular Report.

Ticks and tick-borne diseases are considered a major challenge for human and animal health in tropical, sub-tropical, and temperate regions of the world. However, only scarce information is available on the characterization of tick species infesting dogs in Pakistan. In this study, we present a comprehensive report on the epidemiological and phylogenetic aspects of ticks infesting dogs in Pakistan using the mitochondrial markers i.e. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) nucleotide sequences. A total of 300 dogs were examined and 1150 ixodid ticks were collected across central Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The morpho-molecular characterization of hard ticks revealed the presence of two ixodid tick genera on dogs, i.e., Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus, including six tick species viz. Hyalomma dromedarii (15.9%), Hyalomma excavatum (3%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. (41.3%), Rhipicephalus turanicus s.s. (28.7%), Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides (10.2%), and Rhipicephalus microplus (2%). The total prevalence of tick infestation in dogs was 61%. The district with the highest tick prevalence rate in dogs was Mardan (14.7%), followed by Peshawar (13%), Swabi (12%), Charsadda (11%), and Malakand (10.3%), respectively. Risk factors analysis indicated that some demographic and host management-associated factors such as host age, breed, exposure to acaricides treatment, and previous tick infestation history were associated with a higher risk of tick infestation on dogs. This is the first molecular report confirming the infestation of Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus tick species in the dog population from the study area. The present study also reported a new tick−host association between Hy. excavatum, Hy. dromedarii, and dogs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that cox1 partial nucleotide sequences of Hy. excavatum in our dataset were 100% identical to similar tick specimens identified in Turkey, and those of Hy. dromedarii were identical to tick specimens from Iran. Whereas, Rh. haemaphysaloides and Rh. microplus’ cox1 partial nucleotide sequences were identical to sequences previously published from Pakistan. Rhipicephalus turanicus s.s. ‘s cox1 isolates from the present study were 99.8−100% identical to Pakistani-reported isolates, and those of Rh. sanguineus s.l. were 100% identical to Chinese specimens. Results on the genetic characterization of ticks were further confirmed by 16S rRNA partial nucleotide sequences analysis, which revealed 100% identity between the tick isolates of this study and those of Hy. excavatum reported from Turkey; Hy. dromedarii specimens reported from Senegal; Rh. haemaphysaloides, Rh. microplus, and Rh. turanicus s.s., previously published from Pakistan, and Rh. sanguineus s.l., published from China. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis showed that the Rh. sanguineus s.l. isolates of this study clustered with specimens of the tropical lineage with 7.7−10% nucleotide divergence from the specimens of the temperate lineage. Further molecular works need to be performed throughout Pakistan to present a more detailed map of tick distribution with information about dog host associations, biological characteristics, and pathogen competence.

Abundances of ectoparasites of sheep in and around Gindeberet district, west Shoa zone, Ethiopia

A cross sectional study was carried out in Gindeberet district in Western Shoa Zone of Oromia regional state from June 2021 to October 2021. Sheep are the most important farm animals in our country, especial dominant livestock, providing skin and wool, and cash income in addition to food subsistence value obtained from livestock production. However, due to the abundances of ectoparasites, there is loss of skin value, income and wool due to poor management problem. The purpose of this study was to identify major ectoparasites of sheep and to determine their prevalence in the study area and to assess the magnitudes of these parasites in relation to sex, age and body condition. Out of 200 sheep examined 133 (66.5%) sheep were infested with the major ectoparasite. The major ectoparasite identified were ticks (31%), followed by lice (15.5%), fleas (12.5%), Melophagus ovinus (7%) and Mange mites (0.5%). The overall infestation with ectoparasites, was higher in females (37.5%) than males (29%). The overall prevalence in association with age categories was higher in adult (34%) than in the young (32.5%). The prevalence of major ectoparasite based on the BCS was found to be higher in poor (33.5%) than the medium (21.5%) and the good (11.5%) body condition from the overall occurrence of ectoparasites. The higher prevalence of ticks, lice, fleas, M. ovinus, and mange mites were observed in female and males. The highest prevalence of tick infestation (n=62) were observed in the area, among ectoparasite, ticks were the most prevalent parasites (n=62) with the prevalence of 31% in the area, while the prevalence of mange mites was 0.5% (N=1). Based on age classification the prevalence of ticks (17.5%), lice (9%), fleas (7.5%), Melophagus ovinus (or sheep ked) (4%), and mange mite (0.5%) were highly prevalent in the adults than young’s (13.5%), (6.5%), (5%) and (3%) respectively. From the result of this study, it is possible to conclude that ectoparasite infestation has affected in the production of sheep at the study area.

Distribution, prevalence and diversity of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting one-humped camels from Southwest Punjab, Pakistan

In tropical countries like Pakistan, ticks are the most prevalent vectors for transmitting diseases to wild and domestic animals leading to their morbidity and mortality. In the present study, a total of 593 ticks infesting one-humped camels (n=244) were collected during April till June 2021 from two tehsils of Layyah district located in Punjab (Pakistan) in order to investigate their diversity, prevalence and distribution. Data analysis revealed that camels located in Tehsil Choubara were significantly more tick infested than camels from Tehsil Layyah (P=0.02). It was observed that the older camels were more prone to tick infestation that younger ones. Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus were the two tick genera identified during the present study and tick specimens of Hyalomma genus were the most prevalent (n=590, 99.5%). In particular, Hyalomma dromedarii was the most prevalent tick species (n=559, 94.3%), followed by Hyalomma anatolicum (n=24, 4%), Hyalomma marginatum (n=7, 1.2%) and Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (n=3, 0.5%). The overall abundance of male ticks was higher than the female ticks with a ratio of 1:2.1. Neck was the most preferred site for the tick infestation followed by ventral, sternum, under tail, head, udder and back of analyzed camels. To our knowledge, this is the first report regarding tick diversity on camels from Layyah district and based on our finding, we recommend large-scale tick control strategies to be implemented in this district to uplift the livestock sector.

What is the current and expected evolution of prevalence, geographical spread and impact of ticks and tick-borne diseases, and what strategies are needed to improve management, testing, diagnosis and treatment of these diseases amongst patients and animal populations?

Tick-borne pathogens are a growing threat with increasing negative impact on species diversity, food security and human health. Ticks, as a group, are second only to mosquitoes as vectors of pathogens to humans and are the primary vector for pathogens of livestock, companion animals, and wildlife (Mansfield et al., 2017). There are many tick species in Europe that carry human pathogens, and there are many more in North and South America and Asia. Changes in climate and land usage are leading to changes in the tick populations and therefore pathogen spread (Gandy et al., 2023).1 To mitigate the impact of these tick-borne pathogens, we need to better understand the complex relationships between vector, pathogen and host. Disease management approaches (including preventative measures and treatment protocols) vary significantly from country to country, partly due to resource challenges, but also due to knowledge siloes. Testing and treatment protocols for many tick-borne diseases are an acknowledged area of research need, and there is a growing patient, political and clinical voice calling for improvement. Effective multidisciplinary and international collaboration has the potential to yield significant improvements in scientific understanding, disease management and treatment strategies.

Prevalence of Tick Species Infesting Domesticated Animals in Pakistan

Ticks transmit a variety of pathogens, including viruses, spirochetes, bacteria, rickettsia, protozoa, filarial nematodes, and others, only behind mosquitoes, that result in human and animal mortality. Tick infestation poses severe threats to livestock farming, which plays a crucial role in Pakistan's rural economy. However, more research needs to be done in the study area of Pakistan on the diversity of tick species and the pathogens carried by ticks. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ticks in Pakistan. A total of 226 tick specimens were collected from 1023 animals (136 sheep and 147 goats, 329 cows, 411 buffaloes), examined in the study area. It showed that total eight species belonging to four genera were collected and identified. The identified species were Dermacentor marginatus, Hyalomma anatolicum, Hy. Dromedarii, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, R. turanicus, R. appendiculatus, R. annulatus and Haemaphysalis punctate. Among collected tick species, Hy. anatolicum was the most widely distributed tick species. The maximum tick prevalence was recorded on buffaloes 87 (38.49%) followed by goats 53 (23.45%), cattle or cows 51 (22.56%) and sheep 36 (15.92%). Male animals were least infested with tick species than female animals while maximum female ticks were recorded in the study area than male. In order to control ticks in the study area, appropriate methods are required.

The added value of One Health surveillance: data from questing ticks can provide an early signal for anaplasmosis outbreaks in animals and humans

ObjectiveIn 2021, a first outbreak of anaplasmosis occurred in animals and humans in southern Québec, with 64% of confirmed human cases located in Bromont municipality. Ixodes scapularis ticks and Peromyscus mouse ear biopsies collected in Bromont from 2019 to 2021 were analyzed for Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Ap) with the objective of determining whether an early environmental signal could have been detected before the outbreak.MethodsSamples were collected for a concurrent study aiming to reduce Lyme disease risk. Between 2019 and 2021, up to 14 experimental sites were sampled for ticks and capture of small mammals took place on three sites in 2021. Samples were screened for Ap using multiplex real-time PCR, and genetic strains were identified using a single-nucleotide polymorphism assay.ResultsAnalyses showed an increase of 5.7% in Ap prevalence in ticks (CI95: 1.5–9.9) between 2019 and 2020, i.e., one year before the outbreak. A majority of Ap-positive ticks were infected with the zoonotic strain (68.8%; CI95: 50.0–83.9) during the study period. In 2021, 2 of 59 captured Peromycus mice were positive for Ap, for a prevalence of 3.4% (CI95: 0.4–11.7).ConclusionWe conclude that data collected in Bromont could have provided an early signal for an anaplasmosis risk increasing in the targeted region. This is a reminder that integrated surveillance of tick-borne diseases through structured One Health programs, i.e. systematically integrating data from humans, animals and the environment, can provide useful and timely information for better preparedness and response in public health.

Molecular epidemiology of Theileria species in ticks and its potential threat to livestock in the Republic of Korea

The purpose of this study was to investigate molecular epidemiology of Theileria spp. in ticks in Korea and assess their potential threat from wildlife animals to domestic animals. A total of 21152 hard ticks were collected from Chungcheong and Jeolla provinces of Korea from March to October 2021. Tick species were identified by microscopy and Theileria spp. were screened by nested PCR targeting 18S rRNA. Haemaphysalis spp. were the most abundant tick species, followed by H. longicornis, H. flava, Amblyomma testudinarium, and Ixodes nipponensis. Of the collected ticks, 6914 ticks (541 pools) were screened, and PCR showed 211 positive pools (39.0%; MIR: 3.05). The PCR and phylogenetic analysis identified two Theileria species, T. luwenshuni and Theileria sp., with T. luwenshuni (162/211, 76.78%; MIR: 2.34) being more abundant than Theileria sp. (36/211, 17.06%; MIR: 0.52); co-infection of the two species were noted (13/211, 6.16%; MIR: 0.19). Among the tick species, H. longicornis, especially nymphs, showed the highest prevalence. Regarding season, the highest prevalence was observed in May. Considering the tick and Theileria species identified in this study, H. longicornis nymph and cervine play a critical role in maintaining Theileria spp. in Korea and could be a potential threat to domestic animals, including deer and goats. In addition, there are significant correlations among tick distribution, region, season, and prevalence of Theileria.

Deployment of a Reservoir-Targeted Vaccine Against Borrelia burgdorferi Reduces the Prevalence of Babesia microti Coinfection in Ixodes scapularis Ticks.

In the Northeast and upper Midwest of the United States, Babesia microti and Borrelia burgdorferi use Ixodes scapularis ticks as vector and Peromyscus leucopus mice as major reservoir host. We previously established, in a 5-year field trial, that a reservoir-targeted outer surface protein A vaccine reduces the prevalence of B. burgdorferi-infected ticks. We accessed ticks and mouse blood samples collected during the trial, extracted total DNA, and amplified the B. microti 18S rRNA gene. Vaccine deployment reduced the prevalence of ticks coinfected with B. microti and that of mice infected with B. microti. Breaking the enzootic cycle of B. burgdorferi may reduce the incidence of babesiosis.

Virome analysis of ticks and tick-borne viruses in Heilongjiang and Jilin Provinces, China

Ticks transmit diverse human and animal pathogens, leading to an increasing number of public health concerns. In the forest area of northeast China, the spread of tick-borne diseases (TBDs) is severe; however, little is known about the tick virome composition and evolution. Herein, we investigate the geographical distribution of tick species and related viruses in Heilongjiang and Jilin Provinces in Northeast China. To reveal the diversity of tick-borne viruses in parts of Heilongjiang and Jilin, ticks were collected at 9 collection points in these provinces in 2018. Morphology and molecular biology were used to identify tick species, and 1411 ticks from nine sampling sites were collected and analysed by next-generation sequencing (NGS). Four Ixodidae were identified, including Ixodes persulcatus, Haemaphysalis japonica, Dermacentor silvarum, and Haemaphysalis concinna. After removal of host genome sequences, 13,003 high-quality NGS reads were obtained and annotated as viruses. Further phylogenetic analysis based on amplicons revealed that these viral sequences belong to Beiji nairovirus, Alongshan virus, bovine parvovirus-2, and tick-associated circovirus; some distinct sequences are closely related to Songling virus, Changping tick virus, Norway luteo-like virus 2, and Norway partiti-like virus 1. In summary, this study describes the prevalence of local ticks and variety of tick-borne viruses in northeastern China, providing a basis for further research on tick-borne viruses in the future.

Ectoparasites of Rodents from some Districts in Baghdad

A total of 91 rodents were identified including Rattus norvegicus (n=58) , Rattus rattus (n=31) & Mus musculus( n=2) which were collected from five districts of Baghdad area during 2005-2006 ; with total general ectoparasites prevalence infestation (72.5%). A total of 306 ectoparasites were collected comprising flea, lice, mites and tick . Eight species of ectoparasites were identified , comprising flea , Xenopsylla cheopis ; tick , Hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum ; lice , Hoploplerura oenomydis, H. acanthopus, Polyplax spinulosa; mites , Dermanyssus gallinae, Ornithonyssus bacoti , Laelaps echidnina. Mites recorded highest prevalence and index then lice with least flea and tick prevalence's and indices in general ; Only mites were collected from Mus musculus. Rattus rattus ectoparasites means were higher than that of Rattus norvegicus but not statistically significant (P=0.231) , while there were Statistically significant differences detected with chi square (P = 0.008), and Kruskal-Wallis one way analysis of variance on rank (P > 0.001) at 0.05 level between one or two means of lice , mites , fleas and ticks of Rattus norvegicus , Rattus rattus & Mus musculus . Given parameters of rodents vector arthropods understudy could assists in control of zoonotic diseases such as plague and murine typhus .

Epizootiology and associated risk factors of tick fauna infecting domestic livestock population in district Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan

The current study was aimed to corelates the association of different risk factors with tick infestation rate in livestock (cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat) population of district Faisalabad. Ticks were collected through the standard collection protocols, were identified under stereomicroscope. Overall, 54%, 50%, 50% and 49 % tick infestation rate reported from livestock species (cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat) and higher prevalence was observed in tehsil Tandlianwala (72%, 65%, 70% and 57%). Among intrinsic factors (age and sex) higher prevalence was reported in young (7-12 months) and female animals. Significant association (P<0.05) was observed with season and tick prevalence and higher prevalence was reported in summer season. Statistically significant association (P<0.05) was observed among extrinsic factors including feeding system, (higher infestation was reported in grazing animals), housing system (higher rate was recorded in free-housed animals), type of farming (higher rate in free-ranged animals), farm structure (higher infestation rate among animals kept on uncemented floor) and hygienic measures (higher prevalence in poorly hygiene animals). Most prevalent tick species were H. anatolicum, (85%), H. marginatum (1.5%), H. turncatum (1.02%) and R. microplus (12%). These findings will be helpful in devising services for tick infestation control in selected area and other regions having similar husbandry system.

Abetting host immune response by inhibiting rhipicephalus sanguineus Evasin-1: An in silico approach.

The brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) is the most prevalent tick in the world and a well-recognized vector of many pathogens affecting dogs and occasionally humans. Pathogens exploit tick salivary molecules for their survival and multiplication in the vector and transmission to and establishment in the hosts. Tick saliva contains various non-proteinaceous substances and secreted proteins that are differentially produced during feeding and comprise of inhibitors of blood congealing and platelet aggregation, vasodilatory and immunomodulatory substances, and compounds preventing itch and pain. One of these proteins is Evasin-1, which has a high binding affinity to certain types of chemokines. The binding of Evasin-1 to chemokines prevents the detection and immune response of the host to R. sanguineus, which may result in the successful transmission of pathogens. In this study, we screened potential Evasin-1 inhibitor based on the pharmacophore model derived from the binding site residues. Hit ligands were further screened via molecular docking and virtual ADMET prediction, which resulted in ZINC8856727 as the top ligand (binding affinity: -9.1 kcal/mol). Molecular dynamics simulation studies, coupled with MM-GBSA calculations and principal component analysis revealed that ZINC8856727 plays a vital role in the stability of Evasin-1. We recommend continuing the study by developing a formulation that serves as a potential medicine aid immune response during R. sanguineus infestation.

Whole-genome sequencing and genetic diversity of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus using multiplex PCR-based nanopore sequencing, Republic of Korea.

BackgroundWhole-genome sequencing plays a critical role in the genomic epidemiology intended to improve understanding the spread of emerging viruses. Dabie bandavirus, causing severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), is a zoonotic tick-borne virus that poses a significant public health threat. We aimed to evaluate a novel amplicon-based nanopore sequencing tool to obtain whole-genome sequences of Dabie bandavirus, also known as SFTS virus (SFTSV), and investigate the molecular prevalence in wild ticks, Republic of Korea (ROK).Principal findingsA total of 6,593 ticks were collected from Gyeonggi and Gangwon Provinces, ROK in 2019 and 2020. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed the presence of SFSTV RNA in three Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks. Two SFTSV strains were isolated from H. longicornis captured from Pocheon and Cheorwon. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction-based nanopore sequencing provided nearly full-length tripartite genome sequences of SFTSV within one hour running. Phylogenetic and reassortment analyses were performed to infer evolutionary relationships among SFTSVs. Phylogenetic analysis grouped SFTSV Hl19-31-4 and Hl19-31-13 from Pocheon with sub-genotype B-1 in all segments. SFTSV Hl20-8 was found to be a genomic organization compatible with B-1 (for L segment) and B-2 (for M and S segments) sub-genotypes, indicating a natural reassortment between sub-genotypes.Conclusion/SignificanceAmplicon-based next-generation sequencing is a robust tool for whole-genome sequencing of SFTSV using the nanopore platform. The molecular prevalence and geographical distribution of SFTSV enhanced the phylogeographic map at high resolution for sophisticated prevention of emerging SFTS in endemic areas. Our findings provide important insights into the rapid whole-genome sequencing and genetic diversity for the genome-based diagnosis of SFTSV in the endemic outbreak.

Prevalence and Identification of Ticks in Cattle Of Rajshahi, Bangladesh

Ticks, the notorious ectoparasite, are frequently infest cattle and cause various disease conditions and acts as vector of pathogenic organism. To determine the tick infestation in cattle of four Districts of Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh, a total of 1200 cattle (300 from each district) were randomly examined throughout the year. Four hundred ticks (100 from each district) collected from cattle were microscopically identified to determine the prevalence of specific ticks. Among the examined cattle, 433 (36.08%) were found infested with one or more species of ticks. The highest prevalence was recorded in Naogaon District (39.66%) followed by Rajshahi (37.33%), Joypurhat (34.33%) and Natore (33%). Tick infestation rate was higher (p<0.05) in rainy season (43%) followed by summer (37.75%) and winter (27.5%). Adult cattle (>5 years) were significantly (p<0.05) susceptible (41.63%) to tick infestation in comparison to young (>1-<5 years) (29.94%) and calves (<1 year) (34.13%). Significant difference (p<0.05) was observed in sex related infestation. Female were highly susceptible (48.31%) than male (19.92%). Local breed cattle were significantly susceptible (41.97%) compare to North Bengal Gray (37.28%) and cross breed (26.60%) cattle. Ear was the most favorite (72.51%) infestation site of tick whereas least was found in scrotum (5.31%). Microscopic identification revealed 5 different species of ticks. Boophilus/ Rhipicephalus microplus was the most prevalent (33.5%) species followed by Haemaphysalis bispinosa (23.50%), Amblyomma variegatum (17.25%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (14%) and Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (11.75%). Notable tick infestation in cattle indicated the possibility of damaged by ticks and opportunity of transmission of pathogenic organism. Thus, an effective control strategy is warned to overcome the harmful effects of ticks on cattle. Vol. 9, No. 2, August 2022: 171-183

The circulation ofAnaplasma phagocytophilumecotypes is associated with community composition of vertebrate hosts

AbstractAnaplasma phagocytophilumis a tick‐borne pathogen that has been detected in many tick and vertebrate species. It is among the most widespread tick‐borne pathogens in animals in Europe. The bacterium can be genetically divided into four ecotypes, which are linked to distinct but overlapping host species. However, knowledge about the transmission dynamics of the enzootic cycles of the different ecotypes is limited. Here, we quantified the link between the ecotypes ofA. phagocytophilum, the different life stages of the tickIxodes ricinus, and vertebrate host groups through a meta‐analysis. We extracted data on the meanI. ricinusburden and theA. phagocytophiluminfection prevalence in both hosts and feedingI. ricinusfrom 197 papers on 77 wildlife species. With this information, we modeled the relative importance of different host taxonomic groups for the circulation of the different ecotypes ofA. phagocytophilumin a theoretical assemblage of hosts with varying presence of red deer (Cervus elaphus) and densities of small mammals. We showed that the composition of the vertebrate community affects the relative abundance of different ecotypes ofA. phagocytophilumin the different life stages ofI. ricinus. The presence of red deer is likely to increase the infection prevalence of Ecotype 1 in ticks, while small mammal densities drive the prevalence in ticks of mainly Ecotype 3, and to a lesser extent Ecotype 1. In Europe, vertebrate communities are changing, with an increase in red deer abundance and changes in the population dynamics of small mammals. Our results suggest that these changes could imply an increase in the circulation ofA. phagocytophilumand thus an increase in the risk for public and veterinary health.

The Saharan antelope addax (Addax nasomaculatus) as a host for Hyalomma marginatum, tick vector of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus

Tick infestation and pathogen prevalence in ticks infesting the Saharan antelope addax (Addax nasomaculatus) are factors that may constitute a risk for both human and animal health. In this study we describe season distribution of adult Hyalomma marginatum and analyzed the tick-borne pathogens and their seroprevalence in natural-living addax in Morocco. The results showed that addax is an important host species for H. marginatum adults. The seroprevalence of Bluetongue virus (BTV; 61.5–92.3%, n = 8/13-84/91), Coxiella burnetii (36.3–69.2%, n = 33/91-9/13) and Brucella spp. (0.0–4.8%, n = 0/50-2/42) was characterized in addax during various years (sampled animals per year, n = 13–91). Presence of Aigai virus (AIGV), a recent taxonomic differentiation of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) of 100% (4/4, years 2016 and 2017) together with Babesia ovis (75%, 3/4, year 2014), Anaplasma spp. (75%, 3/4, year 2014), Rickettsia spp. (50%, 2/4, year 2014) and Theileria spp. (25%, 1/4, year 2014) was observed in H. marginatum collected from the addax (4 pools of 10 adult ticks each). The results support the role of addax host in H. marginatum life cycle and exposure to AIGV and other tick-borne pathogens. The development of control interventions including anti-tick vaccines for wildlife species will contribute to the implementation of effective measures for the prevention and control of tick-borne diseases and might be relevant for the preservation of this threatened species and others such as Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx) and African elk (Taurotragus oryx) that share habitat.

Epidemiology of Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens in Domestic Ruminants across Southern African Development Community (SADC) Region from 1980 until 2021: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Ticks are hematophagous ectoparasites that are capable of infesting a wide range of mammals, including domestic animals, ruminants, wildlife, and humans across the world, and they transmit disease-causing pathogens. Numerous individual epidemiological studies have been conducted on the distribution and prevalence of ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBDs) in the Southern African Developing Community (SADC) region, but no effort has been undertaken to synchronize findings, which would be helpful in the implementation of consolidated tick control measures. With the aim of generating consolidated pooled prevalence estimates of ticks and TBDs in the SADC region, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of published articles using the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A deep search was performed on five electronic databases, namely, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, AJOL, and Springer Link. Of the 347 articles identified, only 61 of the articles were eligible for inclusion. In total, 18,355 tick specimens were collected, belonging to the genera Amblyomma, Haemaphysalis, Hyalomma, and Rhipicephalus (including Boophilus) across several countries, including South Africa (n = 8), Tanzania (n = 3), Zambia (n = 2), Zimbabwe (n = 2), Madagascar (n = 2), Angola (n = 2), Mozambique (n = 1), and Comoros (n = 1). The overall pooled prevalence estimate (PPE) of TBPs in livestock was 52.2%, with the highest PPE in cattle [51.2%], followed by sheep [45.4%], and goats [29.9%]. For bacteria-like and rickettsial TBPs, Anaplasma marginale had the highest PPE of 45.9%, followed by A. centrale [14.7%], A. phagocytophilum [2.52%], and A. bovis [0.88%], whilst Ehrlichia ruminantium had a PPE of 4.2%. For piroplasmids, Babesia bigemina and B. bovis had PPEs of 20.8% and 20.3%, respectively. Theileria velifera had the highest PPE of 43.0%, followed by T. mutans [29.1%], T. parva [25.0%], and other Theileria spp. [14.06%]. Findings from this study suggest the need for a consolidated scientific approach in the investigation of ticks, TBPs, and TBDs in the whole SADC region, as most of the TBDs are transboundary and require a regional control strategy.

Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Ticks and Molecular Survey of Anaplasma marginale, with Notes on Their Phylogeny.

Hard ticks (Ixodida: Ixodidae) are medically important ectoparasites that feed on all classes of terrestrial vertebrates. Recently, we molecularly characterized hard ticks and associated Anaplasma spp. in the northern and central regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan; however, this knowledge was missing in the southern regions. This study aimed to investigate tick prevalence, host range, genetic diversity, and molecular survey of Anaplasma spp. in a wide range of tick species in two distinct physiographic regions of southern KP. A total of 1873 hard ticks were randomly collected from 443/837 hosts (cattle, Asian water buffaloes, horses, goats, sheep, dogs, and camels) in Lakki Marwat, Bannu, and Orakzai districts of KP. Overall, 12 tick species were morphologically identified, among which Hyalomma dromedarii was the most prevalent species (390/1873, 20.9%), followed by Hy. anatolicum (294, 15.7%), Rhipicephalus microplus (262, 14%), Hy. scupense (207, 11.1%), R. sanguineus (136, 7.3%), R. turanicus (121, 6.5%), Haemaphysalis cornupunctata (107, 5.7%), R. haemaphysaloides (110, 5.9%), Ha. montgomeryi (87, 4.6%), Hy. isaaci (58, 3.1%), Ha. bispinosa (54, 2.9%), and Ha. sulcata (47, 2.5%). The extracted DNA from a subset of each tick species was subjected to PCR to amplify cox1 or 16S rRNA sequences of ticks and 16S rRNA sequences of Anaplasma spp. The tick cox1 sequences showed 99–100% identities with the sequences of the same species, whereas 16S rRNA sequences of R. turanicus, Ha. montgomeryi and Ha. sulcata showed 97–100% identities with the corresponding species. The 16S rRNA sequence of Ha. cornupunctata showed 92% identity with the species from the same subgenus, such as Ha. punctata. The 16S rRNA sequence of Anaplasma spp. showed 100% identity with Anaplasma marginale. Moreover, 54 ticks were found positive for A. marginale with a total infection rate of 17.2%. The highest infection rate was recorded in Hy. dromedarii (31.1%) and the lowest in each R. haemaphysaloides and R. sanguineus (20%). All the cox1 or 16S rRNA sequences in phylogenetic trees clustered with the same species, except Ha. cornupunctata, which clustered with the Ha. (Aboimisalis) punctata. In this study, Ha. cornupunctata was reported for the first time at the molecular level. The genetic characterization of ixodid ticks and molecular detection of associated A. marginale will assist in the epidemiological surveillance of these parasites in the region.

Perspectives on and prevalence of ticks and tick-borne diseases in Alaskan veterinary clinics.

To assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of veterinary personnel and pet owners regarding ticks and tick-borne diseases in Alaska and to conduct a serosurvey for tick-borne disease pathogens among domestic animals visiting veterinary clinics for preventative care. Across 8 veterinary clinics, we sampled 31 veterinary personnel, 81 pet owners, 102 client-owned dogs, and 1 client-owned cat. Information on KAP among veterinary staff and pet owners was collected via self-administered questionnaires. Tick and tick-borne disease prevalence were assessed via tick checks and benchtop ELISA antibody tests detecting Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Anaplasma platys, Erlichia canis, Erlichia ewingii, and Borrelia burgdorferi. The veterinary personnel KAP survey showed a low average knowledge score (53.5%) but a moderate attitude score (71.7%). In contrast, owner average knowledge score was higher (67.5%) and attitude score was comparatively low (50.6%). Both veterinary personnel and owners had low average practice scores (64.5% and 56.3%, respectively). One dog was positive for anaplasmosis (unknown species) antibody, and 1 dog was positive for B burgdorferi antibody. No ticks were found during the study. This study was the first of its kind in the state and indicated a low prevalence of ticks and tick-borne diseases in the domestic pet population and highlighted significant knowledge gaps that could be targeted by public health efforts. Our results suggest the value of a One Health approach and of the veterinary-client relationship to address ticks and tick-borne diseases.