Prevalence Of Pregnant Women Research Articles

Escolaridade e alimentação: uma análise de gestantes adolescentes do Município de Cuité-PB

O nível de escolaridade pode influenciar nos hábitos alimentares e consequentemente impactar no aporte de nutrientes, desta forma, considerando os prejuízos que tais deficiências podem causar ao feto e à mãe, o estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o consumo alimentar de vitamina A e ferro e sua associação com a escolaridade de gestantes adolescentes do município de Cuité-PB. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, de corte transversal e abordagem metodológica quantitativa. Participaram deste estudo 15 gestantes adolescentes atendidas no serviço de pré-natal de Cuité-PB. O estudo mostrou uma grande prevalência de gestantes com diagnóstico de sobrepeso e nível de escolaridade até ensino médio incompleto. Sobre o consumo de fontes alimentares de vitamina A, foi observado reduzido consumo de alimentos de origem animal e vegetal. Com relação ao consumo de ferro, houve baixo consumo semanal de fígado e elevado consumo diário de feijão, além de alto consumo semanal de carne vermelha. Os resultados dos R24 aplicados apontam predominância de inadequação de vitamina A e ferro dietético na dieta das gestantes, apesar de revelar consumo frequente de algumas fontes desses alimentos. Ademais, o estudo não mostrou associação clara sobre a ocorrência de inadequações de micronutrientes na alimentação e o nível de escolaridade, apesar da literatura indicar relação entre o nível de instrução das gestantes e sua influência no autocuidado com a saúde em geral.

Depression in Hyperemesis Gravidarum: Determinants and Extent in Al-Nasiriyah, Across Sectional Study

Objective of this study was to assess depression extent among hyperemesis gravidarum pregnant women in Thi-Qar. A cross sectional, hospital based, analytical study was carried out in two teaching hospitals Bent Al Huda and Al Habobi teaching hospitals in period from September 2015 to July 2016. In this study, all of pregnant participated are suffered from HG to obstetric outpatients. Based on Iraqi previous study 37.2% of depressive symptoms prevalence in pregnant women. Sample size had been calculated such prevalence rate with precision of 5%, confidence level of 95%, and added extra sample of 10%, to reach to 322. Beck depression inventory-II Arabic version BDI –II score of > 20 depression was considered used as a specialized questionnaire to achieve aim of study. Results showed 37.1%. of HG pregnant women was depressed, which was significantly affected by previous history of hyperemesis P = 0.03, high socioeconomic status P = 0.009, increased gravidity P = 0.03 increased gestational age P=0.003 and unwanted pregnancy P = 0.03. Re inforce mental health care of pregnant women through antenatal care services at primary health care level, with strengthening mental and social rehabilitation methods used for diagnosed women with depression.

Effectiviness Of Sari Palm (Phoenix Dactylivera) On Improving Pregnant Women Hemoglobin Levels On Trimester III

Abstract
 Background: WHO reports that the prevalence of pregnant women with iron deficiency is around 35-75% and increases with increasing gestational age. This clearly raises the risk of maternal death, prematurity, low birth weight, and increased perinatal mortality.
 Objective: To determine the effect of dates palm juice administration on the increase in hemoglobin levels in pregnant women.
 Method: The experimental research design in this study was the One Group Pre-test and Post-test design. The population in this study were all TM III pregnant women in the Palangka Raya Midwife Independent Practice in January-March 2020. Samples were TM III pregnant women in January-March 2020 who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria of 27 respondents with consecutive sampling. The statistical test used is the Paired T-Test.
 Results: 21 people (70%) had high school education, aged 20-35 years (21%) (70%), and 30 people (> 23.5 cm) of lila size were 30 people (100%). There was a significant difference (p = 0.29). Conclusion: There is an effect of an increase in hemoglobin levels in TM III pregnant women after being given palm juice.

Associations of malaria, HIV, and coinfection, with anemia in pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa: a population-based cross-sectional study

BackgroundMalaria and HIV are common infections in Africa and cause substantial morbidity and mortality in pregnant women. We aimed to assess the association of malaria with anemia in pregnant women and to explore the joint effects of malaria and HIV infection on anemia in pregnant women.MethodsWe used nationally representative, cross-sectional demographic and health surveys (DHS) that were conducted between 2012 and 2017 across 7 countries of sub-Saharan Africa (Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gambia, Ghana, Mali, Senegal and Togo). The outcome variables were anemia (defined as a hemoglobin concentration < 110 g/L), and hemoglobin concentration on a continuous scale, in pregnant women at the time of the interview. We used generalized linear mixed-effects models to account for the nested structure of the data. We adjusted models for individual covariates, with random effects of the primary sampling unit nested within a country.ResultsA total of 947 pregnant women, ages, 15–49 y, were analyzed. Prevalence of malaria only, HIV only, and malaria- HIV coinfection in pregnant women was 31% (95% CI: 28.5 to 34.5%, n = 293), 1.3% (95% CI: 0.77 to 2.4%, n = 13) and 0.52% (95% CI: 0.02 to 1.3%, n = 5) respectively. Overall prevalence of anemia was 48.3% (95% CI: 45.1 to 51.5%). The anemia prevalence in pregnant women with malaria infection only was 56.0% (95% CI: 50.1 to 61.7%); HIV infection only, 62.5% (95% CI: 25.9 to 89.8%); malaria- HIV coinfection, 60.0 (95% CI: 17.0–92.7%) and without either infection, 44.6% (95% CI: 40.7 to 48.6%). In the fully adjusted models, malaria infection was associated with 27% higher prevalence of anemia (95% CI of prevalence ratio: 1.12 to 1.45; p = 0.004), and 3.4 g/L lower hemoglobin concentration (95% CI: - 5.01 to − 1.79; p = 0.03) compared to uninfected pregnant women. The prevalence of HIV infection and malaria-HIV coinfection was too low to allow meaningful analysis of their association with anemia or hemoglobin concentration.ConclusionMalaria was associated with an increased prevalence of anemia during pregnancy.

Potential Role of Circulating Endoglin in Hypertension via the Upregulated Expression of BMP4.

Endoglin is a membrane glycoprotein primarily expressed by the vascular endothelium and involved in cardiovascular diseases. Upon the proteolytic processing of the membrane-bound protein, a circulating form of endoglin (soluble endoglin, sEng) can be released, and high levels of sEng have been observed in several endothelial-related pathological conditions, where it appears to contribute to endothelial dysfunction. Preeclampsia is a multisystem disorder of high prevalence in pregnant women characterized by the onset of high blood pressure and associated with increased levels of sEng. Although a pathogenic role for sEng involving hypertension has been reported in several animal models of preeclampsia, the exact molecular mechanisms implicated remain to be identified. To search for sEng-induced mediators of hypertension, we analyzed the protein secretome of human endothelial cells in the presence of sEng. We found that sEng induces the expression of BMP4 in endothelial cells, as evidenced by their proteomic signature, gene transcript levels, and BMP4 promoter activity. A mouse model of preeclampsia with high sEng plasma levels (sEng+) showed increased transcript levels of BMP4 in lungs, stomach, and duodenum, and increased circulating levels of BMP4, compared to those of control animals. In addition, after crossing female wild type with male sEng+ mice, hypertension appeared 18 days after mating, coinciding with the appearance of high plasma levels of BMP4. Also, serum levels of sEng and BMP4 were positively correlated in pregnant women with and without preeclampsia. Interestingly, sEng-induced arterial pressure elevation in sEng+ mice was abolished in the presence of the BMP4 inhibitor noggin, suggesting that BMP4 is a downstream mediator of sEng. These results provide a better understanding on the role of sEng in the physiopathology of preeclampsia and other cardiovascular diseases, where sEng levels are increased.

Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Seroprevalence in Pregnant Women in Urmia, Northwest of Iran, during 2014-2015

Background:HSV-2 seroprevalence has been shown to be a potential sign of infection in pregnant women, and it could be applied to check HSV-2 transmission. This study evaluated the anti-HSV-2 IgG prevalence in pregnant women who were referred to health centers in Urmia, Northwest of Iran, during 2014-2015.Methods:Serum samples were collected from 86 pregnant women and tested for Anti-HSV-2-specific IgG using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays kit. Results:Five (5.8%) pregnant women showed the presence of Anti-HSV-2-specific IgG antibodies. Previous abortion was reported in 16 (19.7%) and 2 subjects in the seronegative and seropositive groups, respectively. Conclusion:Data from the present study indicate a lower number of HSV-2 seropositives among the pregnant women in Urmia. This reduction would be a result of low number of studied subjects used in the present study; hence, assessing a large sample is recommended.

Hypothyroidism prevalence in pregnant women according to age groups

Objective: Investigation of the thyroid function test (fT3, fT4 and TSH) results and the prevalence of overt/subclinical hypothyroidism according to age groups in patients who had applied to our hospital and diagnosed with pregnancy.&#x0D; Material and Methods: Two thousand nine hundred and thirty-six women diagnosed with pregnancy for the first time upon seeing the fetal heartbeats with ultrasonography between January 2015 and December 2018, were included in our study. Patients were divided into 5 age groups, namely, the age groups of ≤18 years of age, 19-25 years, 26-35 years, 36-45 years and &gt;45 years of age. The fT3, fT4 and TSH levels were statistically compared between all the patients and age groups.&#x0D; Results: Two thousand nine hundred and thirty-six pregnant women were included in the study. The mean fT3 value was found as 3.180±0.519 (pg/mL), fT4 value as 1.051±0.258 (ng/d/L) and TSH value was found as 2.000±1.595 (mIU/mL) in all the population. The mean fT3, fT4 and TSH values were not statically different among the age groups (p=0.06, p=0.08 and p=0.829, respectively). No statistically significant differences were found among all the age groups as regards hyperthyroidism, euthyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism and overt hypothyroidism (p=0.200).&#x0D; Conclusion: Consistently with the previous studies in our country, the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism was found as high as 22.7% in our study. We think that scanning for hypothyroidism must be performed in the pregnancy period without discriminating between risk groups in our country, which is located in the iodine deficiency region. However, considering the different age groups, we believe that TSH levels must be measured with the same apprehensiveness for each age group since no statistically significant differences are found between age groups.

Anti-toxoplasma Antibody Prevalence and Cost-effectiveness in Pregnant Women at the King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Background: Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is one of the most prevalent infectious parasites in humans worldwide. The diagnosis of toxoplasmosis is based on serological screening through the detection of anti-toxoplasmosis antibodies: IgG, which indicates previous exposure and the presence of active immunity, and IgM, which indicates a recent infection. We aimed to determine the prevalence of anti-toxoplasma antibodies in pregnant women at King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and explore the cost-effectiveness of anti-toxoplasma screening.Method: This was an analytic retrospective study of women who underwent serology testing for anti-toxoplasmosis antibodies at KAUH in 2013-2018. Data were collected from hospital documentation and IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) version 22 was used for analysis.Result: Of the 9,098 pregnant women seen at KAUH, 2,754 had undergone the test, and 38 had a positive result, i.e., a seroprevalence rate of 1.4%. Most women were Saudis (57.9%), and almost all were multiparous. Of those with a positive result, 36.8% were in the third trimester. Most births were by spontaneous vaginal delivery (65.8%). Twelve (31.6%) of the women with toxoplasmosis experienced obstetric complications. The estimated total cost of screening the pregnancies was US $919,646.00Conclusion: The prevalence of pregnant women with a positive anti-toxoplasmosis test result was low, and we believe there is no net benefit from screening all pregnant women for toxoplasmosis. Primary prevention should be through health education, and we recommend screening only women with high-risk pregnancies.

Sexuality and associated risk factors in pregnant women.

to assess the sexual function of pregnant women and the influence of sociodemographic, obstetric, and behavioral factors on sexual dysfunction. cross-sectional study conducted with 141 pregnant women attended by the Single Health System and 120 by one private service, totaling 261 participants. A questionnaire containing sociodemographic, obstetric, and behavioral variables was applied, as well as the Female Sexual Function Index instrument, which was used to assess sexual function. Associations between variables and sexual dysfunction were made using the chi-square test, considering a statistically significant result when p < 0.05. among the participants, 32.1% had sexual dysfunction, and the variables "age", "income" and "type of health service" had an influence on sexual dysfunction. The prevalence of pregnant women was between 21 and 30 years old (p < 0.001), with an income between 1 and 2 minimum wages (p = 0.048) and used the public health system network (p = 0.000). the factors associated with sexual dysfunction are "young pregnant women", "low income" and "attended in the public health service".

Papillomavirus infection and preterm birth. Chronicle of a broken relationship? case series and review of the literature

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is widespread. Approximately 40 HPV serotypes infect ano-genital area, but most infections are asymptomatic and can get cleared spontaneously. HPV clearance is modified during pregnancy. Many information have been published about HPV infection and preterm birth, unfortunately the results are often not corresponding. The aim of this study was to understand whether there is an association between HPV infection and preterm birth. In our study we reported results about 20 pregnant women admitted for preterm birth. We assessed if and how papillomavirus cervical infection affects pregnancy outcome. HPV prevalence in pregnant women in this case series was 45% (9/20), while 55% pregnant women were found HPV-negative (11/20). There was no difference between HPV positive group and HPV negative group in terms of gestational age at delivery, neonatal weight, Apgar score. Our data, even though from a very small series, confirm the absence of different outcomes due to HPV infection. It has been reported that women with H-SIL have a higher baseline risk for PTB than general population and treatment for H-SIL probably increase this risk further. The research on HPV and PTB should go straight to this direction.

Particularly neglected in countries with other challenges: High Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in pregnant women in Kabul, Afghanistan, while a low proportion know about the parasite.

Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease of global importance. It is widespread and endemic practically all over the world, with infection prevalence varying by geographic location. The parasite and the disease are neglected, which is illustrated by the lack of baseline information on the prevalence from many regions. Developed, peaceful regions are in better situation to address toxoplasmosis, while the neglected status is particularly pronounced in regions with other challenges. Due to the lack of baseline data, these regions are rarely mentioned in discussions about the neglected status of the disease. A dramatic manifestation of toxoplasmosis, congenital toxoplasmosis, is the dreaded outcome of vertical transmission of the infection from the mother to the unborn child. For this reason, pregnant women are a key target group for primary prevention of T. gondii infections, and baseline data on the prevalence in pregnant women is important. In this cross-sectional seroepidemiological study, we estimated Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence and evaluated possible risk factors for seropositivity in pregnant women in Kabul, Afghanistan. Altogether 207 of the 431 women included in the study tested positive for immunoglobulin G antibodies against T. gondii, yielding an apparent seroprevalence estimate of 48.03% (95% CI 43.33–52.75). Based on the final multivariable model for T. gondii seropositivity, non-concrete floor in the house and well or river as water source were identified as risk factors for seropositivity, while residence in rural area was a protective factor. The majority of the participants (72.9%) reported that they did not know about T. gondii. Our study is the first to report an estimate of T. gondii seroprevalence in pregnant women in Afghanistan. The high seroprevalence indicates substantial infection pressure, and the results of the risk factor analysis suggest that the environmental route, infection from oocysts, might be the most relevant to address to prevent the infections in the region. Our results contribute to the global discussion on neglected status of toxoplasmosis.

Streptococcus agalactiae in pregnant women in Brazil: prevalence, serotypes, and antibiotic resistance.

Brazilian data for maternal GBS colonization shows different prevalence rates. This conflicting data may be related to the absence of an official recommendation from the Federal Brazilian Health Authorities describing guidelines and protocols to perform GBS screening in pregnant women, in both public and private clinics. In the present review, we evaluated published reports addressing the prevalence of GBS in different regions of the country, methods used, and, when available, information regarding antibiotic resistance and serological typing of clinical isolates. According to this review, GBS prevalence in pregnant women in Brazil ranged from 4.2 to 28.4%, in the last 10years. Serotype Ia was the most prevalent. The highest antibiotic resistance rates were found for tetarcycline, although its use to treat GBS infections is not common. Our results also show high resistance rates to clindamycin and erythromycin, which are commonly used as an alternative to penicillin in GBS infecctions. The increased antibiotic resistance, variations in serotype distribution, and high GBS prevalences need to be further investigated. Based on the present situation, recommendations regarding GBS surveillance in the country were raised and may improve our strategies for preventing neonatal infections.

Maternity care of women affected by female genital mutilation/cutting: An audit of two Australian hospitals

BackgroundPregnant women affected by female genital mutilation/cutting are at risk of adverse maternal outcomes compared to unaffected women, and sometimes require procedures to facilitate giving birth that midwives and doctors do not routinely perform. These women require culturally sensitive care. Current health professional literature provides evidence that midwives and doctors need further knowledge and training in this area. AimsThis audit aimed to describe the demographic characteristics of pregnant women with female genital mutilation/cutting giving birth at two Perth maternity units, in addition to assessing health provider compliance with the local female genital mutilation/cutting Clinical Guideline. Materials and methodsThe clinical database used by public maternity units in Western Australia was used to identify affected women who gave birth during 2014 at King Edward Memorial Hospital or Osborne Park Hospital. Demographic characteristics and information about antenatal care and maternal outcomes were collected. Results53 women fulfilled the audit criteria. Prevalence of pregnant women with female genital mutilation/cutting varied from 0.33% to 2.18% between the two units. Compliance with the Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting Clinical Guideline was generally suboptimal. While no woman was deinfibulated antenatally, 26% of women required intrapartum deinfibulation to give birth. ConclusionsWomen with female genital mutilation/cutting make up more than 2% of the antenatal population in some Perth metropolitan maternity units. Health care provider knowledge of, and compliance with, the Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting Clinical Guideline was poor in the two units studied. It appears that healthcare professionals need more education and training to provide affected women with the best care.

Pregnancy outcomes and mother-to-child transmission rate in HTLV-1/2 infected women attending two public hospitals in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro.

HTLV-1/2 are transmitted sexually, by whole cell blood products and from mother-to-child (MTC), mainly through breastfeeding. HTLV-1/2 prevalence in pregnant women is high in Rio de Janeiro, however there were no local studies addressing the rate of adverse pregnancy outcomes (APO) and MTC transmission. The aim was to study sociodemographic characteristics which may be associated to HTLV-1/2 infection and describe pregnancy outcomes and MTC transmission in HTLV-1/2-positive women. The cross-sectional study screened 1,628 pregnant women in of Rio de Janeiro (2012–2014) and found 12 asymptomatic carrier mothers (prevalence = 0.74%). Pregnancy outcome information was retrieved from medical records. Sociodemographic characteristics were similar between the positive and negative groups except for maternal age, which was higher in carrier mothers. The incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes was similar in infected and non-infected patients (p = 0.33), however there was a high rate of premature rupture of membranes (PROM) amid infected mothers (3/12). Multilevel logistic regression found that for each additional year of age, the chance of being HTLV-1/2-positive increased 11% and that having another sexually transmitted infection (STI) increased 9 times the chance of being infected. Carrier mothers had more antenatal visits (OR = 5.26). Among the children of HTLV-1/2-positive mothers there was one fetal death, one infant death and one loss of follow-up. After two years of follow-up there was one case of MTC transmission (1/9). The mother reported breastfeeding for one month only. Knowledge about factors associated to HTLV-1/2 infection, its impact on pregnancy outcomes and the MTC transmission rate is important to guide public health policies on antenatal screening and management.

Bacterial Vaginosis in Pregnant Women at Maternal and Child Hospital, West Java, Indonesia, 2018: High Prevalence in Asymptomatic Females

Abstract Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a lower genital tract infection of reproductive women which can occur in pregnant and non-pregnant women. BV in pregnant women can increase the risk of complications, including increased incidence of abortion, premature rupture of membranes, preterm birth, and babies with low birth weight. BV can also increase the risk of acquired sexually transmitted infection (STI) and their further transmission, including human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV). Each country has a different prevalence of BV. The previous report of BV prevalence in pregnant women was submitted in Jakarta, Indonesia in 1990. Until now, there is no update data of BV in pregnant women, especially in West Java, Indonesia. Thus, we conducted a descriptive observational study using a cross-sectional design and a consecutive sampling method in June 2018. This study included 60 pregnant women in the Maternal and Child Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia. Out of 60 participants, seven (11.67%) participants had BV according to Amsel criteria. Asymptomatic BV was diagnosed in all participants. This study shows the prevalence of BV in pregnant women in the Maternal and Child Hospital in Bandung during June 2018. The assessment of screening BV should be recommended as a routine workup. To avoid complications in pregnant women and infants it should not be waited for the symptoms to reveal.

The Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Pregnant Women in Duhok City, Kurdistan Region of Iraq: A Brief Report

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a public health issue, worldwide. HCV infection during pregnancy is associated with vertical transmission. Objectives The current study aimed at investigating the prevalence of HCV in pregnant women. Methods: The current cross sectional study was conducted in Duhok, Kurdistan region of Iraq from January 2016 to December 2018. In the study, pregnant women were tested for HCV antibodies (HCV-Ab) positivity. The infection then was confirmed by HCV-real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: During the study, 37,200 pregnant women were recruited; 15 (0.04%) subjects were positive for HCV-Ab. To confirm the infection, HCV-RT PCR was performed for subjects with positive results and only three cases were confirmed using this method; giving a prevalence of 3/37,200 (0.001%). Conclusions: HCV prevalence in pregnant women was low in Duhok city. Continuous screening is required to control infection and prevent vertical transmission.

MON-583 Functional Thyrotropin Receptor Antibodies in Pregnant Women with Thyroid Autoimmunity

Background and Objectives: Thyrotropin receptor autoantibodies (TSHR-Ab) can cross through the placenta to the fetus and can cause fetal or neonatal hyper- or hypothyroidism. Patients with autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) can also have TSHR-Ab, but data on the prevalence in pregnant women remain scarce. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and activity (stimulatory, blocking, or both) of TSHR-Ab in pregnant women with AITD. Methods: Serum TSHR stimulating (TSAb) and blocking (TBAb) Ab were measured with cell-based reporter bioassays. Chinese Hamster Ovary cells express a chimeric TSHR and a cAMP response element (CRE)-dependent luciferase. TSAb was reported as percentage of specimen-to-reference ratio (cut-off SRR% <140%). Blocking activity was defined as percent inhibition of luciferase expression relative to induction with bovine TSH alone (<34% inhibition). Thyroid-related- hormones and autoantibodies were also measured. Results: A total of fifty pregnant patients with AITD were included; 46 were anti-thyroid peroxidase- (TPO) Ab positive and four were anti-thyroglobulin- (Tg) Ab positive. Serum levels (median, 25% and 75% percentiles) of TPO-Ab and Tg-Ab were 101 (69-185 IU/L, normal cut-off <34 IU/L) and 362 (185-1108 IU/L, cut-off 115 IU/L), respectively. Of the fifty patients, 40 (80%), nine (18%), and one (2%), were euthyroid, subclinical hypothyroid, and hyperthyroid, respectively. Serum levels of TSH were 0.19 mU/L (0.19-0.19 mU/L, normal range 0.27-4.2 mU/L), 4.9 (4.4-7), and 1.8 (1.4-2.3) for hyperthyroid, subclinical hypothyroid and euthyroid patients, respectively. Five females (10%) had low fT4 levels 11.2 (9.9-11.7 pmol/L, normal range 12-22 pmol/L) and one female had a high T4 level of 23.90 pmol/L. One hypothyroid patient with a high TSH value of 7.98 mU/L was positively tested in the TSAb bioassay, mean SRR value 422% and negatively tested in the TBAb bioassay, mean percent inhibition -44%. One euthyroid female patient with a serum TSH level of 2.12 mU/L was positive in the TBAb bioassay, mean inhibition 39% and negative in the TSAb bioassay, mean SRR value 91%. The remaining 48 female patients (96%) were tested negative for both TSAb and TBAb in the cell-based bioassays. Conclusions: The measurement of TSAb and TBAb adds interesting information in pregnant women with AITD. The clinical relevance of the blocking and stimulating antibodies remains to be correlated with the pregnancy outcome data.

The seroprevalence of Rubella in pregnant women in Turkey: a meta-analysis research of 90988 Rubella IgM, 84398 Rubella IgG, and 522 avidity results.

Objective:Rubella infection prevalence in pregnant women can vary from country to country, or even across regions in the same country. In this metaanalysis, the seroprevalence Rubella among pregnant women in Turkey in the last decade was evaluated.Materials and Methods:Studies conducted in Turkey between 2007 and 2017 were analyzed, and differences in seroprevalence between provinces were compared by evaluating Rubella immunoglobulin (Ig)-G, IgM, and IgG avidity results in pregnancy in this period. A data search was performed using the search terms Rubella, kızamıkçık, gebe, hamile, pregnancy, Türkiye, Turkey in Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Türk Medline, and the YÖK thesis database center.Results:A total of 26 articles associated with the seroprevalence of Rubella among pregnant women in Turkey were enrolled in the meta-analysis. As a result of an analysis of 84398 Rubella IgG, and 90988 Rubella IgM serology tests among pregnant women in 26 studies; Rubella IgG and IgM seroprevalence rates in pregnant woman in Turkey were found as 93.47% (95% CI: 91.72 to 95.03) and 0.783% (95% CI: 0.505 to 1.120), respectively. Rubella IgG low, intermediate, and high avidity rates were 4.66% (95% CI: 0.969 to 10.906), 7.51% (95% CI: 5.101 to 10.345), and 93.55% (95% CI: 82.584 to 99.311), respectively.Conclusion:The Rubella IgG seropositivity rate in Turkey among pregnant woman is high, whereas it is low for IgM. These rates may be considered as the result of successful immunization policies and practices. In a few provinces, it is necessary to revise the Rubella immunization procedures and adult vaccination strategies should be developed in order to control Rubella infections in adults, including pregnant women.

Demand and supply factors of iron-folic acid supplementation and its association with anaemia in North Indian pregnant women.

Anaemia prevalence in pregnant women of India declined from 57.9% to 50.3% from National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-3 to NFHS-4. However, over the course of that decade, the uptake of iron and folic acid (IFA) supplementation for 100 days of pregnancy improved by only 15%. To understand demand side risk factors of anaemia specifically related to IFA intake, an in-depth survey was conducted on pregnant women (n = 436) in 50 villages and wards of Sirohi district of Rajasthan, India. At the demand side, consistent IFA consumption in the previous trimester was inversely and strongly associated with anaemia (OR: 0.26, 95% CI: 0.12, 0.55). Reasons for inconsistent consumption included not registering to antenatal clinic, not receiving IFA tablets from the health worker and perceived lack of need. At the supply side, an analysis of IFA stock data at various levels of the health care (n = 168) providers from primary to tertiary levels showed that 14 out of 52 villages surveyed did not have access to IFA tablets. The closest availability of an IFA tablet for 16 villages, was more than 5 km away. To improve the uptake of IFA supplementation and thereby reduce iron deficiency anaemia in pregnant women, a constant supply of IFA at the village or sub-centre level, where frontline workers can promote uptake, should be ensured.

The Effect of Sweet Potato Leaf Decoction and Iron Tablet against Increased Hemoglobin Levels in Pregnant Women

Background. Anemia in pregnant women is currently a national problem of maternal and child health in Indonesia. Based on Riskesdas data in 2013, the prevalence of pregnant women with anemia in Indonesia was 37.1%, namely pregnant women with Hb levels of less than 11.0 grams/dl, with almost the same proportion in urban areas (36.4%) and rural (37.8%). The program of giving at least 90 iron tablets during pregnancy is an important component in efforts to prevent iron deficiency anemia. However, the absorption of non-heme iron can be increased by consuming vitamin C from fruits, vegetables, or other food factors that facilitate absorption. One of them is the local wisdom of Pekalongan Regency, namely sweet potato leaf which is used as a vegetable. The purpose of this study was to determine maternal hemoglobin levels before and after being given the treatment of boiling sweet potato leaves and iron tablets. Methods. This research is a pre-post experiment research (mini-research) with a sample of 4 people who will be assessed and assessed for hemoglobin levels before and after treatment. Results. The result shows that the treatment of 100 grams of sweet potato leaves decoction for 10 days can increase hemoglobin levels in each respondent at R1 1.7 gr%, R2 2.1, R3 2.2, and R4 2.7 gr%. Conclusion. Further research is needed to prove the stronger benefits of sweet potato leaf decoction in helping to increase Hb levels of pregnant women by increasing the number of samples and testing hematocrit levels in the blood.