Prevalence Of Obesity Research Articles

Impact of obesity, genetic predisposition and comorbidities on pregnancy-related hypertension

Purpose: This study aims to explore the impact of obesity, genetic predisposition, and comorbidities on pregnancy-related hypertension. Given the rising prevalence of maternal obesity and associated metabolic disorders, understanding how these factors contribute to hypertensive complications during pregnancy is crucial for developing effective prevention and management strategies. The study also examines the role of genetic susceptibility and pre-existing medical conditions in exacerbating hypertensive risks, emphasizing the need for a holistic approach in maternal healthcare. Research Design and Methodology: This study employs a systematic literature review (SLR) to synthesize findings from existing research on the relationship between obesity, genetic factors, and comorbidities with pregnancy-related hypertension. Relevant peer-reviewed articles from Elsevier, Emerald, Wiley, and Springer published after 2018 were analyzed to identify key trends, mechanisms, and clinical implications. The review integrates evidence from obstetrics, endocrinology, genetics, and public health to understand the topic comprehensively. Findings and Discussion: The study reveals that obesity significantly contributes to hypertensive disorders in pregnancy through mechanisms such as endothelial dysfunction, chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, and RAAS activation. Genetic predisposition, particularly polymorphisms in RAAS-related genes (AGT, ACE, AGTR1) and endothelial function genes (eNOS, VEGF), is strongly associated with increased hypertension risk. Additionally, pre-existing conditions such as diabetes mellitus, chronic hypertension, kidney disease, and autoimmune disorders further aggravate hypertensive complications. Implications: The findings emphasize the necessity for early screening programs, personalized treatment approaches, and interdisciplinary prenatal care. Healthcare policymakers should develop standardized guidelines for managing hypertensive pregnancies complicated by obesity and comorbidities. The study highlights the importance of lifestyle interventions, genetic screening, and pharmacological advancements in reducing pregnancy-related hypertension risks and improving maternal-fetal health outcomes.

Sheer drop ahead: reviewing sarcopenia outcomes in elderly patients undergoing bariatric surgery.

The global prevalence of obesity among elderly patients continues to rise. Despite the availability of new antiobesity medications, bariatric surgery remains an effective treatment option for carefully selected candidates. However, it is not risk-free, especially in a vulnerable population, predisposing to falls, fractures and sarcopenia. Following bariatric surgery, there is rapid loss of muscle mass, particularly within the first 3 months. Muscle quality, on the other hand, characterized by functionality and indirectly assessed through strength tests, appears to be preserved. This is attributed to reductions in ectopic intramuscular fat deposits. Strategies to mitigate muscle loss and functional impairment include combined exercises (resistive and aerobic training), adequate protein and vitamin D intake, beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation, and testosterone replacement therapy for men with confirmed hypogonadism. It is important to emphasize that, to date, no specific trial has evaluated the current sarcopenia criteria in elderly patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Therefore, future studies are needed to assess this particularly vulnerable population, not only to monitor changes in muscular health, but also to develop strategies for preventing therapeutic inertia.

Estimating population attributable risk fraction of determinants of pediatric obesity

ObjectivesChildhood obesity imposes a remarkable socio-economic and health-related burden, with an increasing worldwide trend. We aimed to assess the relationship between modifiable factors and obesity in Iranian children and adolescents along with to determine the population attributable risk fraction (PARF) for the risk factors of obesity in Iranian children and adolescents.MethodsThis is a nationwide cross-sectional study involving 14,400 school-aged students. In addition to physical examination, a self-administered questionnaire was completed to obtain the study variables including dietary behavior, physical activity, screen time, sleep duration, socioe-conomic status (SES), and passive smoking. Logistic regression models were applied to assess the relationship between modifiable risk factors and obesity. Population attributable risk fractions (PARFs) were used to estimate the prevalence of obesity if demonstrated modifiable risk factors would be removed.ResultsOf 14,400 recruited students, data on 12,153 subjects were analyzed in the current study. The mean (SD) age of participants was 12.3 (3.16) years, and 49.1% were female. Overall prevalence of obesity was 10.4%. In total, 33.2% of obesity in Iranian children and adolescents might be attributed to unhealthy dietary habits, moderate or high familial SES, body shape dissatisfaction, and prolonged screen time.ConclusionsConsidering the inherent limitations of the cross-sectional studies, our findings suggest that a notable proportion of obesity in children and adolescents might be attributable to unhealthy dietary habits, prolonged screen time as well as higher family SES. These findings may provide insights for planning and optimizing future obesity intervention endeavors.

Intelligence and obesity during the obesity epidemic

Several studies conducted during the last 50 years have shown that lower intelligence is associated with a higher body mass index (BMI). During this period, the prevalence of obesity and overweight has increased considerably. We investigated whether this increase has altered the relation between intelligence and BMI by studying two cohorts of 419,319 conscripts, born 1939–1959 and 1983–2001, examined in the same geographical districts in Denmark. While the prevalence of obesity increased from 0.8% in the early to 6.7% in the late cohort, the two cohorts showed essentially the same pattern of relations between intelligence test scores (ITS), prevalence of obesity and overweight (including obesity), and BMI. The prevalence of obesity and overweight and BMI was higher at any ITS value in the late than in the early cohort, but inversely associated with ITS in both cohorts. The ITS displayed inverse J-shaped associations with BMI, with ITS peaking around a BMI of 20 kg/m2 and declining with higher BMI, although with a somewhat steeper decline in the early than in the late cohort. Thus, irrespective of the increase in prevalence of obesity and overweight and in BMI, the pattern of inverse relations between intelligence and higher BMI levels was maintained.

A Population-Based Study of Bariatric Surgery Trends in Australia: Variations Reflect Continuing Inequities in Access to Surgery.

Obesity is increasingly prevalent and associated with higher morbidity and mortality. Bariatric surgery, particularly sleeve gastrectomy, provides durable weight loss and improves obesity-related conditions like type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Despite its benefits, significant concerns regarding inequities in access to bariatric surgery persist. This study aims to evaluate recent trends in bariatric surgery rates and to investigate patterns of access to bariatric surgery. A population-based study of age-adjusted bariatric procedure rates in adults in NSW, Australia, was conducted over the financial years 2013/14 to 2021/22. Trends in age-adjusted procedure rates were assessed by demographics and healthcare settings. In 2021/22, 179.6 bariatric procedures per 100,000 population were performed, an 89.7% increase since 2013/14 (p < 0.001). Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, the most common procedure, increased by 94.1% to 112.6/100,000/year (p < 0.001). Females had 3.6 times higher rates than males (232.3/100,000/year vs 64.9/100,000/year). The greatest increases occurred in younger patients (125.9% in the 18-24 age group; 142.4% in the 25-34 age group, p < 0.001). Private hospital rates were 15.6 times higher than public (132.2/100,000/year vs 8.5/100,000/year) and rose 92.3% (p < 0.001), whilst public hospital rates declined by 17.9% (p = NS). Patients from regional areas had the highest rates (175.7/100,000/year) and largest increase (169.8%; 89.4/100,000/year to 241.8/100,000/year, p < 0.001). Bariatric surgery rates continue to increase, particularly among females, despite similar obesity prevalence between sexes. Most surgery is conducted in the private sector, suggesting differential access based on financial circumstances. Rates are highest in younger people, although obesity-related comorbidities increase with age. Regional patients undergo surgery at higher rates than rural patients despite greater obesity prevalence with increasing rurality. Efforts to address these disparities are essential to improve equitable access to obesity treatments.

Agreement on the Prevalence of Body Mass Index (BMI) in Mexican Children and Adolescents Using Different International References

(1) Background: Obesity and overweight are defined as an abnormal or excessive accumulation of fat that can be harmful to health. These are conditions that can lead to a lifetime of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. The diagnosis of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents depends on the international reference used. (2) Objectives: In this study aimed to determine the level of concordance of the prevalence of underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity were estimated with three international references in Mexican children and adolescents between 2 and 18 years of age. (3) Methods: We used specific the body mass index (BMI) cut-off points of the ENSANUT Continua 2022 database. The weight category was measured using the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria (&lt;−2 standard deviation (SD), underweight; −2 and +0.99 SD, normal weight; +1 and +1.99 SD, overweight; and ≥+2 SD, obesity); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria (&lt;percentile 5, underweight; percentile 5 and &lt;percentile 85, normal weight; ≥percentile 85, overweight; and ≥percentile 95, obesity); and the Obesity Task Force (IOTF) criteria (specific limit values). To determine agreement among these three criteria, Cohen’s Kappa index was used. (4) Results: There were differences in the estimation of weight categories according to the international reference used. Substantial (WHO-IOTF: 0.639; CDC-IOTF: 0.785) and almost perfect (WHO-CDC: 0.806) levels of agreement were found between the references used; however, agreement varied according to age. (5) Conclusions: The weight category depends on the reference used, so each one should be used with caution since the results inform our actions of prevention, surveillance, and the control of nutrition in childhood and adolescence for the timely detection of chronic health problems and effects of social deficiencies.

The Role of Probiotics in Modulating Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Health for Weight Management: A Mini Review

The rising global prevalence of obesity and its associated metabolic disorders highlights the urgent need for innovative, sustainable interventions. Probiotics, as modulators of gut microbiota, have emerged as promising agents in weight management by influencing metabolic health. This mini-review explores the role of probiotics in modulating gut microbiota to support energy metabolism, appetite regulation, and fat storage. Evidence underscores the strain-specific benefits of probiotics, such as Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055, Bifidobacterium breve B-3, and Akkermansia muciniphila, in reducing visceral fat, improving glucose metabolism, and mitigating obesity-related inflammation. The mechanisms underlying these effects include short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, modulation of appetite-regulating hormones, and improvements in gut barrier integrity. While the findings are promising, variability in outcomes highlights the importance of tailored probiotic interventions and underscores the need for standardized methodologies in future research. By addressing these challenges, probiotics can serve as integral components of personalized nutrition strategies, advancing both metabolic health and public health objectives.

Influence of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels on the slower age-related decline in gray matter in younger women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Abstract Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by excess androgens, ovulatory disorders, and a higher prevalence of obesity and metabolic disturbances including type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension, some of which are risk factors for neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and brain atrophy. However, it is unclear whether brain aging occurs more rapidly in women with PCOS compared to those without PCOS. Except for the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis involved in the conventional ovulatory process, little is known regarding the role of the gray matter in the pathogenesis of PCOS, and limited existing studies examining brain structures in PCOS have shown inconsistent results. This case-control study aimed to investigate the age-related differences in total and regional brain gray matter volume and average cortical thickness in young women with and without PCOS by using brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to understand whether women with PCOS exhibit distinctive patterns of brain aging, and their association with factors including obesity, hyperandrogenism, and metabolic disturbances. Seventy-six women diagnosed with PCOS and 68 age-matched women without PCOS (aged 20-35 years) underwent brain MRI to measure gray matter volume and cortical thickness. Anthropometric, hormonal, and metabolic measurements were conducted to assess their associations with the investigated brain structures. In women without PCOS, increasing age was significantly correlated with a decrease in global gray matter volume (r = -0.5598, P &amp;lt; 0.0001), while this association was not significant in women with PCOS (r = -0.1475, P = 0.204). The decline in gray matter volume with age differed significantly between the two groups regardless of obesity (body mass index exceeding 25 Kg/m2), especially in the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal regions. After adjusting for dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) levels, the negative association between age and global gray matter volume became statistically significant in women with PCOS. Increasing age was also significantly associated with a decrease in global cortical thickness in women without PCOS, but not in women with PCOS. Such negative association between global cortical thickness and age was particularly stronger in women with obesity compared to those without. The negative association between age and global cortical thickness in women with PCOS became pronounced after adjusting for DHEAS levels. Women with PCOS experience a milder gray matter loss with age compared to women without PCOS. The neuroprotective effect of high DHEAS levels in women with PCOS may be implicated in this relationship.

Machine learning prediction of obesity-associated gut microbiota: identifying Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum as a potential therapeutic target

BackgroundThe rising prevalence of obesity and related metabolic disorders highlights the urgent need for innovative research approaches. Utilizing machine learning (ML) algorithms to predict obesity-associated gut microbiota and validating their efficacy with specific bacterial strains could significantly enhance obesity management strategies.MethodsWe leveraged gut microbiome data from 1,563 healthy individuals and 2,043 overweight patients sourced from the GMrepo database. We assessed the anti-obesity effects of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum through experimentation with Caenorhabditis elegans and C3H10T1/2 cells.ResultsOur analysis revealed a significant correlation between gut bacterial composition and body weight. The top 40 bacterial species were utilized to develop ML models, with XGBoost demonstrating the highest predictive accuracy. SHAP analysis indicated a negative association between the relative abundance of six bacterial species, including B. pseudocatenulatum, and body mass index (BMI). Furthermore, B. pseudocatenulatum was shown to reduce lipid accumulation in C. elegans and inhibit lipid differentiation in C3H10T1/2 cells.ConclusionBifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum holds potential as a therapeutic agent for managing diet-induced obesity, underscoring its relevance in microbiome-based obesity research and intervention.

Quality matters: chronic kidney disease progression is associated to reduced muscle strength independently of changes in skeletal muscle mass: an observational study

Abstract Background and hypothesis Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is commonly associated with multifactorial neuromuscular impairments. Few studies have investigated CKD-induced changes in maximal voluntary force (MVF), and even fewer have longitudinal follow-up. The aim of this study is to investigate whether CKD progression modifies the relationship between skeletal muscle mass and force and the prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity. Methods The data used were prospectively collected during routine check-ups in a network of nutritional centres in Mexico and retrospectively analysed. From a dataset of 5430 patients, we selected 1098 patients with available anthropometric, kidney function, handgrip and bioimpedance data. The relationship between appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) and MVF was investigated using mixed models and adjusted for age, sex, BMI, physical activity level and CKD aetiology. Sarcopenia prevalence were tested across period of follow-up using the Cochran-Mantel-Haenzen for repeated measures and across CKD stages using the Chi-2 test. Results After normalization with ASM, MVF was higher in CKD G1-G3 compared to G4 and G5 (p ≤ 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.270–0.576). Slopes between MVF and ASM were lower in CKD G3, G4 and G5 than in CKD G1-G2 (-2.268 [-3.927,-0.609], p = 0.008; -2.694 [-4.593,-0.794], p = 0.006; -3.675 [-5.326,-1.725], p &amp;lt; 0.001, respectively). The prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity did not differ across CKD stages, but recovery was most commonly observed in CKD G1-G2. Slope analysis showed an independent interaction between the slopes of kidney function and ASM on MVF evolution over time. Conclusions CKD negatively, progressively and independently affects the neuromuscular system, and force production is reduced for any given muscle mass as CKD progresses. While no association was found between CKD stage and prevalence of sarcopenia, recovery was more frequent in the early CKD stages. These results suggest the importance of early rehabilitation programs to improve musculoskeletal health, quality of life and survival in CKD patients.

Incidental GIST in Patients Undergoing Bariatric Surgery: A Systematic Review of Incidence and Management.

There has been a rapid increase in prevalence of obesity, and bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment to reduce all-cause mortality. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) comprise approximately 1% of GI tumors and are the most commonly encountered incidental tumor at the time of bariatric surgery. They have a reported prevalence of approximately 0.5%; however, there are no established guidelines for incidental GISTs. This study performed a systematic literature search using PubMed to identify 100 articles from 2005 to 2023 on incidental GIST tumors found during bariatric operations. Total prevalence of GISTs was 0.54% with an average size of 7.04mm. Management of these lesions should prioritize negative margins with the least invasive resection. Tumors able to be resected without alteration to bariatric surgery should be managed with a complete wedge resection prioritizing negative margins. In tumors where resection requires alteration to bariatric surgical plan, the decision to proceed with resection and alteration of bariatric surgical plan should be made only if previous discussions have been made with patient. Lastly, if resection of the GIST precludes the ability to perform the bariatric procedure, consideration to resect the GIST with the goal of negative margins should be prioritized with a plan to discuss future bariatric procedures after. The goal of this paper is to remind bariatric surgeons to be aware of GISTs and provide the possible approaches to management.

Assessment of metabolic syndrome in railway workers

Metabolic syndrome is currently the leading cause of the development of cardiovascular pathology.This is associated with an increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity, which leads to a significant increase in related metabolic diseases. The production activities of workers in many railway professions, primarily locomotive crew workers, are characterized by high psychoemotional stress, which is an important risk factor for the development of metabolic syndrome. Objective: to establish an association between the prevalence of metabolic syndrome Materials and methods: 220 men have been included into the research, workers of railway transportation with arterial hypertension. All the men have been divided into two groups according to their profession. The first group consisted of 114 workers of locomotive brigades (engine drivers and their Assistants). 106 workers of a railway transportation of other specialties have been included in II group. General clinical part of the study included: collection of complaints, medical history, work experience and duration of the disease, examination, anthropometric data with determination of body mass index, waist circumference. Laboratory tests included assessment of biochemical parameters (total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), triglycerides (TG), glucose, fasting blood sugar and 2 hours after meals). Results: The frequency of metabolic syndrome is 37% and 35%, respectively, in the first and second groups. Significant differences were found in the prevalence of abdominal obesity: among workers of locomotive crews, abdominal obesity was significantly more common by 14% than among engineers (office workers) (χ² = 8.42; p = 0.004). Among men of working age, workers in stressful professions (machinists and their Assistants) more often have a combination of three components of MS: hypertension with AO and an increase in the concentration of LDL-C &gt;3 mmol/l. The following clusters of metabolic syndrome are more often observed in office workers (engineers): hypertension with AO and hypertriglyceridemia and hypertension with AO and hyperglycemia. Conclusions: The received results specify in necessity of carrying out of primary preventive maintenance arterial hypertension among workers of locomotive brigades.

Role of adipose tissue and obesity in the development of reproductive disorders in women

In recent decades, obesity has been a pressing medical and social problem for all countries, including the Russian Federation. Obesity is an independent risk factor for the development of many chronic diseases, including reproductive and metabolic disorders. The article presents data on the prevalence of obesity among women. The effect of adipose tissue on reproductive function is shown - on ovarian function, on the endometrium, as well as on the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian system. The relationship between obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome, infertility, and metabolic menopausal syndrome is discussed. The mechanisms of the impact of obesity on the pathogenesis of reproductive disorders in women are considered.

Role of physical activity and coping up with childhood obesity during COVID-19 global pandemic: A systematic review

Abstract The widespread school closures during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, aimed at curbing transmission, had unintended consequences on children’s physical and mental health. These measures, effective in reducing infection rates, limited normal activities, including physical activity (PA) and exercise access, exacerbating childhood obesity. This study seeks to explore the impact of these closures on children’s PA levels and exercise accessibility, assessing the resulting effects on both physical and mental well-being, with a specific emphasis on the worsening of childhood obesity. A systematic review. A comprehensive search of electronic databases from January 2020 to January 2022 was conducted, yielding 11 relevant studies. Primary outcomes included changes in PA, sedentary behavior (SB), and weight gain, assessed through various measures. Bias was assessed using the Robvis score. Most studies (out of 7231 screened) observed reduced PA and increased SB during lockdowns, often accompanied by overeating. These changes culminated in a higher prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity. COVID-19 restrictions disrupted children’s routines, influencing their activity levels and dietary habits. Healthcare providers should educate on obesity risks and implement preventive measures, while also involving parents in these efforts.

A longitudinal study of the association between the outcome of bariatric surgery and mental health indicators in Chinese patients: an examination of the interaction effect

BackgroundThe prevalence of obesity currently represents a significant public health concern. Besides the physical burden, obesity is also associated with mental health issues. The mutual relationship between mental health issue and surgical outcome remains unclear, particularly in the population of ethnic Chinese patients. The objective of this Taiwanese study aims to evaluate the changes in physical and mental health before and after surgery and investigate the association between surgical outcome and mental health status.MethodsThe study population comprised patients who had undergone bariatric surgery at least one year prior (with the follow-up durations predominantly within two years). We collected and compared pre- and post-operative mental health status (using the Chinese Health Questionnaire, CHQ, and the Taiwanese Depressive Questionnaire, TDQ) and physical indicators to evaluate and establish their relationships. Furthermore, formal psychiatric diagnoses were confirmed by psychiatrists to analyze the differences between the groups with and without such diagnoses.ResultsA total of 147 patients were included in the study. Following surgery, notable improvements were observed in physical condition and mental health. The average body mass index (BMI) decreased by 13.46 (SD 8.28), the CHQ scores decreased by 1.52 (SD 2.76), and the TDQ scores decreased by 5.08 (SD 8.58). The prevalence of any psychiatric disorder in these patients was found to be 34%. There was no significant difference in the Percentage of Total Weight Loss (%TWL) between individuals with or without psychiatric disorders. However, patients with psychiatric disorders had higher CHQ and TDQ scores after surgery. In multiple linear regression models, the TDQ-by-follow-up duration interaction was predictive of the %TWL, and both married status and the level of tertiary education were identified as negatively associated factors.ConclusionsPatients who underwent bariatric surgery exhibited a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders, but the presence of pre-operative psychiatric disorders did not significantly affect weight change after surgery. Despite the improvements in physical and mental health post-surgery, the findings indicate that the impact of depression on effectiveness of bariatric surgery is modulated by the time elapsed since the surgery, emphasizing the importance of ongoing mental health care for these patients.Clinical trial numberNot applicable.

The weight-loss injection : An orthopaedic overview

The increasing prevalence of obesity represents asignificant and growing challenge in orthopaedic surgery. This is particularly true for patients with morbid obesity, who have asignificantly increased risk of postoperative complications. The newer incretin-based therapies (such as semaglutide and tirzepatide), these so-called "weight loss injections", offer promising potential for preoperative weight reduction and minimisation of peri- and postoperative complications. However, the evidence regarding their influence on postoperative outcomes is inconsistent. Retrospective studies suggest that rapid weight loss immediately prior to orthopaedic surgery may increase the risk of complications, including septic shock and revision surgery. Meta-analyses, on the other hand, indicate potential protective effects in surgical outcomes with prior long-term weight reduction. There are currently no sufficiently qualitative studies on the safety and efficacy of these new drugs in the orthopaedic surgery sector. An individualised and multidisciplinary approach, therefore, remains relevant in order to achieve an optimal surgical outcome for the individual patient.

Metabolic Syndrome Spectrum in Children with Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia—A Comprehensive Review

Children with a classic form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CCAH) have a potentially increased risk of unfavorable cardiometabolic events due to the interplay of corticosteroid treatment, hyperandrogenism, and other factors. Although readily recognized in adults, these aspects are frequently overlooked in children and youth with CCAH; Aim: To review the evidence available from studies regarding cardiometabolic health outcomes in CCAH patients; Methods: A review of the literature was performed following PRISMA guidelines, including studies published between 2000 and 2024. We included studies reporting cardiometabolic outcomes in children and adolescents (&lt;18 years) with CCAH. Where pediatric data were sparse, additional data were obtained from studies with older adolescents and young adults (15–25 years). Cardiometabolic outcomes included risk factors, such as obesity, insulin resistance, lipids, blood pressure, and vascular markers; Results: Twenty-five studies were analyzed. The prevalence of obesity was found to be higher in children with CCAH, as well as of increased visceral adiposity. Higher indices of insulin resistance were also a frequent finding in children with CCAH. CCAH patients had higher systolic blood pressure and more frequently loss of nocturnal blood pressure dipping, particularly among salt-wasting subtypes and in younger children. Subclinical atherosclerosis was indicated by increased carotid intima–media thickness, elevated hs-CRP, and impaired endothelial function. Other findings suggested changes in lipid profiles, particularly decreased HDL-c and increased triglycerides, although the findings were less consistent; Conclusions: Compared with the general pediatric population, children with CCAH were found to have an increase in multiple cardiometabolic risk factors. It is therefore vital to monitor these risk factors in pediatric CCAH, as well as tailoring treatment with cardiometabolic health in mind, to achieve better long-term cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies of cardiometabolic outcomes and innovative therapeutic approaches to reduce these risks in patients with CCAH.

Prevalence of Diabetes, Hypertension, and Obesity in Punjab: A Comparison between NFHS-4 and NFHS-5 Surveys.

Diseases that are caused by a person's everyday habits are known as lifestyle diseases. Habits that devoid people of their daily activities and direct them towards a sedentary lifestyle cause numerous health problems that can lead to non-communicable diseases. Noncommunicable diseases, or NCDs, kill more than 41 million individuals per year, accounting for 74% of all deaths worldwide. In India, 63% of all fatalities were attributed to NCDs in 2016, with 23% of those deaths being early. Compared to the current state of various lifestyle diseases, the prevalence of adult obesity, hypertension, and other lifestyle disorders in Punjab was determined by the National Family Healthcare Surveys (NFHS-4 and NFHS-5). NFHS-5 survey conducted in Punjab was used to examine the general distribution of these disorders. The National Family Health Survey 2019-21 (NFHS-5), the fifth survey in the NFHS series, provides information on the population, health, and nutritional status of all states and union territories (UT) in India. NFHS-5 also gives district-level estimates for several crucial variables, similar to the NFHS-4 survey 2015-16.

Influence of Body Mass Index on functional and surgical outcomes in transaxillary thoracic outlet decompression for Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome.

Despite an increase in prevalence of obesity over the last decades, few studies examine the influence of body mass index (BMI) on the outcome of thoracic outlet decompression (TOD) for neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (NTOS). However, it is important to understand the safety and efficacy of this procedure in patients with elevated BMI. This study aimed to determine the influence of BMI on surgical and functional outcomes following transaxillary thoracic outlet decompression (TA-TOD) in patients with NTOS. We performed a retrospective review of a prospectively collected database with patients who underwent TA-TOD for NTOS from July 2016 to January 2023. Patients were categorized into three groups according to their BMI, normal weight (< 25.0 kg/m2), overweight (25.0 - 30.0 kg/m2), and obesity (> 30.0 kg/m2). Primary outcomes were peri- and postoperative complications, such as a hematoma, scapula alata, Horner syndrome, and wound infections. Secondary outcomes were length of stay (LOS), drain placement duration, pleural catheter placement duration, and functional outcome. Functional outcome was evaluated by using the Derkash classification, Disability of the Arm Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire (DASH), and Cervical Brachial Symptom questionnaire (CBSQ) scores up to 24 months of follow-up. The surgical results of 346 NTOS patients were analyzed. Of these patients 191 (55.2 %) were classified as normal weight, 98 (28.3 %) as overweight, and 57 (16.5 %) as obese. No significant difference in complication rates between BMI groups was found (p = 0.672). All groups had significant postoperative improvements in DASH and CBSQ scores (p < .001). There were no significant differences in functional outcomes between the three BMI groups. The transaxillary approach for surgical treatment of NTOS can be used safely and effectively in patients of all BMI groups.

Managing obesity in adults with type 1 diabetes.

As the prevalence of obesity has reached epidemic proportions, its prevalence has also increased among adults living with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Unlike the pathophysiologic relationship between obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, the relationship between obesity and type 1 diabetes mellitus, and management of obesity in the setting of type 1 diabetes mellitus, have not been well reviewed. In this article, we discuss the comprehensive management of obesity in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus, focusing on medical nutrition therapy and adjunct therapies such as weight loss-promoting medications and metabolic/bariatric surgery.